sive vowels. Now utter smoothly e, e, i, â, ä, ô, ō, ọ. Each of these long vowels, except ō, has its cognate, or twin, explosive vowel. Pronounce, of the following list, the first vowel in the upper line, then the one beneath, and so on. You will find there is a remarkable likeness between each and its cognate; ē, i; ẽ, u.

Memorize the elements represented in the foregoing list, and recite them clearly and forcibly, in the order named. It is impossible to utter the explosive vowels too abruptly.

LESSON XI.

THE FOUR DIPHTHONGS.

In Lesson IV., "long i" was called a name vowel." If you will pronounce it quite slowly, however, you will find that it is composed of two vowels. Try it. The syllable mäend does not differ very much from mind. "Long i," then, is a double vowel,-a diphthong. Some persons utter the ä, and others the e, too clearly, when pronouncing such words as mine, tribe. Neither of the elements of i should be uttered as fully as if it were the only vowel in the syllable.

Pronounce boil both ô and i are quite distinctly heard, and no error would be made in representing the word, in Phonic writing, thus, bôil. But we will not mark either vowel: denote this diphthong by oi.

If you pronounce äo with one impulse, you form a third diphthong, which we will denote by ou. If you have the habit of saying kão for kou (äo) you should correct the error as soon as possible: it is extremely vulgar.

When the two elements, i and o, are uttered with one impulse, "long u" is heard. This combination is a little more difficult than the others. Pronounce "short i"i; ö; io. Keep trying until you hear the very sound uttered between the m and t in the word mute.

"Long u" is never heard immediately after the sound of r, sh, or zh. When such might seem to be the case, o or u is to be heard instead. The Phonic representations,

then, for rule, sure, azure, sumac, sugar, are rol, shor, azhur, shomak.

Many persons omit the first element of u when u is preceded by t or d. This is wrong. Say multitud, not multitood; konstitushun, not constitootion; dūti, Tūzdā. Utter í, kind; oi, oil; ou, sound, cow; u (not yū) tune, tube, duty.

LESSON XII.

THE VOWEL-CONSONANTS, Y AND W.

What is a vowel? a consonant? [See Lesson I.] If, while sounding e, you bring the cheeks against the teeth, a sound is made which is less clear than ē. Why is it less clear?

You can, with one impulse of voice, pronounce eon; but it is not easy to keep the e from becoming the very sound with which we begin the word yon. This choked, or closer, sound of e, called "the sound of y," is found only at the beginning of a syllable. The sound is indicated in yoke by the letter y; in pinion by i; while before u at the opening of a syllable, as in unit, manual, though clearly heard, it is not represented at all. Wherever heard, we will represent the sound by y.

With one impulse you can pronounce cel; but it is much easier to utter the syllable, if you make the opening element with the lips drawn closer, thus, well. This closer sound of o, which is also sometimes represented by u, as in quart, you will represent by w. In Phonic writing, quill, quart, quarry will stand thus,-kwil, kwôrt,

kwori.

The elements, y and w, are called " vowel-consonants." Why?

Represent quince, onion (u, twice), cowered, cease, stained, wonder, sublime, drawl, twain, useful, poniard, bearer, concert, armful, poorly.

LESSON XIII.

THE LIQUIDS.

Study the first sound in the word lark. Is it a pleasant one? Where does the tongue touch in producing this element? Is the breath stopped by the closure?

Pronounce rain. The tip of the tongue is a little farther from the gums than in sounding l, and the touch against the roof of the mouth is hardly felt. Besides, there seems to be a continual jarring of the tip while the sound of r continues.

Single should never be left silent: say färm, not fahm; form, not fawm; dōr, not do-uh.

As

Pronounce may. Now pronounce without the vowel. Where is the closure? Where does breath escape? you listen to the ringing or humming tone, does the sound seem to be produced in the mouth? What if the nostrils were closed while attempting to form the sound of m?

Review the last paragraph, putting no and n for may and m.

Now put ing and ng for may and m, and answer the questions. Do the two letters, n and g, stand here for two sounds? Is the word plank spoken when the sound of k is added to the word plan? Pronounce plan... k. Pronounce the first syllable of the word finger. Is it fin or fing? What is the last syllable? How is it with linger? with singer? You discover that n alone sometimes represents the sound which is more commonly denoted by ng. This happens in most cases in which the letter n is found before k or g. Represent this element by n with a short line under it; thus, n. Call the ele"under-lined n."

ment

The five elements, 1, m, n, r, and n are called liquids, because they allow the voice to flow over with such freedom from a rougher consonant to a vowel, or from the vowel to the consonant. The words pray, blow, aimed, owned, are pleasanter than stay, eked, and oped; and hanged is smoother than bagged.

Ütter the fifteen vowels; the four diphthongs; the vowel-consonants; the liquids.

Represent grandsire, opinion, marvelously, blood, estate, icy, laughter, tinkling, tangled, ferocity, noose, wasp (not a), solicitous, secure, some.

LESSON XIV.

COGNATE CONSONANTS.

Every one of the vowels, diphthongs, vowel-consonants, and liquids, consists of a tone, that is, a ringing or singing sound. Think whether this is so, as you utter ä, ô, ē, y, o, w, o, 1, m.

Pronounce low. Now begin as though you would pronounce low, but do not let the ō be heard. Is the consonant a tone? Do the same with toe, doe, so, show. Which of these consonants are musical, or toned? Which are mere breath?

If you would know something more of the difference between the sounds of t and d, raise the chin, and while uttering the first sound in the word doe, press the thumb and fingers of one hand firmly against the upper part of the throat, just beneath the roots of the tongue. You perceive a jarring. Keeping the same position, begin the word toe. Do you now discover the tremulous or jarring

motion ?

Musical or toned elements are called sonants; breathed or toneless ones, non-sonants.

Pronounce each of the following words, and state whether it begins with a sonant or a non-sonant: file, do, vow, pay, ten, so, grain, key, zone. Write in a column the five words each of which begins with a sonant. Now, against each of these five words, write another of the words of the list, whose first element, though non-sonant, is formed with the same closure with which the sonant initial is formed.

A sonant and a non-sonant formed by like closures of the vocal tube are called cognates.

The "sound of s" is a hiss: do not prolong it. Sis often written, and sometimes z, where the cognate should be spoken; as in news, nuz; devise, devīz; waltz, wolts.

In the study of phonics, ask what should be heard? What is the final sound in the word latched? in attacked? drowned? lashed? laughed? What is the first sound in phase? the last? the fourth in Stephen? the third in nephew? the second in of? in off? the last in sacrifice? in suffice?

Represent human, column, attacked, goodly, burial, sorrow, war, results, spirit, business, value (y), wonderful, poetry, inquiry, quaking, lungs.

LESSON XV.

COGNATE CONSONANTS-CONTINUED.

Arrange in columns, as directed in the preceding lesson, jar, shine, this, thin, child, zhoor. [The digraph zh begins no English word, neither does its sound.] If, in speaking the word jar, the first element be merely breathed, that is, made without tone, what word will be spoken? Thus we have eight pairs of cognate consonants. Memorize these as they stand in the Chart; also, with each, the character or digraph employed to designate it. In reciting, make the difference between two cognates very clear. He is a poor reader who does not distinguish between bekt and begd; dog and tok; dice, dies, and ties; hundreds and hundredths.

Utter separately and forcibly each sound in blaze, flows, quills, shame, glazier, meshes, has, sieve, mound, filched. [Repetition is helpful in the Oral Analysis. Suppose glazier to be given for analysis. Pronounce and analyze as follows: "Glazier; gli gl. zhĕr zher | glā zher." See, also, p. 9.]

Represent think, crushing, glazier, edge, expel, something, ocean, meshes, both, rather.

LESSON XVI.

THE ASPIRATES.

Place the lips as if you would sound w; but, instead of uttering that sonant, expel mere breath: you thus form the first element of the word when. But part the lips freely, and a like impulse forms the first element in the word hen. The former breathing, called "the modified aspirate," represent by hw; the latter, which is "the unmodified aspirate," represent by h.

Both hw and h are classed as consonants, though the latter has no perceptible closure. Indeed, the h is not breathed until the tongue is in position to give the following vowel; and this vowel seems to be breathed upon until near the end of the tone. Prove both these statements; think, as you pronounce hō, whether you begin the breathing before the organs are in position for sounding ō; and also whether the rough breathing does not continue nearly, if not quite, to the end of the tone. How is it with hữ, hữ, hã, ha, hả, hô, họ, hũ, hũ ?