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Atri, one of the seven Rishis, also called one

of the seven Brahmadicas. (See Brahmadicas and Rishis.) Avatara or Avatar, a descent upon earth of a deity in a human or some other shape. (See the ten avatars of Vishnu, p. 14 to 45, and those of others of the gods under their several heads.)

Austerities and Punishments, p. 112, 165.

B.

Badra Bae, a deity worshipped by the Bheels to obtain rain. (See Bheels, p. 270.) Badra Kali. (See Kali.)

Bajranga, a name of Bhairava.
Bala Rama, p. 48.

Baldiva, the Hindu Hercules. (See Pandus, p. 248.)

Bali or Maha Bali, an irreligious monarch, destroyed by Vishnu in the fifth avatar, p. 18, Balinese, p. 348.

Ballaji, an avatar of Vishnu, in honour of whom the splendid temple at Jejury was erected. For further particulars of this building and of its deity, see Temples, p. 158. Banga or Banca Deva, worshipped by the Goands, p. 296.

Bataks, p. 362.

Bauts, Hindu bards produced, to amuse Parvati, from the drops of sweat on Siva's brow; but they sang the praises of Siva only, which so offended Parvati that she turned them out of heaven, and condemned them to lead a wandering life upon earth, to sing there the martial deeds of heroes and the praises of the gods. Among the Bheels and some of the hill tribes, priests and bards.

Bazeegurs, p. 312.

Bedas, p. 368.

375

Behyu Baji, a deity worshipped by the Bheels to obtain rain.

Bhagisree, a name of Bhavani in western
India.

Bhagiswar, a name of Mahadeo or Siva.
Bhagwan, Parswanat'ha.
Bhairava, p. 73.

Bhallae, an instrument of the spade kind used in sacrifice,

Bhanu, one of the Ahityas, a name of the

sun.

Bharadwaji, one of the Rishees.

Bhavani or Bowanee, the consort of Siva, a name of Parvati, p. 96.

Bheels, (The) p. 261.

Bhillet, a hill god, worshipped by the Bheels, p. 270. Bhyru, p. 73.

Bhyrus, colossal figures seen at the entrances of temples.

Bikh Poison. One of the things produced at the churning of the ocean, which Siva is said to have drank. The Saivas allege that he did so to save the gods, and that, in consequence, his throat was turned blue; hence his name of Nilakantha (or bluethroated); but the Vishnaivas assert that it was from jealousy in consequence of Vishnu possessing Lakshmi.

Bilva, a flower saered to Siva, Chaplets of

them are worn by him, and are also used in sacrifices.

Binlang. Stones found in the Narmada,

which are worshipped as emblems of Siva. Birth, second (or twice born). These are

terms frequently met with in works on the Hindu religion, and indicate that the party to whom it is applied has received the Zennaar or sacrificial cord. (See Poita or Zennaar, p. 154.)

Bugis and Macassars, p. 343.

Bulbudder, a name of Bala Rama.
Bull. (See Nandi). The golden ditto of
Japan, p. 340, pl. 38.

Bohras, a religious sect found in the Rajpoot Byragees. Hindu devotees. Some of these

states, who represent themselves to be the descendants of the followers of the Seikh al Jabal, or the celebrated old man of the mountains. They acknowledge an Archamandrite or religious chief: they principally follow mercantile pursuits. Bragwan, a name of Vishnu.

Brahma, p. 5.

Brahmans (The), p. 140.

Brahmadicas, p. 8.

Brahmini, a name of Suraswati.

Brehm or Brahm, the Creator, p. 1.

Brigu, p. 7.

Brishput-Brihuspati. (See Vrihuspati), p.

133.

:

Brahmacharees or Bruhmacharees, an order
of religious medicants.
Brahminicide. The sin of killing a Brahman.
The Datyas were Brahmans, and were slain
by the gods but were resuscitated by
Sukra, their guru, and attacked the gods
in Swerga, from which the latter fled in
various disguises; Indra as a peacock, Ya-
munu as a crow, Kuvera a lizard, Agni a
pigeon, Nairat a parrot, Varuna a par-
tridge, Vayu a dove, &c. Indra thus lost
his heaven: but he afterwards slew the
Datya Vitra, and committed the crime of
Brahminicide, on which account he with-
drew from heaven and performed penance.
Budh, p. 133.

Buddha, p. 184 to 219.

people find employment in conveying, for purposes of worship, the holy water of the Ganges to many of the most distant parts of Hindustan, in pitchers slung on bamboos. For an account of a family of Byragees at Ramisseram, see p. 191.

C

Calpi, an astronomical term of 4,320,000,000

years.

Calya, or Calinaga, a serpent slain by
Krishna.

Camdenu. (See Kamdenu.)

Camdeo, or Kamadeva, p. 46.

Canon, a Japanese deity, p. 341, pl. 38.
Cartica, one of the lunar months of the
Hindus.

Cashi, or Kashi, a name of the holy city of
Benares, or Venares. (See Kashi.)
Catri, a sort of axe used in sacrifice.
Chakra, a discus resembling a wheel, or

war.

quoit, a sort of missile weapon, imagined to have been whirled round the middle finger, and used as an instrument of The Chakra is mythologically described as a circular mass of fire, darting flame in all directions, which, thrown by the gods, slays the wicked, and then returns to the hand from which it issued. Chamara, or Chawrie, a kind of whisk, made

sometimes of peacock's feathers, sometimes of the shavings of sandal-wood, and commonly of a description of grass; used for

the purpose of driving away flies, musquitoes, and other insects. They are usually seen in the hands of the attendants of the gods,

Chamconda Mata, the goddess of harvest, worshipped by the Bheels. The first of every grain is sacred to her.

Chandica, one of the Sactis, sprung from the body of Devi. (See Sactis, p. 121.) Chandra, or Soma, p. 131.

Chandra Hasa, a kind of axe used in sacrifice.

Chank, the buccinum or wreathed shell, one of the emblems of Vishnu. It is much prized throughout India. When the convolutions are many, it is highly estimated. In fig. 2, pl. 5, an animal resembling a fox is issuing from one; and in fig. 7, pl. 38, illustrative of one of the Japanese idols, the form of a youth appears rising from a shell; this is probably the shell-king of the Siamese.

Charga, an axe used in sacrifice.

Charons, Rajpoot priests, p. 277.
Chawrie. (See Chamara.)

Chaya (shade), the consort of Surya. (See
Pradha and Surya, p. 129.)

Chila, or Chela, a pupil or disciple of a saint

or guru.

Chinnu Mustuka, p. 94.
Choitunya, p. 240.

Chundee, a vindictive form of Durga or Par-
vati. (See Parvati.)

Cinnaras, forms half human, half equine, having the latter sometimes the upper, and sometimes the lower part of the figure. Cochin Chinese, p. 369.

Coolies, p. 262.

Cow (The). (See Kamdenu.)
Creation (The), p. 4.

377

Crerasaga, the sea of milk; the ocean churned
by the gods and Asuras.

Critu, one of the seven Brahmadicas.
Cundoo, p. 290.

Curus. (See Pandus, p. 248.)
Cusa, grass used in Pujah, or worship.
Cuvera. (See Kuvera, p. 111.)

D

Dae-Boots-den, p. 335.

Daghopes, mounds of earth found in most
parts of India, under which bones and relics.
are discovered, supposed to have been
thrown up over deceased persons.
Dahl, a small shield.

Daiboth (quere Dae-boots-den), a Japanese
deity, p. 338, fig. 1, pl. 37.

Daityas, Asuras, demons or giants, sons of Diti, who made war on the gods, by whom they were finally overcome.

Daksha, p. 6.

Damara, or Damru, a small hand-drum, or
rattle, usually seen in the hands of Siva
or his avatars. This definition of the em-
blem is doubtful, as it has more the ap-
pearance of an hour-glass. One will be
seen in one of the hands of fig. 3, pl. 14;
fig. 6, pl. 15; and fig. 1, pl. 20.
Danava, evil spirits.

Danusha, or Danook, the unerring bow pro-
duced at the churning of the ocean.
Daruka, a female Asura, who was, according
to Colonel Vans Kennedy, the leader of a

host of Amazonian Asuras, with whom the gods were afraid to engage in battle, from an apprehension of incurring the sin of feminicide. They in consequence applied to Siva, on whose solicitation Parvati produced from herself the form of Kali, bearing in her hands a trident and a skull. On beholding her, the affrighted gods ran away: Kali alone attacked Daruka and her hosts, and destroyed them.

Dasharata, king of Ayodhya, the father of Rama Chandra.

Day (A), of the gods or celestial beings is three hundred and sixty of the days of mortals; and a day of the Petris or Patriarch's, inhabiting the moon, is a month of earthly beings.

Daya (The), of Borneo, p. 346.

Deeruj, a tyrant destroyed by Parasu Rama, in the sixth avatar, p. 20.

Dev-Deo, or Deu, synonymous with Deva. Deva, a title of a god, as Devi is of a goddess. Maha Deva, a name given to Siva by the Saivas, is the great or supreme god, as Maha Devi, a name of Bhavani or Parvati, is the supreme goddess.

extend their favours to all who solicit them. Such are the loose females who are consecrated in a special manner to the worship of the gods of India. Every temple, according to its size, entertains a band of them, to the number of eight, twelve, or more. The service they perform consists of dancing and singing. The first they execute with grace, though with lascivious attitudes and motions. Their chaunting is generally confined to the obscene songs which relate to some circumstance or other of the licentious lives of their gods. They perform their religious duties at the temple to which they belong twice a day-morning and evening. They are also obliged to assist at all the public ceremonies, which they enliven with their dance and merry song. As soon as their public business is over, they open their cells of infamy, and convert the temple of worship into a den of licentiousness.

Deva Dasi, women, or dancing girls, in attendance at the temples of the Hindu deities, who call themselves the servants or slaves of the gods. Next to the sacrificers, the most important persons about the temples, says the Abbé Dubois, are the dancing girls, who are known to the public by a much coarser name. "Their profession, indeed, requires of them to be open to the embraces of all castes; and, although originally they appear to have been intended for the gratification of the Brahmans only, they are now obliged to

They are bred to this profligate life from their infancy. They are taken from any caste, and are frequently of respectable birth. It is nothing uncommon to hear of pregnant women, in the belief that it will tend to their happy delivery, making a vow, with the consent of their husband, to devote the child then in the womb, if it should turn out a girl, to the service of the Pagoda. And in doing so, they imagine they are performing a meritorious duty. The infamous life to which the daughter is destined brings no disgrace on the family. These women are the only females in India who may learn to read, to sing, and to dance. Such accomplishments belong to them exclusively, and are, for that reason, held by the rest of the sex in such abhorrence, that every virtuous woman would

consider the mention of them as an affront. These performers are supported out of the revenues of the temple, of which they receive a considerable share. But their dissolute profession is still more productive. There are temples in some solitary places, where the divinity requires to be honoured with the most unbounded licentiousness. He promises children to the barren women who will lay aside the most inviolable rules of decency and shame, and in honour of him submit to indiscriminate embraces. An annual festival is held, in the month of January, at those infamous sinks of debauchery; where I need not say, great numbers of the libertines of both sexes assemble from all quarters. Besides barren wives, who come in quest of issue, by exposing their persons, some of them have bound themselves by a vow to grant their favours to numbers; many other dissolute women also attend to do honour to the infamous deity, by prostituting themselves, openly and without shame, before the gates of his temple."-Dubois' India. Devarshis, holy sages or saints. Devatas or Dewtah, plural of Deva. Devi-Kanail, a deity worshipped by the Bheels to obtain the ripening of their corn. Devukee or Devaki, the mother of Krishna and the sister of Kansa or Cansa, king of Mathura. (See Krishna, p. 35.) Dewal, a temple.

Dewali or Kali Puja, a festival in honour of Kali.

Dhamians (The), p. 310.

Dhanovantara, a physician; one of the gems produced at the churning of the ocean. Dharma Thakoor, a name of Siva.

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Dhertrashta, a half-brother of the Pandus. (See Pandus, p. 248.)

Dhuna. The worship of a deity in which oblations are offered.

Diti, one of the wives of Kasyapa and the mother of the Daityas, or Asuras (demons and giants) as Aditi, another wife of Kasyapa, is of the gods and the Suras, by whom, after numerous sanguinary conflicts, the power of the Asuras or demons was destroyed. Indra was one of the sons of Aditi, whose kingdom, as will be seen in many parts of this work, the Asuras frequenly possessed themselves of, and sent him wandering about the earth like a beggar; but who at length was greatly instrumental in expelling the whole race of the children of Diti. Diti, it appears, had obtained a promise from Kasyapa, by the performances of austerities for a thousand years, that she should have a son who should destroy Indra. The god, aware of the threatened design, watched her motions, and when the time had nearly expired, caught her at a moment when her indiscretion gave him power over her, to destroy the foetus which was intended to prove his own destruction. He divided it into forty-nine parts, which, being scattered, became the same number of Maruts, or regents of the wind.

The impurity which gave the power alluded to, was a monstrous one; being

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