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With this revenue James II. supported a standing army of 30,000 well-equipped troops, and an excellent fleet, consisting of nine first rates, eleven second ditto, thirty-nine third ditto, fourteen fourth ditto, two fifth, six sixth, three bombs, twenty-six fire ditto, six buoys, eight hulls, three ketches, twenty-eight smacks, and fourteen yachts, the whole numbering 173 sail, carrying 42,003 sailors, and 6930 guns, furnished with every maritime store, of which the dockyards and arsenals contained the greatest abundance. His civil list also was large, and the total expense to the nation of king, government, army, and navy was but 1,699,363., leaving an annual surplus of upwards of a quarter of a million for emergencies, while the people remained unburthened by any national debt.*

On the accession of William III., the condition of this slightly-taxed country was soon altered: every scheme which fiscal ingenuity had tried in Holland for the raising of money was practised in England;-taxes were laid on land (at the rate of 3s. in the pound), on houses, on windows, on malt, on hops, on glass, on paper, soap, leather, candles, starch, bills and receipts, hackney-coaches, sweets and mead, salt, hawkers and pedlars, &c. &c. &c.; the branches of taxation previously existing were doubled, trebled, and quadrupled within a few years;-to two branches of excise, eight more were added,-to eight custom duties, eleven were added, -and to two branches of inland revenue, six more added; the excise duties were pawned for three years for 500,000l. (thus was commenced the national debt;) and, in fine, almost every tax which has bowed down this nation to the earth was first levied by William III. and his succes

*Taxes, National Debt, Parochial Assessments, Price of Wheat, &c. in Great Britain.

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sor; so that at the expiration of the first twelve years of the revolution the amount of public revenue, taxes, and loans, exacted by King William was 65,987,5667. 17s. 8d. sterling; and by the close of Queen Anne's reign, making in the whole twenty-six years, upwards of 150,000,000%. had been raised in taxes, besides the national debt left for posterity to liquidate! The mode in which our taxation has since progressed will be best seen by the preceding table, which demonstrates that in the course of the last century we had our taxes increased from 2,000,000l. to 50,000,000l., and our debt from 0 to 800,000,000l. sterling! The necessary result of such conduct is seen in the augmentation of England's poor-rates from 500,000l. to 8,000,000l.; and in raising the price of wheat from 22s. to 64s. per quarter. So long as war lasted, and we had a monopoly of the trade of Europe, the effect of our enormous and unjust taxation was felt but in a slight degree; moreover, 17,000,000l. a-year was raised on property; and the Exchequer loans may also be considered in the light of a property contribution. With the war those property loans and property taxes ceased, and the whole burthens of the state were thrown on the industry of the country and the consumption of the people. A little foresight might have foreseen the inevitable consequences of such policy among a population subsisting, for the greater part, from hand to mouth, on the profits of bodily labour; while that very population were becoming every day more keenly sensible of their physical wants, by reason of increased mental knowledge. The melancholy effects of the system have been most apparent in England, as will be seen by the taxes levied on England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland separately, according to a recent return, thus:

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Hence it will be observed, that on an area of 116,274 square miles, with a population of 24,495,074, and a taxation of 50,548,3461., England, with half the area, and scarcely a moiety of the inhabitants, pays four-fifths of the government taxes, independent of 8,000,000l. poorrates, 5,000,000l. a-year tithes, &c. &c.!

In the table herewith annexed, Ireland is excluded from the taxation, and Scotland from the parochial assessments. The ratio of the value of labour is from the Greenwich Hospital returns; and the commitments for, crime, it may be observed, are merely the assize commitments, which are rapidly increasing.

The reader is requested to ponder well on the foregoing astounding facts until next month, when the consequences to the British empire, attendant on the present baneful system of finance, will be amply developed for his investigation.

MY TWO AUNTS.

Her

PHILOSOPHERS tell us that we know nothing but from its opposite;then I certainly knew my two aunts very perfectly, for greater opposites were never made since the formation of light and darkness; but they were both good creatures,-so are light and darkness both good things in their place. My two aunts, however, were not so appropriately to be compared to light and darkness as to crumb and crust-the crumb and crust of a new loaf; the crumb of which is marvellously soft, and crust of which is exceeding crisp, dry, and snappish. The one was my father's sister, and the other was my mother's; and very curiously it happened that they were both named Bridget. To distinguish between them, we young folks used to call the quiet and easy one Aunt Bridget, and the bustling, worrying one Aunt Fidget. You never in the whole course of your life saw such a quiet, easy, comfortable creature as Aunt Bridget-she was not immensely large, but prodigiously fat. weight did not exceed twenty stone, or two-and-twenty at the utmost— hot weather made some little difference; but she might be called prodigiously fat, because she was all fat; I don't think there was an ounce of lean in her whole composition. She was so imperturbably goodnatured, that I really do not believe that she ever was in a passion in the whole course of her life. I have no doubt that she had her troubles; we all have troubles more or less, but Aunt Bridget did not like to trouble herself to complain. The greatest trouble that she endured was the alternation of day and night-it was a trouble to her to go up stairs to bed, and it was a trouble to her to come down stairs to breakfast; but, when she was once in bed, she could sleep ten hours without dreaming, and when she was once up and seated in her comfortable arm-chair, by the fire-side, with her knitting apparatus in order, and a nice, fat, flat, comfortable quarto volume on a small table at her side, the leaves of which volume she could turn over with her knitting needle, she was happy for the day-the grief of getting up was forgotten, and the trouble of going to bed was not anticipated. Knowing her aversion to moving, I was once saucy enough to recommend her to make two days into one, that she might not have the trouble of going up and down stairs so often. Anybody but Aunt Bridget would have boxed my ears for my impertinence, and would, in so doing, have served me rightly; but she, good creature, took it all in good part, and said, "Yes, my dear, it would save trouble, but I am afraid it would not be good for my health; I should not have exercise enough." Aunt Bridget loved quiet, and she lived in the quietest place in the world. There is not a spot in the deserts of Arabia, or in the Frozen Ocean, to be for a moment compared for quietness with Hans Place

"The very houses seem asleep ;"

and when the bawlers of milk, mackerel, dabs, and flounders enter the placid precincts of that place, they scream with a subdued violence, like the hautboy played with a piece of cotton in the bell. You might almost fancy that oval of building to be some mysterious egg on which the genius of silence had sat brooding ever since the creation of the world, or even before Chaos had combed its head and washed its face. There

is in that place a silence that may be heard, a delicious stillness which the ear drinks in as greedily as the late Mr. Dando used to gulp oysters. It is said that when the inhabitants are all asleep, they can hear one another snore. Here dwelt my Aunt Bridget,-kindest of the kind, and quietest of the quiet. But goodnature is terribly imposed upon in this wicked world of ours; and so it was with Aunt Bridget. Her poulterer, I am sure, used to charge her at least ten per cent. more than any of the rest of his customers, because she never found fault. She was particularly foud of ducks,-very likely from a sympathy with their quiet style of locomotion; but she disliked haggling about the price, and she abhorred the trouble of choosing them, so she left it to the man's conscience to send what he pleased, and to charge what he pleased. I declare that I have seen upon her table such withered, wizened, toad-like villains of half-starved ducks, that they looked as if they had died of the hoopingcough. And if ever I happened to say anything approaching to reproach of the poulterer, Aunt would always make the same reply-"I don't like to be always finding fault." It was the same with her wine as it was with her poultry-she used to fancy that she had port and sherry, but she never had anything better than Pontac and Cape Madeira. There was one luxury of female life which my Aunt never enjoyedshe never had the pleasure of scolding the maids. She once made the attempt, but it did not succeed. She had a splendid set of Sunday crockery, done in blue and gold, and by the carelessness of one of her maids the whole service was smashed at one fell swoop. "Now that is too bad," said my aunt; "I really will tell her of it." So I was in hopes of seeing Aunt Bridget in a passion, which would have been as rare a sight as an American aloe in blossom. She rang the bell with most heroic vigour and with an expression of almost a determination to say something very severe to Betty, when she should make her appearance. Indeed if the bell-pull had been Betty, she might have heard half the first sentence of a terrible scolding; but before Betty could answer the summons of the bell, my aunt was as cool as a turbot at a tavern dinner. Betty," said she," are they are all broke?"—" Yes, ma'am," said Betty.- How came you to break them ?" said my aunt. -"They slipped off the tray, ma'am," replied Betty.-" Well, then, be more careful another time," said my aunt.-" Yes, ma'am," said Betty. Next morning another set was ordered. This was not the first, second, or third time that my aunt's crockery had come to an untimely end. My aunt's maids had a rare place in her service. They had high life below stairs in perfection; people used to wonder that she did not see how she was imposed upon; bless her old heart! she never liked to see what she did not like to see, and so long as she could be quiet she was happy. She was a living emblem of the Pacific Ocean.

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But my Aunt Fidget was quite another thing. She only resembled my Aunt Bridget in one particular, that is, she had not an ounce of lean about her, but then she had no fat neither-she was all skin and bone; I cannot say for a certainty, but I really believe that she had no marrow in her bones; she was as light as a feather, as dry as a stick, and, had it not been for her pattens, she must have been blown away in windy weather. As for quiet, she knew not the meaning of the word; she was flying about from morning till night, like a faggot in fits, and finding fault with everybody and everything. Her tongue and her toes

had no sinecures. Had she weighed as many pounds as my Aunt Bridget weighed stones, she would have worn out half-a-dozen pair of shoes in a week. I don't believe that Aunt Bridget ever saw the inside of her kitchen, or that she knew exactly where it was; but Aunt Fidget was in all parts of the house at once-she saw everything, heard everything, remembered everything, and scolded about everything. She was not to be imposed upon, either by servants or tradespeople. She kept a sharp look-out upon them all-she knew when and where to go to market. Keen was her eye for the turn of the scale, and she took pretty good care that the butcher should not dab his mutton-chops too hastily in the scale-making momentum tell for weight. I cannot think what she wanted with meat, for she looked as if she ate nothing but raspings, and drank nothing but vinegar. Her love of justice in the matter of purchasing was so great, that when her fishmonger sent her home a pennyworth of sprats, she sent one back to be changed because it had but one eye. She had such a strict inventory of all her goods and chattels, that if any one plundered her of a pin, she was sure to find it out. She would miss a pea out of a peck, and she once kept her establishment up half the night to hunt about for a bit of cheese that was missing,it was at last found in the mouse-trap. "You extravagant minx," said she to the maid, "here is cheese enough to bait three mouse-traps ;" and she nearly had her fingers snapt off in her haste to rescue the cheese from its prison. I used not to dine with my Aunt Fidget so often as with my Aunt Bridget, for my Aunt Fidget worried my very life out with the history of every article that was brought to table. She made me undergo the narration of all that she had said, and all that the butcher or the poulterer had said concerning the purchase of the provision; and she used always to tell me what was the price of mutton when her mother was a girl-twopence a pound for the common pieces, and twopencehalfpenny for the prime pieces. Moreover, she always entertained me with an account of all her troubles, and with the sins and iniquities of her abominable servants, whom she generally changed once a month. Indeed, had I been inclined to indulge her with more of my company, I could not always manage to find her residence, for she was moving about from place to place, so that it was like playing a game at hunt-the-slipper to endeavour to find her. She once actually threatened to leave London altogether, if she could not find some more agreeable residence than hitherto it had been her lot to meet with. But there was one evil in my Aunt Fidget's behaviour which disturbed me more than anything else; she was always expecting that I should join her in abusing my placid Aunt Bridget. Aunt Bridget's style of housekeeping was not, perhaps, quite the pink of perfection, but it was not for me to find fault with it; and if she did sit still all day, she never found fault with those who did not; she never said anything evil of any of her neighbours. Aunt Fidget might be flying about all day like a witch upon a broomstick; but Aunt Bridget made no remarks on it; she let her fly. The very sight of Aunt Fidget was enough to put one out of breath-she whisked about from place to place at such a rapid rate, always talking at the rate of nineteen to the dozen, We boys used to say of her that she never sat long enough in a chair to warm the cover. But she is gone-requiescat in pace; and that is more than ever she did in her lifetime.

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