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beef and plum-pudding. I saw the kettle had been scoured with half an eye. He rode to town and drove twelve cows on horseback.

He only read one book, and not two. He read the book only, but did not keep it. He chiefly spoke of virtue, and not of vice. He only reads English, and not French.

more.

[Rem. 3.] I never drink nothing. I cannot see to write no Be honest, nor take no shape nor semblance of disguise. Will he never be no better? I am resolved not to do So, neither at present, nor at any other time.

[Rem. 4.] She walks graceful. He spoke eloquent. Did he arrive safely? The boat moves rapid. He spoke harsh to her. His expressions sounded harshly. The king acted bolder than the duke. She is a remarkable pretty girl. My foot slipped, and I pretty near fell down.

RULE XVI.

Conjunctions connect words and propositions.

Remarks.-1. The conjunction is sometimes omitted; as, "They confess the power, (and) wisdom, and love of their Creator;" "I believe (that) he is a good man."

2. Some conjunctions are used before the first of two, and sometimes more, connected words or clauses, to mark the connection more forcibly; as, "Both John and James were there." Here and connects John and James, and both is used to mark the connection more forcibly. Neither and either are used in the same way before nor and or; as, "Neither John nor James was there."

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3. After the conjunctions than, though and if, and also after as,* there is often an ellipsis: as, "My punishment is greater than (that is which) I can bear;" ;" "My punishment is as great as (that is which) I can bear;" "I love wisdom better than (I love) riches;" "False flew the shaft, though (it was) pointed well;" "It will answer, if (it is) well executed."

What is the rule for conjunctions? Mention some examples in which the conjunction is omitted.

What is said of such expressions as, "Both
John and James were there ?"
What often takes place after than, though
if, and as?

* See Words belonging to different classes, Remark 3, p. 126.

4. After than the objective case of the relative pronoun is used, even when any other word would be in the nominative; as, "Satan, than whom, Beelzebub excepted, none higher sat."-Milton. This is an anomaly, which some grammarians explain by supposing that than was formerly used as a preposition. 5. As frequently joins to a word another denoting character or office, etc.; as, They employed him as a clerk;" "He was employed as a clerk." After the infinitive, or a participial noun, as may be placed before a noun without connecting it to any preceding noun; as, "He wished to be employed as a clerk."

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Such constructions may perhaps be considered, at least in their origin, elliptical; thus, "They employed him as a clerk (is employed.)" As, thus used, would be an adverb.

6. Two parts of different propositions may be connected, when the remaining part of the one is the same as that of the other; as, "This always has been, and always will be, admired."

But if the remaining part of one is not the same as that of the other, the two parts should not be connected. Thus, it is incorrect to say, "This always has, and always will, be admired," because, if be admired is added to the first part, it will be, has be admired.

"He was more beloved, but not so much admired as Cynthio." This is inaccurate, because we cannot say, "He was more beloved as Cynthio." It should be, "He was more beloved than Cynthio, but not so much admired" -as Cynthio being understood.

7. After the comparative degree, and after other and else, which partake of the nature of the comparative, than is used to introduce the latter term of comparison; as, “He is greater than I;" "It is no other than he;" "What else do you expect than this?"

8. After expressions denoting doubt, fear, and denial, but, but that, or lest is often improperly used instead of that; as, "I do not doubt but that he is honest;" ;" "I am afraid lest he may not return."

9. After conjunctions denoting doubt or contingency, shall and should ought not to be omitted, unless futurity is implied. "Though man be a sinner, yet God is merciful to him," should be, "Though man is a sinner,” etc.

10. Mr. Brown's thirteenth rule is, "When verbs are connected by a conjunction, they must either agree in mood, tense, and form, or have separate nominatives expressed." Mr. Murray, Dr. Bullions, and other distinguished grammarians, lay down the same principle, That they are mistaken, the following sentences, taken at random from several authors, will show :

What peculiarity in the use of the rela-
tive pronoun after than?
What is said of such sentences as, "They
employed him as a clerk ?"

When may two parts of different proposi-
tions be connected?

How is than used after the comparative degree, etc.?

After expressions denoting doubt, fear,

and denial, what words are improperly used instead of that?

What is said of the omission of shall and should after conjunctions denoting doubt or contingency?

When verbs are connected by a conjunc tion, must they always be in the same mood, tense, etc.?

"So that neither angel, man, nor world, could stand, or can stand."-Bacon. "Who was and is from everlasting."-Id.

"Horatio says, 'tis but our fantasy,

And will not let belief take hold of him."-Shakspeare.

"Lucretius, without impeachment, versifies his Epicurism to Ennius, and had the honor."-Milton.

"We have not found them all, Lords and Commons, nor ever shall do."-Id.

"He was skilful in many languages, and had, by reading and composition, attained the full mastery of his own."—Johnson.

"He yet shared only the common weakness of mankind, and might be no less sincere than his opponents."-Id.

"Here thy temple was and is."-Byron.

"He wishes and can wish for this alone."-Coleridge.

"He went like one that had been stunned,

And is of sense forlorn."-Id.

"One eye had lost its pupil, and was glaring."— W. Irving.

"Was yet so peculiar in its causes and character, and has been followed, and must still be followed."-Daniel Webster.

"All is still there, and blank, and lifeless, and has been so for ages." Buckminster.

"They had danced, and feasted, and were now in deep sleep."-Miss Sedgwick.

In some of the preceding quotations, separate nominatives might be used, but in others, such a construction would be inelegant.

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

Many a vanished year and age,

And tempest's breath, and battle's rage,
Have swept o'er Corinth; yet she stands,

A fortress formed to Freedom's hands.

The whirlwind's wrath, the earthquake's shock,

Have left untouched her hoary rock,

The keystone of a land, which still,

Though fallen, looks proudly on that hill.-Byron.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

[Rem. 6.]

Such works always have, and always will, be read. The first proposal was essentially different and inferior to the second. He is more bold and active, but not so wise and studious, as his companion. This dedication may serve for

almost any book that has, or ever shall be, published. The intentions of these philosophers might, and probably were, good. They differ and contend against one another.

[Rem. 7.] He has little more of the scholar besides the name. They had no sooner risen but they applied themselves to their studies. These savages seemed to have no other element but war. What else do you expect but disgrace? It was no other but his father. This is nothing else but treason. Have you no other proof except this? He no sooner sees him but he runs to embrace him.

[Rem. 8.] I do not doubt but that he is just. I have no fear lest he will succeed. I have no doubt but he has merit. I do not deny but that he is energetic.

[Rem. 9.] Though he be poor, he is contented. If he know the way, he does not need a guide. I respect him, though he chide me. I cannot tell whether he be the same that we saw.

RULE XVII.

Interjections have no grammatical connection with other words.

Remarks.-1. Ah is sometimes placed before the objective case of the pronoun of the first person; as, "Ah me!" This seems to be, as it were, an objective independent. The same construction is used without the interjection; as, "Me miserable! which way shall I fly !"

Some explain this construction by supposing an ellipsis; "Ah! [pity] me."

2. Ellipses frequently occur after interjections; as, "O! that I had the wings of a dove!" "O for a closer walk with God!" "Oh! a chair." In the first two quotations, I wish may be inserted after the interjections; in the last, I wish for; or, give me, may be used.

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

Oh! I am dumb. Alas! unhappy man! what hast thou done! O for a minute more of life! Ah! unhappy me!

O grave, where is thy victory! O death, where is thy sting!

What is the rule for interjections?
What is said of the use of the objective
case after interjections?

Mention some cases of ellipsis after interjections.

PROSODY.

PROSODY treats of the laws of versification.

A verse is a certain number of accented and unaccented syllables, arranged in regular order, and constituting a line of poetry.

A foot is a portion of a verse, consisting of two or more syllables combined according to accent.

A straight line (-) over a syllable shows that it is accented, and a curved line (~) that it is unaccented.

Remark.—In the poetry of some languages, syllables are long and short, instead of accented and unaccented. A long syllable occupies twice the time of a short one.

[blocks in formation]

The iambus has the second syllable accented, and the first unaccented; as, děvōte, crěāte.

The trochee has the first syllable accented, and the second unaccented; as, nōblě, hāmlět.

The anapest has the last syllable accented, and the first two unaccented; as, acquiesce, misběhāve.

The dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the last two unaccented; as, lābōrěr, positive.

The spondee consists of two accented syllables; as, the pale moon.
The pyrrhic consists of two unaccented syllables; as, on the tall tree.

Of what does prosody treat?

What is a verse?-a foot?

What marks are used to denote accented and unaccented syllables?

Name the principal feet.

What is an iambus?-a trochee ?-an anapest?-a dactyl?-a spondee?—a pyrrhic?

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