Modern American Law: A Systematic and Comprehensive Commentary on the Fundamental Principles of American Law and Procedure, Accompanied by Leading Illustrative Cases and Legal Forms, Том 1

Eugene Allen Gilmore, William Charles Wermuth

Blackstone institute, 1917

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Стр. 34
Lord Brougham in the defense of Queen Caroline is reported to have said , “ An advocate by the sacred duty which he owes his client knows in the discharge of that duty but one person in the world , the client , and none other .

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THE MODERN DEMOCRACY PAGE THE CITIZEN AND THE LAW 1	1

LEGAL ETHICS SECTION 1 Introduction	21

Necessity for rules of ethics	22

Legal ethics generally	24

Standard of admission to the bar	27

Duty to the court	28

Reciprocal duty of the court	30

Maintaining the dignity of the profession	31

The Supreme Court of Judicature	343

Criminal jurisdiction of the Court of Judicature	344

His Majestys High Court of Justice	345

The various divisions Chancery Division	346

Actions against the Crown in the Kings Bench	347

The Crown side of the Kings Bench Division	348

Officers of the courts	349

Other officers	350

Relations between members of the profession	32

Attorney as a witness	33

Attorney and client	34

The defense or prosecution of those accused of crime	37

Relation of lawyers to the public	39

Fees	41

Contingent fees	43

Conclusion	44

LAWITS ORIGIN NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT PART I	47

The meaning of law	48

The administration of justice	51

The sanction of law	54

CHAPTER II	56

Custom	57

Judicial precedentThe following of precedent	58

The disregarding of precedents	60

The persuasive sources of law in generalLegal reasoning and persuasive precedent	62

Professional opinion	63

Public policy and natural law	65

Legislation	67

Interpretation of statutes	68

Relative contribution of the sources	70

Codification	71

CHAPTER III	74

The classification of rights continuedPrimary	84

Systems of lawThe common and the civil law	90

The effects of the Norman Conquest	97

SECTION PAGE 35 The Curia Regis or Kings Court	99

The local and ecclesiastical courts	101

General view of the period	102

CHAPTER VI	104

The older modes of trial	105

The inquest	107

The kings peace and the grand jury	109

The writ process	111

The itinerant justices and the court at Westminster	112

Magna Charta	114

The professionalizing of the administration of justice	115

Development of trial by jury	116

Precedent as a source of law	117

Growth of legal doctrine	118

CHAPTER VII	120

The limits of common law jurisdiction	121

The development of the land law	122

The writissuing power	123

The courts of law	125

The legal profession	126

The ossification of the common law	128

The need for elasticity	130

The expansion of the law through the Court of Chancery	132

The equitable jurisdiction of chancery	134

Chancery procedure	136

Development of law in the courts of common law	138

The law merchant and the Court of Admiralty	139

THE MATURITY OF THE	142

Slow growth of private law doctrine to nineteenth	148

CHAPTER IX	155

PART III	167

SECTION PAGE 80 Lines of study	169

ReportsNature	170

ReportsOfficial and unofficial	171

ReportsValueDecision and dicta	173

The study of reported cases	174

Comparison of cases	175

Books of authority	177

SearchbooksDigestsCitators	178

Encyclopedias	179

Textbooks and citators	180

CHAPTER I	183

Courts of review	185

Effect of presumption	186

Cases in which a judicial record may be disregarded as an estoppel or as sustaining a lien by con structive notice or when offered in evidence in anot...	187

FraudCollusionWant of hearing	190

What courts are superior and what inferior	191

Instances of superior and inferior courts	192

General and special	193

Terms and sessions	194

Judicial legislative and executive power	195

The relation of the courts to the executive depart mentDiscretionary and ministerial functions	196

Jurisdiction	197

Kinds of jurisdiction	198

Facts strictly jurisdictional and those quasijurisdic tional	199

Inception of jurisdiction	200

Jurisdiction in rem and in personam	202

Proceedings affecting a subject matter or status	204

SECTION PAGE 19 Territorial limits on jurisdiction	205

Exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction	206

Jurisdiction by consent	207

Ancillary jurisdiction	208

Executive and political questions	209

The mandatory or strict record and the statutory record	210

The mandatory record	211

Loss of jurisdiction by extrajudicial judgment	213

Jurisdiction and venue	214

Concurrent and conflicting jurisdiction	215

Stare decisis and judicial comity	218

CHAPTER II	220

In what courts the judicial power must be vested	221

General rules as to jurisdiction and powers	222

Exclusive jurisdiction	224

Concurrent state and federal jurisdiction	229

Quasiexclusive power of the court first taking jur isdiction	230

Personal actions against prior custodian	232

Habeas corpus in state and federal courts	233

Following state laws and decisions in federal courts	237

Conformity with local practice	240

The common law in the federal courts civil cases	242

The federal law of evidence	243

Equity in the federal courts	244

Equity jurisdiction when there is a common law remedy	245

SECTION PAGE 46 The Supreme Court	247

Organization of the Supreme Court	248

Its original jurisdiction	249

Appellate jurisdiction over state courts	252

Appellate jurisdiction over the district court	255

Appellate jurisdiction on constitutional or treaty questions	256

Indirect review of district court by Supreme Court mandamus	258

Direct review of final decrees in prize cases	261

Review of decisions of the court of appeals by cer tiorari	262

Certifying questions to the Supreme Court	263

Review over Porto Rico courts	264

Review over courts of Alaska Territory	265

Review over District of Columbia courts	266

Review over Court of Commerce	267

The United States Circuit Court of Appeals 65 Organization and general jurisdiction	268

Review over district courts	269

When decision final and when not	270

Appeals from injunction and receiver orders	271

Review of proceedings in bankruptcy	272

Review over federal courts of China and Alaska	273

SECTION PAGE 72 Organization and history	274

Jurisdiction of the court of claims	275

Concurrent jurisdiction of the district court	277

The Commerce Court Abolished 76 Organization and jurisdiction	278

The District Court 77 Organization and history	280

The former circuit court	281

The district court jurisdiction	282

Civil suits brought by the United States or its of ficers	283

Civil suits arising under the federal Constitution laws or treaties	284

Civil suits between citizens of different states	285

Suits on assigned contracts	287

Civil suits between alien states or citizens and state 1	288

Slave trade	290

Suits under revenue customs tonnage postal laws	291

Interstate commerce suits	293

Suits on customs debentures	294

Suits for damages against persons enforcing the re nue or civil rights laws	295

Suits by aliens for torts against the law of nations	297

Suits against foreign consuls and viceconsuls	298

Jurisdiction concurrent with the Court of Claims	301

Habeas corpus and appeal in immigration and Chinese exclusion cases	302

Suits under antitrust laws	303

Suits relating to Indian allotment of land	304

Partition suits where the United States is an owner in common	305

Jurisdiction over the Hot Springs reservation Arkansas	306

Amount in controversy	308

Ancillary jurisdiction	309

Territorial and Insular Courts 112 Nature and organization of territorial courts	310

Courts of Hawaii	313

Courts of the Philippine Islands	314

The courts of Porto Rico	315

The District of Columbia courts	316

Consular courts	318

The United States court for China	321

Military and Naval Courts 120 Military provisional courts	322

Removal of Cases from State Courts to the District Court 122 History of removal acts	324

What cases now removable	326

Prejudice or local influence	327

SECTION PAGE 126 Removal of civil rights cases	328

Removal of suits by aliens against federal officers	329

CHAPTER IV	331

Probate courts	332

Justices of the peace and justices courts	333

Liability of justice of the peace	335

Municipal courts	336

Courts of the Indian tribes and nations	337

CHAPTER V	340

The English courtsthe House of Lords	341

Judicial power of the House of Commons	342

Criminal courtsCourts of summary jurisdiction	351

Courts of special session	352

The Court of Criminal Appeal	353

Local and naval courts	354

The Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports	355

Colonial courts of admiralty	356

Equity jurisdiction of the county court	357

County court jurisdiction under Bills of Exchange Act	358

Courts of escheat	359

The Court of Claims	360

Durham	361

The judicial commissions	362

PART I	363

PART II	376

SECTION PAGE 16 Duration of offersReasonable time	379

Same subjectOptions	380

Same subjectDeathInsanity	381

Revocation of offers	382

Continuing offers	383

Counter offerInquiryQuotation	384

Offers at auction	385

Knowledge of terms of offer	386

Agreements made by post	387

Same subject_Cases considered	388

Meeting of minds	390

Rewards	391

Same subjectSilence	392

Who may accept offer	393

Cross offers	394

CHAPTER III	396

Mistake of one party only	401

Mistake in motive	402

Mistake of law	403

Expressions of opinion	407

MisrepresentationConditionsWarranties	408

Representation must be acted upon	409

Effect of misrepresentation	410

The effect of fraud	414

Duress	415

Undue influence	416

Right to rescind for undue influence	419

CHAPTER IV	421

Contracts under seal and specialties	422

Same subjectDeeds bonds records	423

Same subjectDelivery and form	425

Same subjectStatutory changes	426

CHAPTER V	428

Consideration distinguished from motive	429

Valuable consideration	430

Valuable consideration need not be adequate	431

Good consideration	432

Moral consideration	433

Unreal considerations	434

Forbearance to sue	436

Compromise	438

Accord and satisfaction	441

Legal duties as consideration	442

Contractual obligations as consideration	443

Promises to third persons	444

Mutual promises	445

Present and past considerations 446 1	446

SECTION PAGE 80 Subscription agreements	448

Failure of consideration	450

Presumption of consideration	451

CHAPTER VI	453

Construction of the fourth section of the Statute of Frauds	454

Nature of the contracts in the fourth section Clause 1Executor	455

Same subjectClause 3Marriage	457

Same subjectClause 5Agreement not to be per formed within the space of one year from the making thereof	460

Executed contractsPart performance	461

Provisions of the seventeenth section	463

Satisfaction of the requirements of the Statute of FraudsMemorandum	465

CHAPTER VII	469

Married women	473

Persons mentally deficient	474

Aliens	475

Professions	477

LEGALITY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER SECTION PAGE 103 The subject matter as an element in a valid contract	479

Contracts illegal by common law and by statute	480

Same subjectWagers	481

Same subjectUsury	483

Agreements contrary to public policy	484

Contracts in restraint of trade	488

Contracts restraining marriage	490

Fiduciary relations	491

Effect of illegalityIn general	492

Effect of promises made regarding past illegal trans actions	493

Effect of intention	494

Partial illegality	495

Effect on illegality of change of time or place	496

PART III	497

Same subjectApparent exceptions	498

Duty of third parties	499

Same subjectNew York rule	500

SECTION PAGE 127 Assignment of rights	501

Same subjectLimitations to the New York rule 501 1	502

1	503

Novation	505

Defenses	506

What is assignable	507

Form	508

Assignment of future earnings	509

Partial assignments	510

Priority of assignments	511

Assignment and negotiability distinguished	512

Assignment by operation of law	513

CHAPTER XI	515

Joint contracts	516

Several contracts	518

PART IV	521

Şame subjectProof of the document	524

SECTION PAGE 149 Same subjectFact of agreement	525

Same subjectTerms of the contract	526

Rules of construction	530

Same subjectSubsidiary rules	531

Rules as to penalties and liquidated damages	532

PART V	535

Dependent promises	536

Express conditions	538

Conditions implied in law	539

Performance of express and implied conditions	540

Conditions concurrent	541

Conditions subsequent	542

Pleading and proof	544

Representations and warranties 546 1	546

CHAPTER XIV	550

Rules on express conditions	551

Performance dependent on approval	553

Promises to pay	555

Rules on conditions implied in law 556 1	556

Act on one side requiring time	557

SECTION PAGE 175 Where only the time for performance of one act is definite	558

Breach of condition	559

Rules as to time	560

Instalment contracts	562

Renunciation of contract	564

CHAPTER XV	569

Subsequent impossibility	570

Same subjectExceptions	572

Impossibility of performance created by a party	574

Impossibility by acts or change of law	576

Existence of subject matter and place	580

Personal incapacity	584

Scope of impossibility	586

Alternative contracts	587

PART VI	589

Discharge by agreement	590

Discharge by substituted agreement	591

Release	592

Novation	593

Form	594

Provisions for discharge	595

DISCHARGE BY PERFORMANCE SECTION PAGE 198 Performance	598

Tender	600

Strict and substantial performance	601

CHAPTER XVIII	604

Alteration of written instrument	605

Discharge by failure of consideration	606

Discharge by breach going to the essence and by re pudiation	607

Marriage	608

CHAPTER XIX	609

Arbitration and award	611

Discharge by operation of law	612

Bankruptcy	613

CHAPTER XX	614

Specific performance	615

Bibliography	616

Leading Illustrative Cases Table of Contents	651

LEADING ILLUSTRATIVE CASES	657

PART II	667

Walker et al v Cronin	815

CHAPTER X	824

Vulcan Iron Works Co v Electric Magnetic Gold Min	832

CHAPTER XIV	837

PART VI	852

CHAPTER XVII	858

Seay et al	862

Index	867

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acceptance action administration admiralty agreed agreement American appeal apply arising authority become brought called cause circuit citizens civil claims common law condition consideration Constitution contract court of appeals created criminal decided decision defendant direct district court duty enforce England English equity evidence exclusive executive exercise exist express fact federal courts followed give given hand held important individual interests involved issue judges judgment Judicial Code juris jurisdiction justice king king's land Large LEADING legislation liability limited Mass matter means ment nature necessary offer officers original particular parties performance person plaintiff practice precedent present principles proceedings promise protection question reason record relations remedy rendered reports require royal rule Stats statute suit Supreme Court taken tion tort trial United unless writ

Библиографические данные

Название	Modern American Law: A Systematic and Comprehensive Commentary on the Fundamental Principles of American Law and Procedure, Accompanied by Leading Illustrative Cases and Legal Forms, Том 1 Modern American Law: A Systematic and Comprehensive Commentary on the Fundamental Principles of American Law and Procedure, Accompanied by Leading Illustrative Cases and Legal Forms, William Charles Wermuth
Редакторы	Eugene Allen Gilmore, William Charles Wermuth
Издатель	Blackstone institute, 1917

Экспорт цитаты	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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