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thalers, 150 thalers, or 100 thalers. Accordingly, he shall pay a yearly contribution of either 30 thalers, 224 thalers, or 15 thalers.

No claim can be acquired to a yearly pension higher than 200 thalers in any case, not even by combining several positions in one pension.

If, however, a member has insured in the beginning a smaller pension, he shall be permitted to increase it later on, if he pays for the period from his first entrance the corresponding arrearage both of entrance fees and annual contributions, both with interest of 5 per cent annually from the times they were respectively due.

A reduction of the once-fixed contribution shall not be admissible in any case. The contributions, even if the member from whom they are due has become a widower, shall continue to be paid in the amount hitherto paid.

$ 9. For the relicts of the university depositor the annual pension shall amount to 70 thalers; for the university employees named in § 2, under 16, 17, and 18, 50 thalers. In return the former shall pay an annual contribution of 10 thalers and the latter such contribution of 7 thalers.

§ 10. The payments of the annual contributions into the fund of the institute shall be made in quarterly installments. With salaried members these contributions and the entrance fees shall be deducted by the revenue office (Rentamt) from the salary payments for the respective quarters; with nonsalaried members they shall be collected by a beadle in the last week of each quarter.

11. Whoever, except in the case of retirement, shall resign his position at the university or lose it by legal judgment, shall at the same time cease to be a member of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute, but shall have no claim to the already-paid entrance fees and contributions.

§ 12. If a member of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute dies his widow and children shall receive, in so far as they shall be entitled to pension under §§ 14 and 15, the yearly pension secured to them for such event in quarterly installments in advance, beginning with the quarter following the mortuary quarter, and, in other respects as provided under § 16.

In addition, immediately after his death, there shall be paid to the relicts entitled to pension a single benefit pro nunc to the amount of entrance fee formerly paid by the deceased, in case the reserve fund shall contain the means therefor.

§ 13. The pension shall not be reduced by any deduction, shall never be transferred to a third party in advance, and can never be attached.

§14. As children entitled to pension, are considered the own, legitimate children until the completed twenty-first year of life, without regard to whether they are already married or have acquired otherwise a yearly income of their own. Children legitimized by subsequent marriage shall also be considered as legitimate children after the marriage shall have lasted for five years.

Further provisions concerning children shall apply only to children entitled to pension.

§ 15. The full title to pension on the part of the widow shall begin only after the marriage shall have lasted for one year and shall continue until her death, unless she is married again, in which event she shall have no further claim of any kind.

If the widow has not been married for a full year she shall, however, have a partial title to pension, so that after a marriage of not fully six months the widow shall receive one-fourth, from six to nine months one-half, from nine to twelve months three-fourths, of the amount of pension her husband may have insured for her.

For a posthumous child from such marriage, however, the claim to the orphan's pension shall in every case remain unreduced. Child and mother shall then receive the entire pension as long as the former shall remain entitled to pension.

The payment of the pro nunc mentioned under § 12 shall not be affected by the time of marriage.

§ 16. If a member of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute shall die-
(a) Without leaving a widow and children all liability on the part of the
institute with reference to him shall cease;

(b) Leaving a widow without children, the widow shall receive the full
pension as long as she shall remain in the state of widowhood;
(c) Leaving children without a widow, the children shall receive the full
pension as long as a child entitled to pension shall remain;

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§ 16-Continued. (d) Leaving a widow and children, the widow shall receive one-half of the pension as long as she remains in the state of widowhood, and the children together the other half as long as a child entitled to pension shall remain. If there shall be no longer a child entitled to pension, or if the widow shall previously die or be again married, the remaining party shall receive the entire pension and the provisions under b and c shall then apply.

If children of different marriages should compete with the widow, and if no amicable arrangement should be made as to the distribution of the pension, the highest courts reserve decision thereon.

§ 17. The collection of the pensions shall be made at Jena against regular receipt, which receipt, with reference to the widow, shall require no further formality, but which, if she shall reside abroad, shall contain a judicial, police, or parochial certificate of life and widowhood, and which, with reference to the children, shall be signed by the guardian, and, at the first payment, also provided with the necessary certificate as to their occupation, the number of children, their names, and days of birth.

The recipients shall be permitted for their convenience to collect the pensions semiannually or annually against receipt, in such a way, however, that the advance payment shall never exceed a quarter of a year. Also such semiannual or annual payments shall not extend from one account year into another.

§ 18. The receipts of the new Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute shall consist:

(a) of the annual contributions and entrance fees of its members;
(b) of the interest from the stock capital which, under § 1, shall be trans-
ferred in its entirety from the older Widows' Institute to the new
Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute, and which shall also incor-
porate the until now separately accumulated beadle's widows' fund
against continued payment of the pensions at present allowed there-
from, and which shall be increased by every eventual surplus;

(c) Of the interest on the invested part of the reserve fund;
(d) Of the allowances from the academic fiscus which the latter pays in
case of need for the interested parties of the new Widows and Or-
phans' Pension Institute to the extent indicated in further detail in
§ 20, without mentioning the guaranty given to the members of the
older Widows' Institute in § 17 of the statutes of 1817.

§ 19. The entrance fees and the annual contributions of all new members shall be added to a reserve fund, as long as there shall be no widows of such members, in their entire amount, and, if there shall be such widows, to the amount in which they shall not be required for their pensions in the course of the fiscal year. The interest from this reserve fund shall also be incorporated in the same fund until it shall have reached 25,000 thalers.

The annual contributions of the older members, on the other hand, shall be applied as heretofore to the pensions of the widows of these members.

§ 20. If in the course of a fiscal year less than 2,500 thalers had to be added for the interested parties of the older Widows' Institute from the academic fiscus, then each time at the close of the year the less amount not required shall, instead of reverting to the academic fiscus, be paid to the new pension institute, and, in so far as it shall not be required there immediately for pension payments, be added to the reserve fund. These additional payments shall be continued, in any event, until the reserve fund shall have reached its normal amount of 25,000 thalers.

§ 21. While the institute embraces the former and the new members as a compact whole, the accounts of the institute shall be kept in three separate divisions with reference to the differences in the rights and duties of the former and the future members.

I. The division for the former members (the "older institute") shall derive the means for defraying the entire costs of administration, as well as for the pensions it may have to pay

(a) From the statutory contributions of its members; and

(b) The interest of the capital fund of the combined institute (§ 1);

(c) The remainder of the pensions not covered by these shall be paid from contributions of the academic fiscus.

II. The division for the new members (the new institute") shall defray the pensions for which it is liable and as soon as the "older institute" shall

have become extinct and therefore no longer defrays the entire costs of administration-its costs of administration—

(a) From the annual contributions of the members;

(b) In so far as it may be necessary and proper, from the contributions of the academic fiscus not required wholly or in part by the older institute to the extent provided in § 20;

(c) From the reserve fund; and

(d) From the interest of the stock capital of the combined institute, in so far as this may not be required by the older institute.

III. The reserve fund of the new institute shall consist

(a) of the entrance fees of the members of the new institute;

(b) Of the interest from its own capital;

(c) of the contributions of the academic fiscus vacated by the older institution and not reverting to the academic fiscus, and also not required for immediate pension payments by the new institute;

(d) of the interest of the stock capital of the combined institute, required neither by the older nor by the new institute;

(e) of the surplus of the annual contributions of the members remaining in the course of a fiscal year.

And shall be applied

(a) For the payment of the pro nunc within the limits prescribed in § 12;

(b) For the payment of pensions without such limitation.

§ 22. Should it happen unexpectedly at some future time that-in addition to the payment of the continuing pensions incurred under the statutes of the older institute (§§ 3 and 18d)-the resources named in the previous paragraph should not be wholly sufficient to pay the widows and orphans' pensions due by the new institute, the stock capital shall not on this account be drawn upon; but, unless the highest patrons on the ground of respective university reports shall grant an extraordinary contribution from ready means of the academic fiscus, the respective additional sum required shall be assessed among the members of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute-with the exception of those who were already members of the older institute in the proportion of their regular annual contributions and added to these contributions; and this assessment shall be paid by each member as long as it may be needed.

§ 23. The direction of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute shall be administered by the immediate commissioner (immediat-kommissar), appointed by the most serene patrons for the academic finance administration, and two curators to be elected by the academic senate, of whom always at least one shall be a member of the faculty of jurisprudence.

The directorship is a post of honor, which draws no pay.

§ 24. The directory shall appoint and obligate a cashier and accountant residing in Jena, who shall be domiciled there or furnish adequate bond. It shall be authorized to discharge him in its judgment, without further steps in case of unanimous decision, but under difference of opinion upon previous approval of the most serene patrons.

It shall, moreover, nominate a reviser, to be confirmed by the highest authority, who, however, shall not be subordinate to the directory, but coordinate, with only advisory vote.

§ 25. The accounts shall be closed annually on the 30th of September; submitted at the latest within four weeks to the two directors elected by the academic senate for revision and addition of a certificate as to proper deposition of the documents named in the account and as to the cash balance (§ 29) in excess of current needs; then transferred, through mediation of the academic commissioner of finance, to the reviser, who shall complete the revision and submission of the result also within four weeks.

§ 26. The accountant shall add to the account an abstract as to the condition of the institute, which after approval shall be furnished to all the members in copy and also transmitted to the interested high government authorities.

§ 27. The salary to be paid the accountant and all incidental expenses in revision fees, writing material, fees for copying, postage, etc., shall not in the aggregate exceed 100 thalers annually as a rule.

Expenses for lawsuits, eventual loss of capital or interest, or actual loss of agio (casu ") shall not be included in these incidental expenses. Losses traceable to provable fault of the accountant shall be made good by him.

§ 28. With reference to care for investment and security of cash capital, for

punctual payment of interest, etc., every precaution and procedure shall be used which every good administration of accounts requires, and both the reviser and the directory shall pay very great attention to this. Arrearage of interest for more than one year shall not be permitted, or shall be placed at the risk of the accountant. No money shall be loaned out nor notice of recall given by the accountant without approval of the directory, and on notice of repayment on the part of debtors the accountant shall at once give notice thereof, with eventual proposals as to further investment.

§ 29. The documents of the Widows and Orphans' Pension Institute and cash amounts that can not be at once suitably put out on interest, but exceed by far the need for cash on hand, shall be kept in a special iron safe in the depository of the university, under triple lock of the accountant and the two curators elected by the academic senate.

§ 30. For the proper keeping of the deposits, as well as for the always correct list of the same, the three depositors named in the preceding paragraph are jointly and separately responsible to the academic fiscus, and can free themselves, therefrom only by proof, to be furnished by them, that eventual loss occurred without their fault.

IX. THE GRAND DUCAL UNIVERSITY OF MECKLENBURG, AT ROSTOCK.

PENSIONING OF THE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF TEACHERS AND OFFICIALS.

The pensioning of the widows and orphans of teachers and officials of the Grand Ducal University of Mecklenburg, at Rostock, is accomplished in the first place like that of all other civil officials of Mecklenburg, in accordance with the statutes, approved and promulgated under date of March 17, 1863, of the Widows' Institute for Civil and Military Officials, founded in the year 1797, in accordance with the decree of March 10, 1886, issued for the completion and modification of these statutes with regard to the pensioning of orphans.

Under these provisions the teachers and officials of the University of Rostock, in so far as they may be permanently appointed with a fixed service income of at least 100 thalers annually, like all other governmental civil officials, are obligated to take part in the said Widows' Institute, etc., and have to pay, in addition to a certificate fee and an entrance fee, a yearly contribution to the widows' fund, the amount of which is fixed in a special classification table, as a rule, at 16 per cent of the insured widow's pension, and amounts to 32 per cent of the insured widow's pension only for those members of the institute who, after retirement, have been married to a woman fifteen or more years younger. The amount of the widow's pension is fixed in said classification table (see below, p. 240).

The surviving legitimate children or children legitimized by subsequent marriage of a teacher or official of the university, belonging at the time of his death to the Widows' Institute, receive, if there is no widow entitled to the widow's pension insured by the member, orphans' pensions which amount for each child to one-third of the pension which was insured to the father for his eventual widow at the time of his death.

The orphans' pensions, in the presence of several orphans entitled to payment, can not exceed the widow's pension secured to the father in the event of his death; in applying this limitation the orphans' pensions are proportionately reduced.

Independent from this general provision on the part of the state for the widows and orphans of teachers and officials at the university, there exists at the University of Rostock, in the first place founded in the year 1793, the widows' fund of the Rostock professors, which pursues the object of providing for the widows of the ordinary and extraordinary professors of the university a widow's pension amounting now to 500 marks annually.

Accession to this widows' fund is voluntary.

As entrance fee, each professor who wishes to join this fund has to pay 52.50 marks, and in current contributions each member has to pay annually 21 marks.

In addition to this there was founded, furthermore, in the year 1872 a university orphans' fund, which is intended for the support of surviving orphans of

ordinary and extraordinary professors, docents, and officials at the University of Rostock.

Accession to this fund, too, is voluntary. Each member pays from the time of his accession a yearly contribution of 16 marks.

Entitled to support from the orphans' fund are in the first place the fatherless and motherless orphans of members of the university who until their death had been members of the orphans' fund. Only fatherless orphans shall be (further?) entitled if after adequate consideration of the fatherless and motherless orphans the fund shall permit it.

The amount of the pensions is determined by the existing resources whien, after deduction of the expenses of administration, must be applied exclusively to the object of the institution. The maximum of the pension to be paid to a single claimant is, however, fixed at 300 marks.

For the support of fatherless and motherless and also merely fatherless orphans in need of assistance, of ordinary and extraordinary professors actually appointed with salary at the university and deceased in full official activity, and for the support of such orphans left by the academic music teacher, there exists finally at the University of Rostock the Carl Friedrich von Both orphans' pension fund, which was founded by testamentary provision of vice-chancellor privy councilor Carl Friedrich von Both, and from the interest of which the said pensions are to be allowed according to the judgment of a committee of the plenary council intrusted with the administration of the fund.

THE WIDOWS' INSTITUTE FOR CIVIL AND MILITARY OFFICIALS.

The statutes of the Widows' Institute for Civil and Military Officials, of the widows' fund of Rostock professors, and of the university orphans' fund, as well as the regulations of the Carl Friedrich von Both orphans' pension fund, are as follows:

1. Statutes of the Widows' Institute for Civil and Military Officials of March 17, 1863.

FIRST SECTION: THE NATURE AND OBJECT OF THE WIDOWS' INSTITUTE, AND THE PROPERTY AND RECEIPTS THEREOF.

§ 1. The widows' institute, etc., established in 1797 and existing at present, is an individual institution, endowed with a juridical personality and the privileges of charitable institutions, with property of its own and its own administration. Its object is to provide for the widows of government officials adequate support for their livelihood.

§2. The capital property accumulated and eventually to be accumulated in future for attaining and insuring the object of the institute is and shall be placed in a government fund on interest at 4 per cent, but shall never be drawn upon or reduced, especially not for the defraying of the expenses of the widows' institute.

§3. For the payment of the expenses of the institute there are available, in addition to extraordinary assessments, the interest of the property in capital, the payments to be made by the members of the institute and the contributions from the government.

§ 4. From the government exchequer there shall be paid to the widows' institute the contribution granted in 1846 annually of 11,666 thalers 32 florins, and besides, if in future and as long as the means assigned for the payment of the expenses of the institute should not be sufficient, an extraordinary supplementary amount, adequate to the requirement, and to be fixed in each and for that year separately.

§5. The institute, as a juridical person, is competent to receive gifts by testamentary provisions, by donations, or by other legal title.

SECOND SECTION: ABOUT MEMBERS OF THE WIDOWS' INSTITUTE AND THEIR RECEPTION OF A DEFINITE WIDOWS' PENSION.

§ 6. All civil and military government officials who have been appointed permanently and with a fixed service income of at least 100 thalers annually, either by His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin or by subordinate government officers by virtue of the authority granted them, shall be entitled

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