thin beds of coal are found in the Burlingame shales, and yield some coal by stripping. Hiawatha, Holton, Topeka, Osage City, Eureka, Howard and Cedarvale are situated along this belt of beds. The Burlingame shales eight miles east of Emporia contain SO much arenaceous material that in certain portions they are better designated as sandstones. These arenaceous shales are intersected vertically by numerous fissures, many of which show faulting. About thirty feet below the Barclay limestone is a two-foot stratum of concretionary limestone covering a six-inch stratum of coal, and fifty-five feet below the Barclay limestone is a stratum of brecciated and conglomeritic limestone, locally thirty-five feet thick. The same or another stratum of breccia and conglomerate is found above the concretionary limestone mentioned above, and another thin stratum above the Emporia limestones, described below, is widely distributed in Lyon county.

(9) Emporia Beds, 216 feet. These comprise the Humphrey shales, including Columbia Ford limestone, 36 feet; Emporia blue limestone, 9 feet; Olpe shales, 60 feet; Emporia buff limestones, 34 feet, and Emporia reservoir shales, 77 feet. The Humphrey shales yield much salt water, to the detriment of wells. The Emporia blue limestone holds its special characteristics throughout Lyon county and probably also in the counties north and south, and is much used in the construction of foundations to houses. The Emporia buff limestones are five in number, vary considerably in physical appearance, hold many fossils in the limestone layers and in the intervening shales, and are locally used somewhat for building stones. Beneath the Emporia buff limestones the Olpe shales are in part quite arenaceous. These shales contain a thin bed of coal in the middle part. The Emporia reservoir shales are quite uniformly arenaceous and carry at the top a six-inch bed of coal.

(10) Americus Beds, 155 feet. These comprise the Admire shales and limestones, 120 feet; Americus limestone and shales, 35 feet. The Admire shales include some five strata of limestone and sandstone, none of which is of especial importance commercially or topographically. About ninety feet above the base the shales yield small quantities of natural gas in western Lyon county, and larger quantities at Strong City and Elmdale, in Chase county. The Americus limestone is a valuable building stone. It is dark buff in color and averages twenty inches in thickness. Six or eight feet above the Americus limestone is a six-inch layer of limestone

much used for sidewalks. The shale between these limestones is very rich in fossils.

(11) Elmdale Beds, 150 feet. One-third of the thickness of these beds is limestone, and the remainder is shaly limestone and shale. Of these limestones, three deserve special mention: The Friable Fusulina, twenty-four feet above the base of the beds, contains myriads of rhizopods. The Neva limestone, forty-six feet below the top, is twelve feet in thickness. The upper half was named "cotton rock" by Swallow, an early Kansas geologist, and the lower half was named "dry bone;" from its peculiar appearance when weathered. The Cottonwood limestone, twelve feet from the top of the Elmdale beds, is one of the most highly valued building stones of middle Kansas. It is a white limestone, and lies in a stratum six and one-half feet in thickness. The twelve-foot shale bed above this limestone is literally full of fossils and becomes excellent soil on decomposition.

The Elmdale beds lie at the summit of the Coal Measures of Kansas. No unconformity exists between these beds and those above, but Permian fossils are increasingly abundant.

III. ROCKS OF THE PERMIAN PERIOD OF THE CARBONIC ERA.

Thickness, 2375 feet.

1.-Strata of the Lower Permian Epoch.

The rock beds found in central Kansas. Thickness, 565 feet. (The layers are described, beginning with the lowest.)

(1) Strong City Beds, 180 feet. These include Crusher Hill alternating shales and limestones, 140 feet. The limestones offer little resistance to atmospheric influences, and, therefore, have little influence on topography. The stratum next above is the Strong flints (Wreford limestone), 40 feet. This formation is chiefly responsible for the Flint Hills of central Kansas, because of its power to resist erosive agencies. The layers of limestone have been replaced wholly or in part by silicious material, and are much used, when crushed, for railroad ballast. The Flint Hills, or, as they were named by the earlier geologists of Kansas, the Permian mountains, extend across the state from Nebraska to Oklahoma, but are best developed in Chase, Greenwood, Butler, Elk, Cowley and Chautauqua counties.

(2) Florence Beds, about 159 feet. These consist of Cedar Point (Matfield) shales and shaly limestones, about 92 feet; Florence flints and shaly, buff limestone, 37 feet; Fort Riley (Florence) limestones, 30 feet. In the midst of the Florence flints are one or two heavy layers of white limestone, quarried at El Dorado for fine

building stone. The shaly, buff limestones above the Florence flints contain an abundant brachiopod fauna near Florence, and the shaly limestone above the heavily bedded Fort Riley limestone contains an abundant lamellibranch fauna near Fort Riley.

(3) Marion Beds, about 230 feet. The lower portion of these beds consists of various colored shales and shaly limestones, about sixty feet. The next section of the beds contains the Marion gray limestone, with more or less flint, then some yellowish shales, and Marion concretionary limestone, in all thirty feet. The Marion concretionary limestone contains many brachiopods. This is the highest and latest formation of which this is true, for the higher and later formations of the Marion beds are characterized by a very abundant lamellibranch fauna. The next 140 feet of the Marion beds consists of variously colored shaly limestones, with the Abilene conglomerate at the top. This last consists of pebbles of limestone and quartz cemented together. The great change in the physical geography of central Kansas at the close of the deposition of the Marion beds, shown by the absence of fossils from the succeeding beds and the deposition in them of large quantities of salt and gypsum, makes it seem wise to separate the Lower Permian from the Upper Permian at this horizon.

2.-Rocks of the Upper Permian Epoch.

The rock beds found in southwestern Kansas. Thickness, 1810 feet. (The layers are described, beginning with the lowest.)

(4) Wellington Beds, about 400 feet. These consist lowest of buff limestones and marls, then of colored shales and marls alternating with layers of gypsum and thick deposits of rock salt, and lastly of variously colored shales and marls. In central and northern Kansas the Wellington beds are succeeded by the massive dark brown and red sandstones of the Dakota Cretaceous; in southern Kansas the Wellington beds are covered by the sandstones, long known as the "Red Beds," belonging to the Upper Permian. Cragin has characterized the Wellington beds as made up of "a thick body of blue, gray and slate-colored shales." Thus far no fossils have been reported from them. Salt is mined at Kingman, Lyons, and Kanopolis, and is pumped at Anthony, Wellington, Hutchinson, and Sterling.

(5) Harper Beds, 650 feet. These are the red and variegated sandstones of the Red Beds so well exposed in Kingman and Harper counties. These beds are continuous with similar beds. which outcrop in Oklahoma. The sandstones and shales were de

posited over a continuously subsiding sea bottom, but always in shallow water, as is shown by the ripple-marks to be found in nearly every layer. No fossils have been found in these beds in Kansas, but, in Oklahoma, Gould reports the discovery of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant remains. The animals belong to Permian types, and the plants resemble Mesozoic rather than Paleozoic types, according to European standards.

(6) Medicine Lodge Beds, 500 feet. These consist of the Salt Plain shales, containing salt and gypsum, 150 feet; Cedar Hill sandstones, 150 feet; Flower-pot shales, 170 feet; Medicine Lodge (Cave Creek) gypsum, 29 feet. On the discovery of fossils in Oklahoma in strata geologically more than a hundred feet above the Medicine Lodge gypsum, Gould classed the strata above as Triassic; but a more careful study of these fossils shows that they belong to Permian types, and it is therefore probable that the Texas Trias does not extend north into Kansas. In southwestern Colorado the Permian Red Beds and the Triassic are unconformable.

(7) Kiger Beds, 260 feet. These consist of Dog Creek shales, 30 feet; Red Bluff sandstones, 200 feet; Day Creek dolomite, 10 feet; Hackberry shales, 20 feet. The fossils referred to in (6) were found in the Red Bluff sandstones. The Kiger beds close the Paleozoic in Kansas. The whole region covered by Coal Measure deposits was elevated at the close of the Paleozoic It remained dry land during the Triassic and Jurassic of the Mesozoic, and was deeply eroded; and then was submerged, in the western half of the state, beneath the waters of the ocean and covered by the deposits of the Cretaceous era, and later, as the land slowly emerged from the ocean during the rise of the Rocky Mountains in the next tier of states, west, became covered by the brackish and fresh-water deposits of the Tertiary and Quaternary

eras.

IV.

BIOLOGICAL PAPERS.

"DETERMINATIONS OF SOME TEXAS COLEOPTERA, WITH RECORDS." By ELBERT S. TUCKER, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

"ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KANSAS DIPTERA."

By F. F. CREVECŒUR, Onaga.

"THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON Melilotus alba (SWEET CLOVER)." By R. W. COPPEDGE, Mulvane.

"ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KANSAS COLEOPTERA, 1905:" By W. KNAUS, McPherson.

"COLLECTING INSECTS AT NIGHT."

By ELBERT S. TUCKER, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

"ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KANSAS ARACHNIDA."

By THEO. H. SCHEFFER, Manhattan.

"THE RED PHALAROPE (CRYMOPHILUS FULICARIUS), A NEW BIRD FOR THE KANSAS LIST.

By L. L. DYCHE, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

"NOTES ON SOME MOSQUITOES OF DOUGLAS COUNTY."

By CHAUNCEY OVERMAN, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

"SOME RESULTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS TO GALVESTON AND BROWNSVILLE, TEX., IN 1904 AND 1905.”

By F. H. SNOW, Lawrence.

"SOME RESULTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS TO ARIZONA IN 1904 AND 1905."

By F. H. SNOW, Lawrence.

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