tion of maps. In astronomy, latitude is used to signify the distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic, which distance is measured by the arc of a great circle (circle of latitude), perpendicular to the ecliptic, which is intercepted between the ecliptic and the body. Here, also, latitude is north and south. A heavenly body in the ecliptic has no latitude, for which reason the sun has no latitude, and that of the planets is very small. The latitude of a heavenly body can never exceed 90°. It is determined by the right ascension and declination. The latitude of stars is laid down in the lists of the fixed stars. An extensive list of the geographical latitudes of places is contained in the Berlin Collection of Astronomical Tables, vol. i, p. 43 et seq.-Heliocentric latitude of a planet, is its latitude or distance from the ecliptic, such as it would appear from the sun. This, when the planet comes to the same point of its orbit, is always the same, or unchangeable.-Geocentric latitude of a planet, is its latitude as seen from the earth. This, though the planet be in the same point of its orbit, is not always the same, but alters according to the position of the earth in respect to the planet. The latitude of a star is altered only by the aberration of light, and the secular variation of latitude.

LATITUDINARIAN, among divines, denotes a person of moderation with regard to religious opinions, in contradistinction to the rigid adherents to particular doctrines. This name was first given, by way of distinction, to those excellent persons, in England, who, about the middle and towards the close of the seventeenth century, endeavored to allay the contests that prevailed between the more violent Episcopalians, on the one hand, and the more rigid Presbyterians and Independents, on the other, and also between the Arminians and Calvinists. At present, it generally denotes one who departs, in opinion, from the strict principles of orthodoxy.

LATIUM; the principal country of ancient Italy, and the residence of the Latins. The limits, which appear to have changed at different periods, are generally represented to be the Tiber on the north, and the promontory of Circeii (Monte Circello) on the south; but this is probably too extensive. According to Strabo, there were, besides the Latins, Rutuli, Volsci, Hernici and Æqui in this region. The actual extent of Latium, at the time of the building of Rome, may have

amounted, at the most, to about 46 miles in diameter, and the actual boundaries were probably the Tiber on the west, the Anio on the north, mount Algidum on the east, and, on the south, the city of Ardea, which was situated at the distance of 160 stadia from Rome. Latium afterwards extended to the river Liris (Garigliano), but the northern and eastern boundaries remained the same. In the earliest times, there was a large laurel grove situated on the coast, at the mouth of the Tiber, which extended as far as the city of Laurentum. This grove not only gave the name to the city, but also to the surrounding country, which was hence called Laurentinus ager, and the inhabitants were styled Laurentes. This grove is said to have been standing in the time of the emperor Commodus. Between the Tiber and the city of Laurentum was the place where Æneas pitched his camp, which bore the name of Troy. To the eastward of this place, 24 stadia from the Tiber, was the city of Laurentum. Farther on, lay the little river Numicus and the sources of the Juturna; and still farther to the east, was situated the city of Lavinium. Beyond the sources of the Numicus and the Juturna, was the mountain upon which, 30 years after the building of Lavinium, was placed the city of Alba Longa. Behind this, towards the Hernici, lay Aricia ; still farther above, in the extreme northeasterly corner of Latium, was the city of Præneste; towards the northern extremity of the same province, was the city of Tibur, and between these two cities and Rome, were Gabii and Tusculum. All these cities were colonies of Alba Longa, The first colony of the Romans was Ostia, established by Ancus Martius, below Rome. In the time of the Romans, Latium was very thinly inhabited; and, 100 years after the building of Rome, complaints began to be made on account of the desolation of the country and its unhealthy atmosphere. With the enormous wealth which the Romans acquired from the conquest of Greece and Asia, villas, which contained great numbers of slaves, were built in this desolate region, and the air was thus rendered somewhat healthier. In this way cities and villages sprung up around Rome, which were afterwards deserted and destroyed. The rivers of Latium were the Tiber, the Liris, the Anio, Numicus, Ufens, Amasenus and Almo. The Ufens flowed through the Pontine marshes. These marshes were known from the earliest times, and extended between the rivers Úfens and

Nymphæus to a great distance. There were also some lakes in Latium, of which lake Regillus was the principal. The mountains of this province were, with few exceptions (as, for example, the Alban mountain and mount Algidum) merely hills. (For a minute account of this region, see the Description of Latium, with 20 en gravings; and a map of the Campagna di Roma, London, quarto; and Cramer's Description of Ancient Italy, Oxford, 1826.) -The Latin right (jus Lati) originally belonged to the Latin allies of Rome, but was afterwards extended to some other states on their accession to the alliance. The members of these states were not enrolled among the Roman citizens, but had a census of their own. They were required to raise auxiliary troops, which did not serve in the Roman legion, but as a separate force. They had the right of voting at Rome, but under certain limitations, and they elected their own magistrates. All who enjoyed neither the Roman citizenship (civitas Romana), nor the Latin right, were called foreigners (peregrini).

LATONA (by the Greeks called Leto, in the Doric dialect Lato), daughter of Coeus and Phoebe (according to some, of Saturn), became the mother of Apollo and Diana by Jupiter. During her pregnancy, she was persecuted by Juno, by whose command the dragon Pytho threatened her every where with death and ruin, and the earth was not permitted to allow her a place for her delivery. After long wanderings, she found rest on the island of Delos (q. v.), which rose from the sea to receive her. The giant Tityus, having attempted to offer her violence, was killed by Apollo and Diana. According to another fable, this giant was struck dead by Jupiter, with lightning, before her pregnancy. Jupiter also changed some Lycian peasants into frogs, because they would not permit her to drink, on her flight from Delos, from which Juno had again driven her (Ovid's Metam. vi, 4). Latona is represented as a mild, benevolent goddess, in a sea-green dress. With Diana she cured the wounded Æneas, and crowned him with glory. When Diana fled to Olympus, from the anger of Juno, Latona carried to her her quiver and arrows, which she had left behind. Latona was worshipped chiefly in Lycia, Delos, Athens, and other cities of Greece. In Crete, a festival was celebrated in honor of her, called Ecdysia. She is sometimes considered as the symbol of night, because the sun proceeds, as it were, from the

night. Hence, also, some derive her name from the Greek darbarur (to hide).

LATOUR D'AUVERGNE-CORRET, Theophilus de, one of the bravest soldiers mentioned in military history, was born in 1743, at Carhaix, in the department of Finisterre (Brittany), early decided to become a soldier, and was aid-de-camp to the duke De Crillon at the siege of Mahon. When the revolution broke out, he was among the first to rally round its standard, and distinguished himself among 8000 grenadiers, in the army of the Pyrenees. Higher appointments were offered to him, but he always declined, declaring that he was only fit to command a company of grenadiers. His corps generally made the van-guard, and was called the infernal column. After the peace of Bâle, he fell into the hands of the English, and was a prisoner a year in England. After his exchange, he occupied himself with literary labors, and, in 1799, again bore arms instead of a son of his friend Lebrigard, fought under Massena, in Switzerland, and fell at Newburg, in 1800, while attached to the army of the Rhine, having been, not long before, named first grenadier of France by the first consul. A monument was erected on the spot where he fell. His heart was embalmed, and carried, in a silver box, by one of the company in which he had served. His name was always called, and the bravest grenadier answered-"Died on the field of honor." As an author, he made himself known by a singular work on the early history of Brittany.

LATOUR-MAUBOURG, Victor Fay, marquis de, born at Vivarais, of an ancient family, in 1756, was in the body-guard of the king, at the breaking out of the revolution, defended the royal family on the terrible night of Oct. 5, and emigrated after Aug. 10, 1792. (See France, History of.) Having returned, in consequence of the amnesty proclaimed after the 18th Brumaire, he entered the service of the republic, and distinguished himself in the campaigns of Egypt, Austria, Prussia and Spain. His services at Austerlitz, Friedland, and on other occasions, procured him the title of count of the empire, and general of division. In 1812, he was employed against Russia, and, at the battle of Leipsic, lost a leg. Louis XVIII created him peer of France in 1814. During the hundred days, he remained in retirement, and, after the second restoration, was appointed commander of the order of St. Louis, and knight of the order of the Holy Ghost. In 1817, the port-folio of the war

department was intrusted to him; but his opinions were too liberal to satisfy men who made his jambe illégitime a matter of reproach to him, and, in 1821, he was obliged to surrender it to the Villèle ministry.-2. Charles César Fay, count de, brother of the preceding, born 1758, was a member of the estate of nobles in 1789, and among the first to join the third estate, when it declared itself the national assembly. He advocated constitutional doctrines, and served under Lafayette, whose captivity he shared. In 1801, he was a member of the corps législatif; in 1806, of the senate; and, after the restoration (1814), was created a peer of France. Having sat in the chamber of peers during the hundred days, he lost the peerage, on the second restoration, but received it again in 1819. His eldest son has been ambassador to Constantinople, Würtemberg, London, &c.; his second son, Rodolphe, has been distinguished in the military service; and his third, who married the eldest daughter of Lafayette, has also served, and has received the cross of St. Louis.

LATREILLE, Peter Andrew, a very distinguished and active naturalist, was born in 1762, at Brives, department Corrèze. From early youth, he devoted himself to the study of natural history, and is, at present, professor of zoology at the museum of natural history at Paris, member of the academy, of the legion of honor, &c. Of his works on natural history, the most important are Précis des Charactères génériques des Insectes (Brives, 1797); Histoire nat. des Salamandres de France (with engravings, Brives, 1800); Histoire nat. des Singes, faisant Partie de celle de Quadrupedes de Buffon (2 volumes, Brives, 1801); Essai sur l'Histoire des Fourmis, &c. (with engravings, Brives, 1802); Histoire nat. des Reptiles, faisant Partie du Buffon de M. Castel (4 volumes, Brives, 1802); Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum (with 18 colored engravings, 4 volumes, Brives, 1806-1809); Considérations gén. sur l'Ordre naturel des Animaux, composant les Classes des Crustacées, des Arachnides et des Insectes (Brives, 1810); Mémoires sur divers Sujets de l'Hist. nat. des Insectes, de Géographie ancienne et de Chronologie (Brives, 1819); Familles naturelles du Régne Animal (Brives, 1825.) Latreille is also one of the most active contributors to the Nouv. Dictionnaire d'Histoire nat., to the Annales du Muséum d'Hist. nat., and other works.

LATROBITE; a mineral named for reverend C. I. Latrobe. It is found massive and crystallized; but the crystals not well

It is found at Amitok island, near the coast of Labrador, and is accompanied by mica and carbonate of lime.

LATTAIGNANT, Gabriel Charles, abbé de, a poet, the memory of whose songs has not yet perished in France, and who rendered himself known by the popular opera Fanchon, was born in Paris, towards the end of the seventeenth century. He was canon at Rheims, and counsellor of the parliament of Paris, but united great gayety with his serious occupations. After having taken part in all the pleasures of life, he retired to a monastery, and died 1779. His poems were published in 4 volumes, 12mo., which were followed, after his death, by his songs and writings not before printed.

LATUDE, Henri Mazers de, born in 1724, at Montagnac, in Languedoc, was imprisoned, when 20 years old, in the Bastile, in the reign of Louis XV, because, in order to gain the favor of Mad. de Pompadour, he had persuaded her that an attempt was to be made on her life, by a box containing the most subtle poison. The box actually arrived, but contained nothing but ashes, sent by Latude himself. His repeated attempts to escape rendered his confinement more rigorous, and he remained in prison 35 years. He was delivered from his confinement in 1779. He then wrote his memoirs, which became a formidable weapon in the hands of the revolutionary party. The national assembly decreed him a pension, which was afterwards, however, withdrawn. The heirs of Amelot and Mad. de Pampadour were sentenced to make him indemnification. He died in 1804, 80 years old.

LAUD, William, archbishop of Canter bury, in the reign of Charles I, born in 1573, received his education at St. John's college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1593. He took priest's orders in 1601, and, the following year, preached a divinity lecture, in which he maintained the perpetual visibility of the church of Rome until the reformation, which doctrine being disapproved by doctor Abbot, master of University college, the foundation of that animosity was laid, which ever after subsisted between them. In 1608, he was made chaplain to Neile, bishop of