No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro-
tection of the laws. Amendments....

(See Citizens-Naturalization-Slavery, n. 274.) UNITED STATES. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Amendments..

See notes 276-277.

UNITED STATES. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as any officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Amendments..

See this section discussed, n. 281. UNITED STATES. The validity of public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss of emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Amendments.. 14 See this discussed, n. 282.

UNUSUAL punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendments...

(See Bail-Fines, notes 266, 267.)

VACANCIES. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive thereof shall issue writs of election to fill them...

Action of the executive; how vacancies are created; acceptance of an incompatible office on absolute determination of the first, n. 25.

VACANCIES. If vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, in the seats of senators, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislatures, which shall then fill such vacancies.

In what manner vacated, n. 32. The executive cannot fill a prospective vacancy, n. 33.

VACANCIES. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by

14 3

49,279

49, 280

8

45, 26

granting commissions which shall expire at the end of
their next session.....

This clause discussed; various opinions; how the
vacancy may occur; "that may happen" defined; limi-
tation of the power; may act on the neglect of the
Senate, n. 185. Length of the commission; the concur-
rence of the Senate at the expiration of former commis-
sion makes a new appointment, n. 186.

VALIDITY of contracts or engagements. All debts contracted, and
engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States
under this Constitution, as under the Confederation......
A principle of moral obligation, n. 237.
VALUE. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the
value thereof, and of foreign coin..

46

a contract

"To coin" defined; a treasury note only a promise to
pay money; currency " is not "money;"
satisfied by payment of legal tender, n. 97. "Money"
defined; coin has no pledge of redemption, n. 98. Regu-
late the value defined; vested exclusively in Congress,
n. 99. Restrictions as to legal tender; intrinsic value of no
consequence, n. 100.

VALUE in controversy. In suits at common law, when the value
in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, &c. Amendments...
"Suits at common law" defined; limitation of the
phrase; "common law" defined; trial by jury, for
whose benefit, n. 263.

VAN BUREN, MARTIN. President of the United States, n. 166.
VAN DYKE, NICHOLAS, of Delaware. Signed Articles of Confed-
eration, p. 21.

VARNUM, JOSEPH B. Speaker of the House of Representatives,
n. 26. And President of the Senate, pro tempore, n. 38,
p. 79.
VERMONT. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, Number of repre
sentatives, n. 24. Population in each decade, n. 24, pp.
69, 70. Assigned to second judicial circuit, n. 197. Ad-
mitted into the Union, n. 250. Ratified the thirteenth
amendment, n. 274; the fourteenth, n. 275.

VESSELS. No preference shall be given by any regulation of
commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those
of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another...

VEST.

"Preference" defined, n. 147. The coasting trade,

n. 148.

Congress may by law vest the appointment of such
inferior offices as they think proper in the President
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
ments....

Clerks of court and commissioners of bail are such offi-
cers, n. 183.

VESTED in the government. Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof..... "Necessary" defined; not synonymous with "absolutely necessary ;"Congress must judge of the means to effect the end; "power" defined, full import of the clause; proper defined; incidental powers, n. 138, p. 139. VESTED in a President. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America...

66

Object of an executive department; definition and limitation of executive power, n. 165.. List of Presidents, n. 166

(See President.)

VESTED in one Supreme Court. The judicial power of the United
States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such.

inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish..

"Judicial power 99. defined and discussed; "shall be
vested" defined; divisions of power; Supreme Court
defined, n. 195. Inferior courts, n. 196. List of Justices
of the Supreme Court, n. 197, pp. 191–194.

(See Supreme Court.)

VESTED in a Congress. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives..

"Legislative power defined, n. 14. Congress defined;
the division of Congress discussed, n. 15.

VESTED rights. (See Contract, notes 152–160.
House of Representatives.)

VETO power of the President. (See President).

See Senate, and

"Veto power" defined; objects of; infrequency of use in former times; President Jackson's vetoes; President Polk's vetoes; President Johnson's vetoes; "Freedman's Burean Bill" successfully vetoed; "Civil Rights Bill" and Reconstruction acts vetoed, n. 67, p. 92. President Johnson's opinion as to unconstitutionality of the various vetoed acts; "two-thirds defined; decision of the Senate on a quorum," n. 68. The President must receive the bill ten entire days before adjournment, or else it does not become law, n. 69.

66

VICE-PRESIDENT shall have no vote in the Senate unless they be equally divided, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States...

List of Vice-Presidents, n. 37.

VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senate shall choose a President pro tempore

in the absence of the...

List of presiding officers, n. 38

VICE-PRESIDENT. The President shall hold his office during the
term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Presi-
dent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows.
Amendments...
VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States. Qualification required as
Vice-President same as for President of the United States.
VICE-PRESIDENT. In case of the removal of the President from
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation,
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, de-
claring what officer shall then act as President, and such
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re-
moved, or a President shall be elected..

List of Vice-Presidents, who have become Presidents,
n. 172.

VICE-PRESIDENT shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

(See Impeachment, notes 39, 40, 191-194.)

VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States. Election of Vice-President
of the United States. Amendments.......
(See Election.)

VICE-PRESIDENT. The lists of votes of electors of President and
Vice-President shall be directed to the president of the
Senate. Amendments

VICE-PRESIDENT. The president of the Senate shall, in presence of
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates of the electors of President and Vice-President
of the United States. Amendments.

VICE-PRESIDENT. If the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the

case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. Amendments. VICE-PRESIDENT. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. Amendments..

VICE-PRESIDENT. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the
office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States. Amendments.

VIOLATED. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated. Amendments...
(See Houses-Searches, n. 251, 252.)

....

VIRGINIA. Signed the Declaration of Independence, p. 7. One of
the Confederation, p. 9. Signed Articles of Confederation,
p. 21. Signed Constitution of the United States, pp, 41, 42,
252. Qualifications for suffrage, n. 17.
VIRGINIA. Entitled to ten representatives in the first Congress..

Eleven representatives by the census of 1860 (now
eight), n. 24. Population of, in several decades, n. 24, pp.
69, 70. Assigned to fourth judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 193.
History of, during the rebellion, n. 235. West Virginia
carved out of Virginia, notes 24, 230, 235, 276. Ratified
the thirteenth amendment, n. 274. Rejected the four-
teenth, n. 275. One of the rebel States, n. 277, § 1. Its
government declared provisional, n. 276, p. 286, § 1. Num-
ber of the registered voters in, n. 278.

VIVA VOCE vote. The senators shall be elected by, n. 30.
VOTE. The senators shall be elected by a viva voce vote, n. 80.
VOTE.

Each senator shall have one..

VOTE. The Vice-President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided..

VOTE. Every vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President. (See Resolution.)..

VOTE. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion in which the number of such male citizens shall bear the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Amendments

VOTES in the two houses of Congress, on passage of any bill, order, resolution, or vote, returned with objections by the President, shall be taken by yeas and nays..

The bill must be returned in ten days; "veto" defined, n. 67. Various vetoes cited, n. 67.

VOTES of electors of President and Vice-President.

48, 279

27, 91

Place and

manner of giving the votes. Lists of votes to be made, signed, certified, transmitted sealed to the seat of government, directed to the president of the Senate, to be opened and counted by that officer in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives. The number necessary to a choice. The day on which electoral votes shall be given throughout the United States. Amendments. VOTES taken by States. In choosing the President by the House of Representatives, the votes shall be taken by States, the

representation from each State having one vote. Amend

ments.

VOTES in the rebel States upon their new constitutions, n. 276, p. 283, § 5. How to be expressed, Id. p. 284, § 3. List of, to be kept, n. 276, p. 285, § 4.

WADE, BENJAMIN. President of the Senate, pro tempore, n. 38, p. 81.

WALTON, GEORGE, of Georgia. Signed Declaration of Independ-
ence, p. 7.

WALTON, JOHN, of Georgia. Signed Articles of Confederation,
p. 21.
WAR. Congress shall have power to declare war, grant letters of
marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures
on land and water

WAR.

"War" defined, and how declared with Great Britain,
France, Mexico, &c., n. 117. "Civil war" defined; effect
of war
upon citizens; President's powers during war,
n. 118. "Marque" defined, n. 120, "Reprisal" defined,
n. 121. Effects of war upon the qualifications of members
of Congress, n. 46.

Congress shall have power to make rules ("rules and
articles of war") for the government of the land and
naval forces

"To make rules" defined; where to be found, n. 129. WAR. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

WAR. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort...

"Treason" defined, n. 215. An actual levying of war necessary; no conviction unless presence at; levying proved; "levying war" defined, n. 215.

WAR. No soldier shall be quartered in any house in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendments..
"Soldier" defined; "quartered" defined, n. 250. Object
of the provision. "Owner" defined, n. 250.

WAR. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land
or naval forces. or in the militia when in actual service, in
time of war or public danger. Amendments...
"Capital or infamous crime" defined; "presentment,"
"indictment," 66
grand jury," defined; military juris-
diction, notes 253, 254.

WARRANTS. No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describ-
ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
be seized. Amendments...

"Warrant" defined; limitation of, n. 252.

WASHINGTON, BUSHROD. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n. 197, p 193.

President of the
first message to

WASHINGTON, GEORGE, of Virginia. President of the Convention;
signed the Constitution, pp. 41, 252.
United States, n. 166. Delivered his
Congress orally, n. 187.

WAYNE, JAMES M. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n.
197, p. 193.

WE the people establish this Constitution. Preamble.

"We the people" defined; synonymous with "citizens;" not a majority; negroes not included, but made citizens by Civil Rights Bill, n. 6.

WEIGHTS and measures. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of weights and measures......

"Fix

defined; "standard" defined, n. 101.

Standard

pound of United States, how, and how often, regulated;
standard of spirit weight; act to authorize metric system;