rendering it the admiration of all. The north side of the cathedral forms a fine street-scene, with the row of trees around its church-yard wall.

The church of St. Cuthbert is a plain modern building. Trinity Church, in Caldewgate, and Christ Church are new, having been lately built by the aid of subscriptions from the inhabitants and from the church building commissioners. The former is of the Tudor, the latter of early English architecture, and both have spires, rising from square towers, though in a different manner.

At the head of Castle-street, near the Marketplace, stands that excellently conducted inn and posting-house, the Crown and Mitre Hôtel and Coffee House, better known by its latter name. Opposite the Bush Inn, which is also well-known on the road as a superior posting-house and hôtel, stands the new's-room and library, built by private subscription, from the designs of Mr. Rickman, who was also architect for the churches. The county gaol and court-houses were designed by Smirke one of the circular towers forms the Nisi Prius Court; the other, connected with the prison, the Crown Court. The prison is on the radiated plan, the governor's house being in the centre and communicating by means of galleries with the different wards. The infirmary, near the canal, will repay the walk, besides the fresh views of the town gained in this direction. It is built on a very convenient plan, and has a centre portico of four large Doric pillars, supporting a pediment. The merits of its situation have been a subject of much dispute, but what is still worse, owing to litigation between the contractor and the building committee, although finished some time past, it has not yet been opened for its purposes of benevolence.

The city of Carlisle has a police establishment, is lighted with gas, and is under the municipal control of a corporation, composed of mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen. It returns two members to Parliament, and is now the nomination place for the eastern division of the county.

It is a place of great manufacturing bustle, chiefly in cotton, hats, and whips. The cotton trade gives employment to numbers of persons engaged in spinning and hand-loom weaving.

The markets are well supplied with almost every thing that can gratify the palate of the gourmand, and at rates so low as to render it, in these respects, a very desirable place of residence for persons of limited fortune, but accustomed to luxurious indulgences. The grammar-school, founded by Bishop Smith, affords an opportunity of obtaining an economical English and classical education. With regard to institutions for promoting the education of the poor, supplying their necessities, whether in food, or medicine, or medical attendance, the dispensary and house of recovery, the national school, the Lancasterian school, and others, fully attest that Carlisle is no whit behind the most favoured towns. It is also an excellent place whence conveyance may be obtained to all parts of the kingdom six mails daily leave the city for Portpatrick and Belfast, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Newcastle, and London, by way of Leeds and Manchester; besides several stage-coaches. From the canal basin, the Arrow, a swift fly-boat, conveys passengers to Bowness on the Solway, whence they can be comfortably and safely conveyed to Liverpool, either by the City of Carlisle or Newcastle steam-packets, in a single tide.

We shall now proceed from Carlisle in an easterly direction by the military way leading to Brampton; this road runs parallel to the Roman Wall, which lies rather more to the north or left hand, along a higher ridge of land. The first village you pass through is Crosby, whose plain unpretending church stands by the way-side. Two miles further, at a cross-road, is a Roman Castrum, planted with fir trees. Leaving the main road here and passing down this lane, you will shortly open upon the circular, rural, and well cultivated vale of which Irthington and its church form pretty features. Round sandy knowes jut into the plain, watered by the Irthing and Kirkcambeck streams, and the surrounding banks are planted with wood. The nave of the church, which has been originally larger, is separated from the chancel by a noble Norman aisle, sadly disfigured, however, by being wretchedly painted in imitation of blue marble. In this church-yard lies buried Richard Bowman, who lived to be one hundred and eighteen years old, retaining the use of his faculties to the last. Hence after crossing the water of Kirkcambeck, the tourist will pass in front of the elegant and modern residence of Walton House, belonging to W. Ponsonby Johnson, Esq., built on the site of the Roman Casteads. Several Roman remains dug up at this station are preserved here. A little further stands the village of Walton, on the line of the wall, as its name denominates. From hence the road descends to Kingwater, over which there is a long wooden bridge; this water rises in a dreary waste; its banks are fertile, but the ridges which bound it to the north, or separate it from the Irthing, parallel to which it flows for some distance, are naked, cold, and

uninviting. A sudden turn down the hill, on the top of which the traveller has been proceeding for a mile or two, presents the sweet smiling Holm of St. Mary. On the right fine woods clothe the swelling ridges which die away in the meadows below, in the midst of which, rising from among majestic elms, are seen the venerable ruins of Lanercost Abbey, backed by the woods that slope down from the baronial castle of Naworth to the clear murmuring streams of the Irthing.

LANERCOST ABBEY.

The grey ruins of Lanercost, approached through the remains of a gateway, covered with ivy, stand a little distance from the Irthing on its northern banks, in the green holms of St. Mary. This monastery was founded in 1116, by Robert de Vallibus, for monks of the order of St. Augustine, chartered in the sixteenth year of Henry II., A.D. 1169, and dedicated by Bernard, Bishop of Carlisle, to Mary Magdalene.

The church consists of a nave with north aisle, transepts with aisles east of them, used as monumental chapels, and choir. The western front is one of great beauty and simplicity; a magnificent door, pointed and of many mouldings, fills the lowest compartment; above it runs a string of elegant niches, then seven long tall lancets fill the whole length of the front, having the alternate ones only pierced for lights; in the gable is a niche containing a statue of the Virgin and Child, and on each side, shields charged with the armorial cognizances of the abbey and the Dacres, and the top is crowned by the fragments of a beauteous cross. The

nave is fitted up as the parish church, and is lighted by a row of eight clerestory windows, these have the toothed ornament, the only kind used, which with the cornice that runs round the whole building give a rich appearance to the general plan of the exterior. The low Norman tower rising about a square in height above the roof, is supported by massive angular piers. The transepts and choir are unroofed and suffered to go to decay. The opposite sides of the choir are different in their architecture, and the transepts respectively partake of it. Tall circular piers, with only the clerestory windows above, is the disposition of the south side; whilst the north has low massive circular piers and a triforium as well as clerestory. The east end is lighted by two tiers of lancet windows, three in each; this and the south side are now profusely covered with ivy and mountain ashes; wall-flowers wave over the other parts and diffuse their fragrance in the air. There are several monuments in this part of the church belonging to the Dacres, to whom the abbey lands fell at the dissolution, and to the Howards their successors. Two of the monuments belonging to the Dacres are under ogee canopies and ornamented with quatrefoils and shields of arms. The Howards are more gorgeously decorated with all the insignia of armorial blazonry. Unfortunately little care has been taken of these splendid tombs; the long dark grass and weeds and moss are fast defacing these proud memorials of the haughty barons, once lords of this beautiful domain.

The cloisters run parallel with the south side of the conventual church and have been connected with it. The groining is early English, with cross