III. MIXED CONSONANT SOUNDS. Brib'st, stabb'st, bidd'st, add'st, midst, begg'st, tugg'st; breadth, width, wav'st, leav'st, giv'st, striv'st, sooth'st; hold'st; delv'st, solv'st. (All verbs ending in p or k have the sounds of pt and kt in the past tense, as stopped, walked, &c. See ¶ 152.) Apt, strict, strapped, kept, slept, whipped, shipped, lopped, cupped, shaped, steeped, piped, hoped, cooped, chapter, styptic, reptile, rapture, captain; act, tact, sect, erect, strict, hacked, shocked, ducked, poked, looked, walked, ached, leaked, liked, cactus, lacteal, affected, lecture, picture, dictate, instructive, octave, doctor. QUESTIONS. 118. What is said of the fifth Exercise? 119. What mode of practice is recommended in it? What do you mean by combinations of consonant sounds? 120. What is signified in the fifth Exercise by the Italicizing of the r, the th and z? 121. How may the combinations be varied? 122. What mode of practice is suggested for the seventh Exercise? What is meant by the word initial? EXERCISE IX.* ACCENT. 1. DISSYLLABLES. Accent the first syllable in the following: Acid, airy, aspect; brawny, bushel, buttress; caper, carpet, circle; destine, dogma, doctrine; downmost, gorgeous, greedy; household, madman, master; mighty, morning, murder; noisy, pētrel, quickěst; rifle, satrap, shorten; tribune, wherefore, wither; woodland, yellow, zealot. ΕΙ EI ΕΙ Accent the second syllable of the following: Abate, arcade, beneath (the th vocal, as in thin; beware, bespread, cajole; coërce, collapse, defy; degrade, revolt, derange; elate, engraft, foment; foredoom, forgive, ignore; assume, jocose, obtuse. peruse (see ¶ 42), pretext, prolix. 2. TRISYLLABLES.-Accent the first syllable of the following: Amity, asinīne, aspirate; archetype (see ¶68), banishment, oookseller; carpenter, circumstance, chivalrous (the ch of this word has the thirty-third elementary sound; see page 18); dangerous, desert-place, dogmatize; doubtfully, drōllery, ebony; enemy, equable, équerry; expletive, febrifuge, finical; filament, fishmonger, förgery; giddiness, impotent, interest; integral, invalid (when a noun), liberty (the er as in her), loiterer; mischievous, misanthrope, notary; oasis, octuple, petrify; plethora, *The reader should review Lesson VI., and read paragraphs 14 and 15, before entering upon this Exercise, quizzical resonant; retrograde, retina, sorcery (the o sounded like o in for); terrible, tortuous, transmigrate; virulent, vícinage, vocative; võluble, woodpecker, zodiac. Accent the second syllable of the following: Aroma, ban-` dana, chivalric (the ch has the thirty-third eleinentary sound; see page 18); decorous, ebullient, elastic; fanat′ic, gener′ic, hiatus; insipid, invalid (when an adjective); lieutenant, lyceum, mandamus; museum, pantheon, refulgent; remember, resolvent, syllab'ic, triumvir, vicegerent. Accent the last syllable of the following: Astracan, apprehend, amateur (the eur like the ur in concur); barricade, chandelier, chevalier (the ch of these two words has the thirty-third elementary sound; see page 18); contradict, estafette, fiageolet; Hindostan, interpose, interrupt; masquerade, overrate, presuppose, reprehend; supersede, superstruct, transmarine; violin, vinaigrette, volunteer. POLYSYLLABLES. -The following have the accent on the first syllable: Bibliopole, comparable, costermonger, cursorily, despicable, elevated, explicable, February, gentlemanly, haberdasher, hortatory, intimately, jaculatory, lamentably, literary, meditative, missionary, necessary, ordinarily, parti-colored, pettifogger, plausibleness, recreative, repertory, serviceable, speculative, corollary, temperament, tributary, understrapper, vacillancy, watermelon. Accent the following on the second syllable: Anathema, annuitant, carnivorous, catastrophë, communicative, contemporary, depillatory, disinterestedness, economy, executive, impracticable, irrefragable, metonymy, observatory, omnipotent, reticulated, revivify, salutatory, satiety, somniferous, significant, superfluous, voraginous, zodiacal. Accent the following on the third syllable: Antemundane, aphoristically, apoplectic, atmospherical, bacchanalian, caryatides, coadjutor, contradictorily, hypochondriac, ignominiously, mediocre, sacerdotal, superciliously, therapeutics, topographically, unimaginative, väledictory, zoological. Accent the following on the fourth syllable: Abecedarian, antipathetic, antiscorbutic, apocalyptic, arboriculture, circumstantiality, disadvantageously, epigrammatic, genealogical, hypochondriacal, legerdemain, mediatōrial, plenipotentiary, superintendency. Accent the following on the accentuated syllable: Apocalyp'tical, archiepiscopacy (see ¶ 68), antipestilen'tial, intercolumnia'tion, incoägulabil'ity, incommunicabil'ity, ipecacuan'ha, isopĕrimetrical, impersonifica'tion, superfolia'tion. LESSON X. FAULTS IN ARTICULATION, ETC. 1. A, able, ai, al, an, ance, ar, aw, ay, &c. 124. A COURSE of thorough drilling in the preceding exercises wil obviate a large majority of those faults in articulation and pronunciation to which pupils are most liable. We will here specify, however, some of the most ordinary and obvious faults.* 125. The sound of a, instead of being merely obscured, is sometimes dropped altogether, by careless speakers, in such words as valuable, gradual, separate, usually, vocative, unrivalled, library, company, amiable, &c.: erroneously pronounced valu'ble, gradu'l, sep'rate, usu'lly, &c. 126. The final a in such words as villa, comma, America, Cuba, &c., must not be pronounced as if it were ar. The proper sound is an obscure sound of the a in father; but the attempt to make it too positively such, will lead to error. Do not slur the final a in idea, making the word idee. 127. The short sound of a in băde, cătch, găther, răther, &c., should not be perverted into long a or short e. Do not mispronounce the diphthong ai in such words as saith, again, &c. (pronounced sẽth, agen, &c.). Practise the Exercises on the sixth elementary sound, page 35. 128. Able, al, an, ance, ant, ants, as unaccented syllables, should generally have the sound of short a slightly obscured. Do not pervert the sound into that of short u. Do not say mettle for metal. 129. Concerning the sound of long a before r, see 110. The sound should be distinguished both from short a in hat and from long a in hate. In such words as care, fare, parent, apparent, transparent, daring, transparency, scare, scarce, sharing, &c., the a should undoubtedly have this modified long sound produced by the r.† *Some writers seem to have racked their ingenuity to invent vicious forms of articulation and pronunciation for the purpose of warning pupils against them. More mischief than benefit has resulted in practice from this superfluous extension of the catalogue of faults. Webster has followed Walker in marking the a long in this class of words. But it is difficult to find the speakers, either in England or the United States, who pay any heed to the notation; who pronounce care, for instance, as if it were cay-er; pear, as if it were pay-er, &c. There arc some who say pa-rent, and appa-rent; but these do not follow Webster's syllabication of the words, which is thus: par-ent, appar-ent. 130. The sound of short a before r in cărry, bărrel, ărrogant, arrow, &c., must not be confounded with the sound which the vowel has in farmer, hardly, largely, an'archy, &c. See ¶ 107. 131. Do not give the sound of ah to the ar in star, mar, large, parlor, &c. Remember that r is always sounded. Do not say swoms for swarms, scusly for scarcely. Do not give to the a in such words as epistolary, temporary, the sound of long a instead of short a obscured. 132. Bad readers sometimes prolong the termination aw, perverting it into awr. Thus they will say lawr, flawr, sawr, &c. They will also take an unwarrantable liberty with the ay in always, perverting it into alwuz. Avoid such blunders. 2. E, ea, ear, ee, el, en, ence, ent, ess, er, ew, &c. 133. The sound of long e in deceit, conceit, &c., should not be perverted into long a. Do not say yallow for yellow, cullar for cellar, forgit for forget, yit for yet, git for get, instid for instead, bruthrun for brethren, kittle for kettle, childern for children, kinderd for kindred, hunderd for hundred, baird for beard, fèrful for fearful, heerd for heard (pronounced herd), ben for been (pronounced bin), &c. 134. We have seen, from 33, that the sound of e in terminations in el and en is sometimes dropped. Be careful to distinguish between the words in which it is dropped and those in which it is retained. When in doubt, consult the dictionary. Do not sound e before n or 7 in heaven, seventh, drivel, driven, and a large class of verbs and participles. Practise the Exercises on the eighteenth elementary sound, page 38. 135. In unaccented terminations in ence, ens, ess, est, ent and ents, let the sound of short e (as in pet) be rendered as distinctly as it can be without stiffness and transposition of the accent. Say diffidence, slovens, goodness, highest, banishment, incidents, &c. Practise the Exercises upon the sixth elementary sound, page 35. 136. The sounds of er and ern, in unaccented syllables, are liable to be slighted or mispronounced. Give to the Italicized letters of the following words the sound of er in her, neatly and easily, and without changing the poise of the accent: several, poverty, govern, mightier, government, soberness, funeral, power, generally, taverns, western, en'ergy, waver, rover, interview. Avoid the barbarism of saying sarch for search, withud for withered, chambuz for chambers, dif'rent for different, ye-uz for years, flow-uz for flowers, ferce for fierce (the ie like long ē), noo, doo, for new, dew. 3. I, ible, ie, il, ilit, ing, ire, ir, &c. 137. The short sound of i in pin must not be perverted cr dropped in such words as since, sit, tulip, disciples, spirit, satin, curious, mountain, captain, &c.; which words ar sometimes erroneously pronounced, sence, set, tulup, de-sciples, sperit, sat'n, cur'ous, mount'n, cap'n, &c. 138. In such words as convertible, admissibility, &c., the i here Italicized may be slightly obscured. In evil, devil, devilish, the Italicized i is dropped. Do not drop it in civil, cavil, pencil, anvil, fossil, tonsil, &c. 139. The termination ing, occurring in unaccented syllables, is very often shōrn of its true sound and converted into simple in. A bad reader is at once detected by this fault. He should be exercised in the examples under the sixteenth elementary sound on page 38; and taught to find out the difference between robin and robbing. 140. Do not give to the termination ire a sound as if it were in two syllables, by pronouncing such words as mire, hire, &c., thus: mi-er, hi-er, &c. Give to the r in these words a pure untrilled sound, and its true liquid E quality. 141. Avoid such perversions of the sound of ir in first, girl, thirst, &c., as would degrade these words into fust, gal, thust, &c. The sound should correspond with that of er in her. See 109. Do not fuse the two sounds ie into i in such words as society, variety, &c. 4. O, oa, oi, on, oo, or, ow, &c. 142. Do not obscure too much the long o in innocence, agony, im'potent, elaborate, composition, commemorate, memorable, efflorescent, &c. Do not give the o in to the sound of short u. Do not give to the o in testimony, matrimony, &c., the sound of long o instead of an obscure sound of short o. Do not drop the obscure sound of o in neighboring, melancholy, victory, memory, history, &c. 143. Do not say yunder instead of yonder; bunnets instead of bonnets; stun instead of stōne; stuny instead of stōny; unly instead of only; whole or hull instead of whole. But do say nuthing instead of nothing; duz (does) instead of doos; duth (doth) instead of dōth; cumbat instead of combat, nun instead of nōng, &c. Practise the Exercises on pages 36 and 37. 144. The diphthong oa, when it has the sound of lɔng o, is often mispronounced. Do not say coat instead of coat; toad instead of |