ment of a society for making a general ref-
ormation in manners and language; and in
1701 "The True-born Englishman," a poetical
satire commencing with the well known coup-
let:

Wherever God erects a house of prayer,
The devil always builds a chapel there.

passive obedience and divine right; and also several treatises relating to the union with Scotland, which he was efficient in promoting, being sent by the cabinet of Queen Anne on an important mission to Edinburgh; in 1709, a "History of the Union," which is the most authentic on the subject; and from 1711 to It was designed to vindicate King William from 1713, a series of pamphlets against the insinuathe odium which had been thrown upon him tions of the Jacobites and the schemes of the in a poem entitled "The Foreigners," had an pretender. The most notable of these were almost unexampled sale, 80,000 pirated copies "What if the Queen should die?" and "What being sold on the street, and obtained for the if the Pretender should come?" The irony author direct personal intercourse with the of the titles was misapprehended, and he was king. In 1701, when the bearers of the famous again fined and for four months committed to Kentish petition were imprisoned by order of Newgate in 1713, where he finished his "Rethe house of commons, Defoe is said to have view." After the death of the queen his enebeen the man who composed and presented a mies so assailed him from every quarter, that threatening remonstrance, signed "Legion," in.1715 he published a general defence of his claiming to be sent by 200,000 Englishmen, conduct under the title of "An Appeal to which produced immense commotion, and for Honor and Justice." He had not finished this a time deterred several members from attend- when he was struck with apoplexy, and after ing the house. Two other tracts speedily fol- languishing for six weeks recovered. He now lowed, in one of which he eloquently main- determined to abandon political satire, and tained the original rights of the collective body write works for the promotion of religion and of the people, and in the other declared the virtue. Such were his "Family Instructor" reasons against a war with France. The lat- (1715) and "Religious Courtship" (1722). In ter, though adverse to the favorite policy of 1719 appeared "The Life and strange surWilliam, did not excite his displeasure, and he prising Adventures, of Robinson Crusoe, of was till his death the patron and friend of De- York, Mariner, who lived eight and twenty foe. In 1702 he published "The Shortest years all alone in an uninhabited island on the Way with Dissenters," a satire in which he coast of America, near the mouth of the great assumed the tone of a high churchman, and river Orinoco," the most popular of all his gravely proposed to establish the church and works. The publisher, who purchased the rid the land of dissenters by hanging their MS. after all others had refused it, is said to ministers and banishing their people. His have cleared £1,000 by it. He was accused satires had already mortified and offended by his enemies, who were numerous and bitter, many of the tory leaders, through whose in- of having stolen the idea and even the mafluence his pamphlet was now voted a libel on terials of "Robinson Crusoe" from the narthe house of commons and was ordered to be rative of Alexander Selkirk; but the charge burned by the common hangman. An order was wholly without foundation. Selkirk was was issued offering £50 reward for his arrest, not wrecked at all, but voluntarily went in which he is described as "a middle-sized, a middle-sized, ashore on Juan Fernandez, which at that time spare man, about 40 years old, of a brown was as well known and more frequented by complexion, and dark brown colored hair, but ships than now. Crusoe's island, as the title wears a wig; a hooked nose, sharp chin, gray of his narrative states, was in the northern eyes, and a large mole near his mouth." He hemisphere, in the Caribbean sea, near the was at this time owner of some brick and mouth of the Orinoco; and the most probpantile works near Tilbury fort, from which able prototype of Defoe's hero was Peter Serhe absconded; but he gave himself up when a rano, who in the 16th century was shipprosecution was again begun against his pub- wrecked and lived alone for several years on lisher, and was condemned to be fined, pil- an island in the Caribbean sea near the mouth loried, and imprisoned. During his two years' of the Orinoco. His story is told at full length imprisonment in Newgate he began a semi- in Garcilaso's "History of Peru," a translation weekly paper, entitled "The Review," which of which was published in London 20 years was continued till 1713. His liberation was before "Robinson Crusoe " was written, and due to the solicitation of Harley, afterward could hardly have escaped Defoe's notice, as the earl of Oxford. Though occasionally employ-book attracted great attention, and Serrano's ed in the service of the queen, and once upon a secret mission in a foreign country, he continued his literary labors, and published in 1705 "The Consolidator, or Memoirs of Sundry Transactions in the Moon," in which he developed a lunar language, and made the lunar politicians discuss the wars of Charles XII. of Sweden; in 1706, the satire De Jure Divino, in which he attacked the doctrines of

story is in the first chapter. After "Robinson Crusoe" his best known work is "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders, written from her own Memorandums " (1721), the history of a woman of the town transported to Virginia. Among his other works are "The Life and Piracies of Captain Singleton" (1720), "The Life of Colonel Jack" and "Journal of the Plague in 1665" (1722), “The Ad

the veteran reserve corps and the freedman's bureau. Besides essays, stories, and poems, he has published the following novels, all of them appearing first in serial form: "Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty” (New York, 1867); "Overland" (1871); "Kate Beaumont" (1872); and "The Wetherel Affair" (1873).

He

ventures of Roxana" (1724), “A New Voyage | valley under Sheridan. From 1865 to 1868 he round the World, by a Course never sailed be- | held various official positions in the bureau of fore" (1725), "The Memoirs of a Cavalier," and "The Political History of the Devil." He also wrote important economic and commercial treatises, entitled "The Complete English | Tradesman, ""An Essay on the Treaty of Commerce with France,' ” “ A Plan of the English Commerce," and " Giving Alms no Charity." The most prominent characteristic of his fictions is the distinctness of reality which he DEGER, Ernst, a German painter, born at gives to them by the elaborate and precise Bockenem, Hanover, April 15, 1809. statement of details; which was turned to studied at Berlin and afterward at Düsseldorf, practical account in a curious way in his "Ap-under Wilhelm von Schadow. His first efforts parition of Mrs. Veal," written to create a were oil pictures, among which are some altardemand for an unsalable book. (See DRELIN- pieces of merit, especially a madonna and child COURT.) The "Memoirs of a Cavalier" and in the church of St. Andrew at Düsseldorf. "Journal of the Plague" have been mistaken In 1851 he completed the fresco painting for for real history. After an indefatigable and the church of St. Apollinaris, near Remagen, checkered life, Defoe died in the parish of his on the Rhine, and was engaged by Frederick birth, insolvent, and the author of 210 books William IV. of Prussia, to paint the chapel and pamphlets. He thus summed up the of the castle of Stolzenfels. In 1857 he sent scenes of his career: for exhibition at the salon of Paris a picture of the infant Jesus, and in 1859 one of the Virgin Mary. He is a professor and member of the academy of fine arts in Munich.

DE GERANDO. See GERANDO.

DEGREE. I. In algebra, the number expressing the greatest number of times which an unknown quantity enters a term as a factor. Thus the term ay is of the second degree with respect to x, of the third with respect to

No man has tasted different fortunes more; And thirteen times I have been rich and poor. Though remembered chiefly as a novelist, he was during 30 years a leader in the fierce partisan strife by which, under William of Orange, constitutional liberty was realized in England, and has been pronounced "the most thorough Englishman and writer of his day, a model of integrity, and as consistent, sincere,y, but is called a term of the fifth degree. The and brave as he was gifted." The best editions of his works, though incomplete, are that of London (3 vols., 1840-'43), with a memoir by William Hazlitt, and that of Oxford (20 vols., 1840-'41), with memoirs and notes by Sir Walter Scott and others. In September, 1870, a monument was erected to his memory in the cemetery of Bunhill Fields, where he was buried. It bears this inscription: "Daniel De Foe, born 1661, died 1731; author of Robinson Crusoe." His life has been written by George Chalmers (4to, London, 1785) and Walter Wilson (3 vols. 8vo, London, 1830).

1

degree of an equation is that of its highest term. Thus, 4x3+7x2=8, is an equation of the third degree. II. In trigonometry, part of a right angle, indicated by a small circle near the top of the figure; thus, 30° signifies one third of a right angle. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, each minute into 60 seconds; thus, 31° 12′ 15′′ is read 31 degrees, 12 minutes, 15 seconds. III. A degree of latitude is the distance N. or S. between two places on the same meridian at which plumb lines would make an angle of one degree with each other. Owing to the flattening of the earth toward DE FOREST, John William, an American au- the poles, this distance increases in length as thor, born in Derby, Conn., March 31, 1826. the observer goes N. or S.; being about 2,740 At the age of 20 he made a voyage to the Le- ft. more at latitude 60° than at the equator. vant, where he remained nearly two years, re- The length of the degree midway between the siding chiefly in Syria. On his return he com- equator and the poles is about 69 statute piled a History of the Indians of Connecti- miles. Many careful measurements of a decut" (Hartford, 1850). In 1850 he went to gree have been made by various European govEurope, where he remained four years, travel- ernments, not only in their own territories, ling in England, France, Italy, and Germany. but in South America, India, and Africa. The Returning to America, he published "Oriental most northern accurate measurement was in Acquaintance" (1857), and "European Ac- Lapland, the most southern at the Cape of quaintance" (1858). In 1859 he produced Good Hope; and measurements have also been "Seacliff," his first novel, and from that time taken both in India and South America, almost to the breaking out of the civil war wrote exactly upon the equator. The longest arcs short stories for periodicals. In 1861 he re-measured are those in France by Mechain and cruited a company for the 12th Connecticut volunteers, was made captain, and served in the field till January, 1865, participating in the campaigns in the southwestern states under Weitzel and Banks, and in the Shenandoah

10

Delambre, and that in India by Col. Lambton; the first being over 12°, the second nearly 16°. From a complete discussion of all the observations, Bessel deduces the following results: the diameter of the earth at the equator is 41,847,

|

The

192 English feet; the diameter through the ed., Paris, 1837-'8), exhibiting the number of poles 41,707,314 English feet; so that the dif- species in each genus, and indicating their ference of the diameters, divided by the longest localities. He is the author of Histoire générale diameter, gives us almost exactly the quotient des coléoptères (7 vols., 1825-'39), and wrote, of 1 divided by 300 (3). These results of in concert with Boisduval and Aubé, IconoBessel may be compared with those of other graphie et histoire naturelle des coléoptères astronomers, for which see EARTH. They all d'Europe (5 vols. 8vo, with 264 colored plates, agree very nearly with each other and with the | 1829–'40). celestial phenomena that depend upon the ellipticity of the earth. It is remarkable that this, the only way of determining the size of the earth, was invented and put in practice by Eratosthenes, in Egypt, in the 3d century B. C. IV. A degree of longitude is the distance between two places of the same latitude, the difference of whose clocks is exactly four minutes; in other words, the planes of whose meridians make an angle of 1° with each other. The length of a degree of longitude is at the equator 69.16 statute miles; at latitude 20° it is about 65·015 miles; at latitude 30° it is reduced to 59.944, at 40° to 53.053, and at 50° to 44·342. DEHN, Siegfried Wilhelm, a German musician, born in Altona, Feb. 24, 1799, died in Berlin, April 12, 1858. Though Dehn did not publish many works, he was distinguished for his exhaustive knowledge of musical literature and for his attainments as a contrapuntist. He pursued his early studies at Leipsic, Jena, and Heidelberg, and in 1824, having become proficient on the violoncello, studied thorough bass under Klein, and after he became a teacher had many distinguished pupils, among them Glinka, Haupt, Ulrich, and Kullak. In 1842, by the advice of Meyerbeer, he was appointed librarian of the musical department of the royal library. In the same year he became editor of the Cäcilia, and in 1845 was appointed director of the famous Dom choir. He also edited the Peters edition of Bach's instrumen-water power, and abounds with magnificent tal works, and prepared a biography of Orlando di Lasso.

DEIOCES. See MEDIA. DÉJAZET, Pauline Virginie, a French actress, born in Paris, Aug. 30, 1798, died there, Dec. 1, 1875. She began her career at the age of five, in the théâtre des Capucines, and continued on the stage in Paris and the provinces till 1868. In March, 1869, the emperor Napoleon granted her a pension of 2,000 francs. She excelled in the personification of soubrettes and in male attire; and won perhaps her most brilliant laurels in Les premières armes de Richelieu and in Bonaparte à Brienne. What added powerfully to the interest which she created was her manner of singing the songs interspersed in the plays.

DEJEAN, Pierre François Marie Anguste, count, a French general and entomologist, born at Amiens, Aug. 10, 1780, died in 1845. He served in the wars in Spain, became general of division in 1813, and distinguished himself at Waterloo, where he acted as aide-de-camp of the emperor. He was one of the most celebrated collectors of coleoptera in modern times. He published a catalogue of his collection (3d

DE KALB, the name of six counties in the United States. I. A N. W. county of Georgia, bounded N. by Chattahoochee river; area, 291 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,014, of whom 2,662 were colored. It has an elevated and somewhat uneven surface. Stone mountain, in the E. part, is one of the greatest natural curiosities in the state. The soil of the river bottoms is remarkably rich. Iron is found, granite is abundant, and gold has been discovered in small quantities. At Decatur are chalybeate springs. The Atlanta and Richmond air-line and the Georgia railroads traverse it. chief productions in 1870 were 27,685 bushels of wheat, 156, 125 of Indian corn, 14,922 of oats, 10,928 of sweet potatoes, and 1,709 bales of cotton. There were 753 horses, 1,466 milch cows, 2,075 other cattle, 6,702 swine; 2 manufactories of furniture, 1 of paper, 1 of marble and stone work, and 7 saw mills. Capital, Decatur. II. A N. E. county of Alabama, bordering on Georgia, drained by Willis creek, an affluent of Coosa river, and Town creek, of the Tennessee; area, about 720 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,126, of whom 470 were colored. A small portion has been recently attached to Etowah county. The valley of Willis creek, about 60 m. long by 5 m. broad, enclosed by Lookout mountain on the S. E. and Sand mountain on the N. W., is fertile and well cultivated. The county is well supplied with

scenery. The Alabama and Chattanooga railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 36,888 bushels of wheat, 209,994 of Indian corn, 20,488 of sweet potatoes, and 205 bales of cotton. There were 1,363 horses, 2,389 milch cows, 4,681 other cattle, 6,627 sheep, and 13,094 swine. Capital, Lebanon. III. A N. central county of Tennessee; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 11,425, of whom 1,104 were colored. It is watered by a number of streams, and has a diversified surface and a good soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 81,412 bushels of wheat, 486,823 of Indian corn, 32,259 of oats, 124,789 lbs. of butter, 20,480 of wool, and 87,076 of tobacco. There were 2,737 horses, 2,002 milch cows, 3,347 other cattle, 11,473 sheep, and 20,999 swine. There were 3 flour mills. Capital, Smithville. IV. A N. E. county of Indiana, bordering on Ohio, drained by the St. Joseph's and some smaller rivers; area, 346 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,167. The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. The Grand Rapids and Indiana railroad touches the S. W. corner, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the Fort Wayne, Jackson, and Saginaw railroads

Lion Hunt." His productions are distinguish- | 1789 (1810), and wrote Astronomie théorique ed by their life and energy, but his coloring is et pratique (3 vols., 1814), and numerous papers more powerful than harmonious. M. Thiers, for the Biographie universelle and the transacthen literary and artistic editor of the Consti- tions of different European academies of science. tutionnel, was the first to call attention to DE LANCEY, William Heathcote, an American Delacroix's picture, "The Death of Sardana- bishop, born in Westchester co., N. Y., Oct. palus." This painting, which in 1845 was 8, 1797, died at Geneva, N. Y., April 5, 1865. sold for 6,000 francs, brought 96,000 in 1873. He graduated at Yale college in 1817, studied DELAGOA BAY, the largest bay on the S. E. theology under Bishop Hobart, and received coast of Africa, in lat. 26° S., and lon. 33° E. deacon's orders in 1819. Ordained to the It is formed by the Indian ocean, and stretches priesthood in 1822, he soon after became asN. and S. about 50 m., with a breadth of from sistant of the venerable Bishop White of Phila16 to 20 m. It is accessible and affords a good | delphia. He was secretary of the diocesan anchorage to vessels of the largest class. The conventions of Pennsylvania from 1823 to 1830, land is low and marshy near the shore, but rises and of the house of bishops in the general conafter a short distance inland. It is the south-vention of the Episcopal church of the United ernmost possession of the Portuguese on the E. coast of Africa, and they have a fort near the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into it. The island of Inyack, at its southern entrance, is held by Great Britain.

of Oxford; in 1858 he again visited England.

States from 1823 to 1829. He was chosen provost of the university of Pennsylvania in 1828, which office he held five years, and then became assistant minister of St. Peter's church, one of the three churches of which Bishop White was DELAMBRE, Jean Baptiste Joseph, a French rector. He travelled in Europe in 1835, and astronomer, born in Amiens, Sept. 19, 1749, on his return, after the death of Bishop White, died in Paris, Aug. 19, 1822. He was a pupil succeeded to the rectorship of St. Peter's. In of Delille at the college in his native town, 1838 he was chosen bishop of the diocese of where he distinguished himself as a classical Western New York, then just formed, and was scholar. He studied rhetoric and philosophy consecrated May 9, 1839. He removed to Gein Paris, and on leaving college became a pri- neva, the seat of the diocesan college, now vate tutor, occupying his leisure in reading Ital- called Hobart college, which was chiefly inian, English, and Greek literature, and studying debted to his efforts for its support. In 1852 mathematics at first only sufficiently to teach his he visited England as a delegate from the Epispupils. From 1780 he devoted himself to astron- copal bishops of the United States, and receivomy, being first the pupil and then the collabo-ed the degree of D. C. L. from the university rator of Lalande, who said that "Delambre was his best work." In 1790 he gained the prize of the academy of sciences for his tables of Uranus, though that planet had completed but a small arc of its orbit after its discovery by Herschel; and in 1792 another prize was given him for his tables of the satellites of Jupiter. For these labors he was unanimously elected a member of the academy in 1792. In the same year he was associated with Mechain in measuring an arc of the meridian from Dunkirk to Barcelona. The work was interrupted by the revolution, and was not finished till 1799. Delambre published the results in his Base du système métrique décimal (3 vols., 1806-'10). He entered the bureau of longitudes in 1795, the institute of France at its formation in the same year, became inspector general of studies in 1802, perpetual secretary of the institute for mathematical sciences in 1803, successor of Lalande in the collége de France in 1807, and treasurer of the imperial university in 1808. The last office was suppressed at the restoration, and from that time he pursued his researches in retirement. After having spent 30 years in the most severe astronomical and mathematical calculations, he undertook to write the history of astronomy from the remotest period, five volumes of which were published before his death (1817-'21), and a posthumous volume on astronomy in the 18th century was issued in 1827. He also made a report on the progress of the mathematical sciences since VOL. V.-49

DELANE. I. William Augustus Frederick, an English journalist, born about 1793, died in Norwich, July 29, 1857. He is memorable for his long and successful connection, as financial manager, with the "London Times," which earned its sobriquet of the "Thunderer" during his administration of its affairs, from the character of the political articles contributed by Edward Sterling. Certain financial transactions in which he was engaged rendered it advisable about 1840 that he should discontinue his connection with the "Times." For a short time he had charge of the London "Daily News," but afterward he abandoned journalism, and became treasurer of the Kent county courts. II. John Thaddeus, son of the preceding, born in London in October, 1817. He took his degree as bachelor at Magdalen hall, Oxford, in 1839, and as master of arts in 1846. He completed his terms as a barrister, but never practised. In 1839 he became assistant editor of the "Times,” and in 1841, after the death of Mr. R. Barnes, became editor-in-chief. The exposures made by the "Times" and its correspondents, during the Crimean war in 1854, of military mismanagement on the part of the English government, made him conspicuous. In 1856 he visited the United States.

DE LA RAMÉ, Louisa (OUIDA), an English novelist, of French extraction on the father's side, born at Bury St. Edmund's about 1840. At an early age she went with her mother and