He has idealized the German character as no other one has ever done. Klopstock created for the Germans a new, strong, free and genuine poetic language, and essentially influenced the form, by introducing the ancient classic measures, and especially the hexameter; but he was unduly prejudiced against rhyme. He acquired much reputation by his grammatical works. His fragments on Language and the Art of Poetry, his Republic of Letters, and his Conversations on Grammar, explain many difficulties in German grammar and German poetry, although his innovations in orthography, and, on the whole, several peculiarities of his style, cannot meet with general approbation. Klopstock's works were published at Leipsic, 1798-1817, 12 volumes, 4to. They have lately appeared in a pocket edition. The 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated at Quedlinburg and Altona, July 2, 1824, and a monument has been erected to him in Quedlinburg.

KLOTZ, Christian Adolphus, was born Nov. 23, 1738, at Bischofswerda, in Lusatia. He studied at Jena, and, in 1762, was appointed professor of philosophy in Göttingen. His patron, Quintus Julius, recommended him to Frederic the Great, and he went, in 1765, to Halle. The king esteemed him as an eminent scholar. Klotz distinguished himself chiefly by his Latin poems, his numismatic treatises, his works on the study of antiquity, and on the value and mode of using ancient gems. After having contributed much to the Deutsche Bibliothek, under the signature E, he established a paper in opposition to it, called Acta Literaria. Lessing was the acutest and wittiest of his opponents. His disputes with Lessing and Burmann took a tone of undue violence. Klotz was of an ardent temperament. Thorough in Greek and Latin, of modern languages he knew little. An irregular life hastened his death. He died Dec. 31, 1771.

KNEE; a crooked piece of timber, having two branches or arms, and generally used to connect the beams of a ship with her sides or timbers. The branches of the knees form an angle of greater or smaller extent, according to the mutual situation of the pieces which they are designed to unite. One branch is securely bolted to one of the deck-beams, and the other in the same manner strongly attached to a corresponding timber in the ship's side. By connecting the beams and timbers into one compact frame, they contribute greatly to the strength and solidity

of the ship, and enable her to resist the effects of a turbulent sea. In fixing these pieces, it is occasionally necessary to give an oblique direction to the vertical or side branch, in order to avoid the range of an adjacent gun-port, or because the knee may be so shaped as to require this disposition, it being sometimes difficult to procure so great a variety of knees as may be necessary in the construction of a number of ships of war. The scarcity of these pieces frequently obliges shipwrights to form their knees of iron.

KNEES, in Russia; noblemen of the first class, who, however, have no more authority over their vassals than other landholders. A number of these nobles are descended from the former ruling families of particular provinces of the Russian empire. Of such families, there are 18, as the Dolgorucky, Repnin, Scherbatow, Wazneskoy, Labanow, who are all descended from the family of Rurik. The czar allows them to retain the arms of the provinces which their forefathers ruled. Individuals of these families have been illustrious in the civil and military service of their country. There are also some nobles of this class sprung from collateral branches of the family of Jagellons, which formerly ruled in Lithuania or Poland, and is extinct in its principal line. There are others, who claim a descent from independent Tartar khans. The last class of Knees consists of the descendants of noble members of Tartar tribes, who, after the subjugation of the tribes, embraced the Christian religion, and received the above title from the Russian sovereigns.

KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, an eminent portrait painter, born at Lubeck about 1648, was designed for a military life, and sent to Leyden to study mathematics and fortification, but, showing a decided bent for painting, was placed under Bol and Rembrandt at Amsterdam. He visited Italy in 1672, where he became a disciple of Carlo Maratti and Bernini, and painted several historical pieces and portraits both at Rome and Venice. On his return, he was induced to visit England, in 1674; and, having painted a much admired family picture, which was seen by the duke of York, the latter introduced the painter to Charles II, by whom he was much patronised. He was equally favored by James II and William III, for the latter of whom he painted the beauties at Hampton court, and several of the portraits in the gallery of admirals. He also took the portrait of the czar Peter for

the same sovereign, who, in 1692, knighted him, and made him gentleman of the privy chamber. Queen Anne continued him in the same office, and George I made him a baronet. He continued to practise his art to an advanced age, and had reached his 75th year at his death, in 1723. His interment took place in Westminster abbey, under a splendid monument erected by Rysbrach, on which appears an epitaph by Pope. The airs of his heads are graceful, and his coloring is lively, true and harmonious; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious. He displays a singular want of imagination in his pictures, the attitudes, action and drapery being insipid, unvarying, and ungraceful. (See Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting.)

KNIEPHAUSEN, a lordship on the Jade, in the duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg, containing about 32 square miles, and 2900 inhabitants, has belonged, since 1757, to the counts of Bentink; was formerly a sovereign state, but was attached, in 1807, to the department of East Friesland, in Holland; in 1810, to the department of Eastern Ems, in France; and was sequestrated, in 1813, on account of the lord having taken part with the allies. Subsequently, it was occupied by Oldenburg, which deprived the lord of his sovereignty, but left him in possession of the revenue, &c. In this condition he has been obliged to remain, as the German diet would not recognise him as an independent prince. The name Kniephausen is derived from a castle, to which belong eight houses with 50 inhabitants, and in which the chancery, archives, &c., of this Lilliputian government are kept. At the congress of Aixla-Chapelle, the lord of Kniephausen appeared, and gave rise to much ridicule, by assuming the airs of an independent prince.

KNIGGE, Adolphus Francis Frederic Louis, baron de, was born Oct. 16, 1752, at Brendenbeck, not far from Hanover. His father died in 1766, leaving him an estate deeply embarrassed. In 1769, he went to the university of Göttingen. In 1777, he was made a chamberlain at Weimar. He died at Bremen, May 6, 1796, after a rather unsettled life. Knigge wrote a variety of works. His novels were once very popular, on account of their easy style of narration, and a tinge of satire and popular philosophy. His Journey to Brunswick was, for a considerable time, much read. The work which gave him the greatest reputation was his Ueber den Umgang mit Menschen (On Intercourse

with Men) a book which contains some good advice, but is disfigured by a minuteness of petty precepts. Knigge was also a member of the illuminati, and thus became implicated in some of the disputes relating to that order. (See Short's Biography of the Baron Adolphus von Knigge, Hanover, 1825.)

KNIGHT, Richard Payne; a patron of learning and the fine arts, to the study and encouragement of which he devoted a great portion of his time and ample fortune. His father, from a dread lest his son's constitution should be impaired by the discipline of a public school, kept him at home till his 14th year; but, on his decease, young Knight was placed at a large seminary, where he soon distinguished himself by his progress in classical literature, his favorite study. His splendid collection of ancient bronzes, medals, pictures and drawings in his museum at his house in Soho square, gave equal proofs of his taste and liberality. This collection he bequeathed, at his death, to the British museum. His principal writings are, Remains of the Worship of Priapus, lately existing in Naples, and its Connexion with the Mystic Theology of the Ancients (4to., 1786); an Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet (4to., 1791); Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (Svo., 1805); and Prolegomena in Homerum, reprinted in the Classical Journal. He was also author of some poems. He died in 1824, aged 76.

KNIGHT, in chess. The move of this piece has given rise to an interesting problem, in regard to the various modes by which the chess-board may be covered by the knight. The path of the knight over the board is of two kinds, terminable and interminable. It is interminable whenever the concluding move of a series is made in a square, which lies within reach by the knight of that from which he originally set out, and is terminable in every other instance. Euler, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, for 1759, has given a method of filling up all the squares setting out from one of the corners. He has likewise given an interminable route, and has explained the method by which the routes may be varied, so as to end upon any square. Solutions of the same problem have also been given by Montmort, Demoivre and Mairan. KNIGHTHOOD. (See Chivalry.) KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN. (See John, Knights of St.)

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, or KNIGHTS OF PARLIAMENT, in the British polity, are two

knights, or gentlemen of estate, who are elected on the king's writ, by the freeholders of every county, to represent them in parliament. The qualification of the knight of the shire is, to be possessed of £600 per annum in a freehold estate. KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. (See Templars.) KNIPHAUSEN. (See Kniephausen.) KNIVES. (See Cutlery.)

KNOLLES, Richard, author of a History of the Turks, was entered at the university of Oxford about 1560, and became a fellow of Lincoln college, which he left to be master of the free school of Sandwich, in Kent. He composed his History of the Turks (folio, 1610), being the labor of 12 years. It has passed through several editions, and is executed in a manner which has transmitted his name with honor to posterity. Several continuations have appeared, the last of which is that of sir Paul Rycaut. Knolles is also author of the lives and conquests of the Ottoman kings and emperors until 1610, and a Brief Discourse on the Greatness of the Turkish Empire. He translated Bodin's Six Books of a Commonwealth.

KNOUT; the severest punishment in Russia. The criminal, standing erect, and bound to two stakes, receives the lashes, which are inflicted with a leather strap, in the point of which wire is interwoven, on the bare back. Almost every lash is followed by a stream of blood. From 100 to 120 lashes are the highest number inflicted, and are considered equal to the punishment of death. If the criminal survives, he is exiled for life into Siberia. Formerly, the nose was slit up, and the ears cut off, in addition, and a W (wor, rogue) cut in the skin of the forehead, and made indelible by rubbing in gunpowder. At present, the two former punishments, at least, are abolished. If the criminal is sentenced to a smaller number of lashes, the last part of the punishment is not inflicted, and he is sent to Siberia for a few years only.

KNOX, John, the chief promoter of the reformation in Scotland, was descended from an ancient family, and born at Gifford, in East Lothian, in 1505. He received his education at the university of St. Andrews, where he took the degree of master of arts much before the usual age. Having embraced the ecclesiastical profession, he began, as usual, with the study of scholastic divinity, in which he so much distinguished himself, that he was admitted into priest's orders before the time appointed by the canons. He soon became weary of the theology

of the schools, and resolved to apply himself to that which was more plain and practical. This alteration of opinion led him to attend the sermons of Thomas Guillaume, or Williams, a friar of eminence, who was so bold as to preach against the pope's authority; and he was still more impressed by the instructions of the celebrated George Wishart, so that he relinquished all thoughts of officiating in the church of Rome, and became tutor to the sons of the lairds of Long Niddrie and Ormistoun, who had embraced the reformed doctrines. Here he preached, not only to his pupils, but to the people of the neighborhood, until interrupted by cardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, who obliged him to conceal himself; and he thought of retiring to Germany. The persuasion of the fathers of his pupils, and the assassination of Beaton by the Leslies, encouraged him to remain. He took shelter, under the protection of the latter, in the castle of St. Andrews, where, notwithstanding the opposition of the clergy of St. Andrews, he preached the principles of the reformation with extraordinary boldness, until the castle of St. Andrews surrendered to the French in July, 1547, when he was carried with the garrison into France, and remained a prisoner on board the galleys until the latter end of 1549. Being then set at liberty, he passed over to England, and, arriving in London, was licensed either by Cranmer or the protector Somerset, and appointed preacher, first at Berwick, and afterwards at Newcastle. In 1552, he was appointed chaplain to Edward VI, and preached before the king, at Westminster, who recommended Cranmer to give him the living of Allhallows, in London, which Knox declined, not choosing to conform to the English liturgy. It is said that he refused a bishopric, regarding all prelacy as savoring of the kingdom of antichrist. He, however, continued his practice as an itinerary preacher, until the accession of Mary, in 1554, when he quitted England, and sought refuge at Geneva, where he had not long resided before he was invited, by the English congregation of refugees at Frankfort, to become their minister. He unwillingly accepted this invitation, at the request of John Calvin, and continued his services until embroiled in a dispute with doctor Cox, afterwards bishop of Ely, who strenuously contended for the liturgy of king Edward. Knox, in his usual style of bold vituperation, having, in a treatise published in England, called the

emperor of Germany as great an enemy to Christ as Nero, his opponents accused him to the senate of treason, both against the emperor and queen Mary; on which he received private notice of his danger, and again retired to Geneva, whence, after a residence of a few months, he ventured, in 1555, to pay a visit to his native country. Finding the professors of the Protestant religion greatly increased in number, and formed into a society under the inspection of regular teachers, he finally joined them, and produced so great an effect by his exertions, both in Edinburgh and other places, that the Roman Catholic clergy, alarmed at his progress, summoned him to appear before them in the church of the Blackfriars, in that metropolis, May 15, 1556. This summons he purposed to obey, resting on the support of a formidable party of nobles and gentry, which so alarmed his opponents, that they dropped the prosecution. Thus encouraged, he continued preaching with additional energy and boldness, and was even induced to write to the queen regent, Mary of Lorraine, a letter, in which he earnestly exhorted her to listen to the Protestant doctrines. While thus occupied, he was strongly urged to pay a visit to the English congregation at Geneva; and he accordingly departed for that place in July, 1556. He was no sooner gone, than the bishops summoned him to appear before them; and, as that was impossible, they passed sentence of death against him as a heretic, and burnt him in effigy at the cross at Edinburgh. Against this sentence he drew up an energetic appeal, which was printed at Geneva, in 1558, previously to which, he was invited to return to Scotland, and had actually reached Dieppe on his way, when he received other letters recommending delay; which epistles he answered by such strong remonstrances against timidity and backsliding, that those to whom he addressed them entered into a solemn boud or covenant, dated December 3, 1557, "that they would follow forth their purpose, and commit themselves, and whatever God had given them, into his hands, rather than suffer idolatry to reign, and the subjects to be defrauded of the only food of their souls." Knox, in the mean time, had returned to Geneva, where he published his treatise entitled the First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous Regimen of Women, chiefly aimed at the cruel government of queen Mary of England, and at the attempt of the queen regent of Scotland to rule

without a parliament. A Second Blast was to have followed; but the accession of queen Elizabeth to the throne of England, who was expected to be friendly to the Protestant cause, prevented it. In April, 1559, he would have visited England, but was prevented by the resentment felt by Elizabeth at his late treatise. He therefore proceeded directly to Scotland, where he found a persecution of the Protestants just ready to commence at Stirling. He hurried to the scene of action to share the danger, and, mounting a pulpit, inflamed the people by a vehement harangue against idolatry. The indiscretion of a priest, who, immediately on the conclusion of this discourse, was preparing to celebrate mass, precipitated his hearers into a general attack on the churches of the city, in which the altars were overturned, the pictures destroyed, the images broken, and the monasteries almost levelled to the ground. These proceedings were censured by the reformed preachers, and by the leaders of the party. From this time, Knox continued to promote the reformation by every means in his power, and, by his correspondence with the secretary Cecil, was chiefly instrumental in establishing the negotiation between the congregation and the English, which terminated in the march of an English army into Scotland. Being joined by almost all the chief men of the country, these forces soon obliged the French troops, who had been the principal support of the regent, to quit the kingdom; and the parliament was restored to its former independence. Of that body, the majority had embraced Protestant opinions, and no opportunity was omitted of assailing the ancient religion, until at length the Presbyterian plan, recommended by Knox and his brethren, was finally sanctioned, the old ecclesiastical courts being abolished, and the exercise of religious worship, according to the rites of the Roman church, prohibited. In August, 1561, the unfortunate Mary, then widow of Francis II, king of France, arrived in Scotland to reign in her own right. She immediately set up a mass in the royal chapel, which, being much frequented, excited the zeal of Knox, who was equally intolerant with the leaders of the conquered party; and, in the face of an order of privy council, allowing the private mass, he openly declared from the pulpit, "that one mass was more frightful to him than 10,000 armed enemies, landed in any part of the realm." This freedom gave great offence,

and the queen had long and angry conferences with him on that and other occasions, in which he never paid the slight est homage either to sex or rank. He preached with equal openness against the marriage of Mary with a Papist; and Darnley, after his union, being induced to hear him, he observed, in the course of his sermon, that "God set over them, for their offences and ingratitude, boys and women." In the year 1567, he preached a sermon at the coronation of James VI, when Mary had been dethroned, and Murray appointed regent. In 1572, he was greatly offended with a convention of ministers at Leith, for permitting the titles of archbishop and bishop to remain during the king's minority, although he approved of the regulations adopted in reference to their elections. At this time, his constitution was quite broken, and he received an additional shock by the news of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He had, however, strength enough to preach against it, which he desired the French ambassador might be acquainted with, but soon after took to his bed, and died November 24, 1572. He was interred at Edinburgh, several lords attending, and particularly the earl of Morton, that day chosen regent, who, when he was laid in his grave, exclaimed, "There lies he who never feared the face of man, who hath been often threatened with dag and dagger, but yet hath ended his days in peace and honor; for he had God's providence watching over him in an especial manner when his life was sought." The character of this eminent reformer has been sketched by doctor Robertson, in his History of Scotland, who, in observing upon the severity of his deportment, impetuosity of temper, and zealous intolerance, observes, that the qualities which now render him less amiable, fitted him to advance the reformation among a fierce people, and enabled him to encounter dangers, and surmount opposition, to which a more gentle spirit would have yielded. John Knox was a man of exalted principles, great intellectual energy, undaunted intrepidity, and exemplary piety and morality. He was twice married, and had two sons by his first wife. His writings, in addition to those already mentioned, are, a Faithful Admonition to the Professors of the Gospel of Christ in the Kingdom of England (1554); a Letter to Queen Mary, Regent of Scotland; a Steady Exhortation to England for the speedy embracing of Christ's Gospel. After his death appeared his History of

the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of Scotland, to the fourth edition of which (Edinburgh, 1732, folio) are appended all his other works. (See M'Crie's Life of Knox.)

KNOX, Vicesimus, D. D.; an eminent divine, author of a variety of works, both in theology and polite literature. He was born December 8, 1752, and educated at Oxford. On the death of his father, he was chosen his successor in the headmastership of Tunbridge grammar school, over which he presided 33 years, till, retiring in 1812, he was himself, in turn, succeeded by his son. His works, many of which have been translated into various European languages, are, Essays, moral and literary (three volumes, 8vo. and 12mo.); Liberal Education (two volumes, 8vo. and 12mo.); Winter Evenings (three volumes, 8vo. and 12mo.); Personal Nobility, or Letters to a young Nobleman (one volume, 12mo.); Christian Philosophy (two volumes, 12mo.); Considerations on the Nature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper (one volume, 8vo.), and a pamphlet On the national Importance of classical Education, with a variety of sermons on different occasions; expurgated editions of Horace and Juvenal, and a series of selections from the works of the best English authors, generally known as Elegant Extracts, and Elegant Epistles. Doctor Knox wrote the Latin language with great purity and elegance, both in prose and verse. He died September 6, 1821.

KNOX, Henry, a major-general in the army of the U. States, was born at Boston, July 25, 1750, and received the best education which the schools of his native town could afford. He commenced business, as a bookseller, when quite young, but relinquished it on the breaking out of the revolutionary war, in order to devote his energies to the cause of his country. He had previously, at the age of 18, been chosen one of the officers of a company of grenadiers, and evinced a fondness and ability for the military profession. At the battle of Bunker hill, he served as a volunteer, and was constantly exposed to danger in reconnoitring the movements of the enemy. He soon afterwards undertook the perilous and arduous task of procuring from the Canadian frontier some pieces of ordnance, the American army being entirely destitute of artilleryan enterprise which he successfully accomplished. He received the most flattering testimonials of approbation from the commander-in-chief and congress,