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How are they "made by law"? Explain the process of drawing money from the public treasury.'

Suppose Mr. A. has a claim of $800 against the United States government, for hauling supplies to one of the forts. How is he to

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Did

you ever see a "report' " of the treasurer of the United States?

What do you understand from the expression "from time to time"?

I. ix. 7.

How often are the reports of the United
States Treasurer published?'

What is a "title of nobility"?

See the

words in the dictionary. I. ix. 8. Why should not these be granted by the United States?

Can you see any relation between the first part of this clause (I. ix. 8) and the statement in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal"? Page 263.

Can you see any reason in denying an officeholder the right to accept presents from a foreign country? I. ix. 8.

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1 "Made by law" means simply made in a legal way'. All appro priations by Congress are by acts. The bills which contain the items of expense for the following year. are usually the most important bills. of a session. An appropriation bill follows the usual course of legislation. It specifies just what each item of expense is for, and money given by Congress for one purpose cannot be used for anything else. If not used within two years, money that has been set apart for some object is considered to have come back into the treasury again.

2 If the supplies were hauled under the direction of some officer or agent of the War Department, the claimant fills out a voucher,' or receipt, for the amount, which tells also what the claim is for. This he exchanges for a warrant, given out by a disbursing clerk, which directs some United States depositary to pay to the holder of the warrant a certain amount.

3 Reports are issued annually. The chief officer in that department, the secretary of the treasury, makes out his report to the President. It contains reports from the heads of all the bureaus in the treasury department, and among these heads is the treasurer of the United States.

Do you think that this clause (I. ix. 8) takes away from an office-holder in the employ of the United States, the right to receive presents from any citizen of a foreign country?

Compare I. x. 1 and II. ii. 2, on the power to make treaties.

Compare I. x. 1 and I. viii. 11, on granting letters of marque and reprisal.

Compare I. x. 1 and I. viii. 5, on coining

money.

Give the meaning of "emit bills of credit."1
I. x. 1.

In the clause about gold and silver in pay-
ment for debts (I. x. 1), tell the meaning
of the word "tender". Dictionary.

Compare I. ix. 3 and I. x. 1, on the subjects
of bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.

What is meant by "obligation of contracts" ?2
May a state pass a bankrupt law?3

Compare I. x. 1 and 1. ix. 8, on titles of
nobility.

Whose consent is necessary to the acts men'tioned in I. x. 2?

Has this consent ever been given? *

4

1 A bill of credit "is a paper issued by the sovereign power of a country, containing a pledge of its faith, and designed to circulate as money". U. S. Supreme Court, 1837: Briscoe vs. Bank of Ky. Thayer, Cases, 2209. See the word 'emit' in the dictionary.

2 The binding force or sanction upon all parties concerned". Hinsdale, The American Government, p. 244. To "impair the obligation of contracts" is to destroy the force of the contract. The very serious duty of living up to one's contracts is one of the most important things in good citizenship. When a state law has the effect of 'impairing the binding force of contracts, the Supreme Court will decide, when the law is brought before the Court in some law case, that the State law is void and unconstitutional.

3 It may not.

4 It has not.

In connection with the subject of inspection laws (I. x. 2), what are some of these laws and why are they passed?'

What is a duty of tonnage? I. x. 2. Dictionary.

Mention some good reasons why the states should not levy tonnage duties and duties on imposts and exposts.

Why should states not enter into agreements with other states, without consent of Congress? I. x. 3. Compare the provision concerning agreements and contracts with the first clause of I. x. 1.

Are there any nations, made up of states like ours, in which any of the states may go to war with a foreign country whenever it likes?2 I. x. 3.

Compare the stability of two nations, of
which one is made up of states which can
not go to war by themselves, and the
other of states which can.

Why may states keep National Guards?
Are they not state troops? I. x. 3.

3

On account of the words "imminent danger", do you think that a state is justified in making war on an Indian tribe?

1 It is common for a state to establish as appointive offices, inspectors of meat, grain, oils, weighing apparatus, boilers, stock-yards, etc. In the case of meats and live-stock, for example, the inspection is made that the public health may be protected against diseased flesh. In general, the inspection of an article results in benefit to buyers and sellers both.

2 A state of the German confederation could, until recently, engage in war independently of the other states.

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3 Perhaps the meaning of the word "keep has some bearing upon the question.

RELATION OF NATION TO STATES.

Explain in a general way how powers are divided between the national government and the state governments.'

What cases are denied the United States courts by Article XI, of the Amendments?

RELATIONS OF THE STATES.

What is meant by public acts? By records?
By judicial proceedings? IV. i.

What is meant by giving faith and credit to
puplic records? IV. i.

2

Give the meaning of the word "proved" in the last part of IV. i.3

3

When a person escapes to another state than the one where he has violated the law, who must ask for his return? IV. 2.

4

When a person is thus given up by one state
to another, what name is given to the act? *
What is the provision in III. ii. 3 about the
place where a crime must be tried?
Do you think that a criminal must be de-
livered up under all circumstances? If
there are any cases in which he does not
have to be surrendered, what are they?

1 Read carefully page 220: The matter may be stated concisely in this way. Each state once had all the powers that any independent nation has. The states gave up some powers to a central government, called the United States of America "; but they still retain all powers which they did not give up, and the central government has only those powers given it by the states. Amendments, X.

2 For all purposes, the records of any state, such as its laws, executive acts, etc., when they have been made according to the laws and constitution of that state, are accepted as authority every where within its limits. IV. i. extends this acceptance to other states.

3 Proved or approved; witnessed, attested, certified, or authenticated, e. g., by state seal and signatures of officers. For the proper 'proving' or attesting of a law of the legislature of Nebraska, see page 160. 4 Extradition. See the dictionary.

Who delivers a criminal to the state asking for him?

What is the use of IV. ii. 3?1

TERRITORIES AND NEW STATES.

Where do territories come from??

Give some of the circumstances connected with the unsettled lands that first came into the possession of the United States. What two famous laws did the old Congress of the Confederation enact regarding the unsettled territory ? 3

What influence has that one had which was passed in 1785?

What can you say of the Ordinance of 1787, in regard to (1) its provisions, (2) its effects on the territories that have been organized since then by Congress, and (3) its influence on the history of the United States ? 1

4

1 None at all. It was a concession to the slave-holding states, at the time the Constitution was made and adopted. After the thirteenth amendment it was of no more use or effect.

2 The first territory acquired by the United States was the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, upon various parts of which the individual states had claims. During the time of the old Congress of the Confederation, from 1781 to 1789, most of the states were prevailed upon to give up their claims in favor of the United States. In this way, the title to a large territory came to the Nation upon its organization in 1789, under the present Constitution. This country, by the terms of the treaty with Great Britain, 1783, extended to the Great Lakes on the North and to the Mississippi River on the West. Settlement and organization of this had only begun when by the purchase of "Louisiana” in 1803, the boundaries were extended to the limits of the French claims. These, however, were always indefinite.

The additions of territory have been as follows: Louisiana, 1803, 1,182,752 square miles; East and West Florida, 1819, 59,270; Mexican session, 1848, 522,570; Texas purchase, 1850, 101.770; Gadsden purchase, 1853, 45,535; Alaska, 1867, 577,390; Cessions by states, 1781 to 1803, 404,950.

3 Perhaps the two most important were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Ordinance of 1787. The first one of these was a law providing for a plan of surveying the public lands. See page 72. From this old law, came the township of six miles square, reservation of a particular section for schools, section, range, numbering of townships in a range, and numbering of sections in a township. That law has thus given to the United States its very convenient system of surveying lands.

4 The Ordinance of 1787 was passed on July 13, 1787. It was, without

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