4. Inward Campbell, 52. The Cottager and his Landlord, 53. From an Epistle to J. Hill, 57. The Seventh Plague of Egypt, 59. Dangerous Effects of Fancy, 1. Time not to be Recalled. 2. Reasons for Humility- GOETHE, . Anon.,. .228 THE UNIV. Or STANDARD FOURTH READER. PART I. The letters EI, placed at the end of a word, in this work, refer the reader to LESSON I. MARKS AND SIGNS IN READING. 1. PUNCTUATION, from a Latin word (punctum), signifying a point, 2. The Note of Interrogation (?) is used to denote that a question 3. The Dash (-) is used where a sentence breaks off abruptly; 4. The Apos'tro-phe (”), a mark differing from the comma only in being placed above the line, denotes the omission of one or more letters; as o'er for over, 'gan for began. It also marks the separation of the final s of the possessive case from the noun; as, John's hat. The possessive case plural is indicated by an apostrophe after the letter s; as, the trees' leaves. ΕΙ 5. When a proper name ends in s, the s of the possessive case ought to be expressed in writing, if intended to be pronounced. We say Jones's barn, and so it should be written, and not Jones' barn. We say Collins's poems, not Collins' poems; for then a hearer might suppose the name of the poet was Collin. In words where an s immediately follows another s, we often, for the sake of euphony, omit the s of the possessive case in pronouncing, and in such instances it should be omitted in writing. Thus we say and write, Ilyssus' banks, in Moses' days, Ulysses' wisdom. Such forms are chiefly used in poetry. In prose it is more usual to say, "The banks of Пyssus," "" In the days of Moses," &c. 6. Marks of Quotation (" ") are used to denote that the words of another person than the author, real or supposed, are quoted. When one quotation is introduced within another, the included one should be preceded by a single inverted comma, and closed by a single apostrophe; thus, (' '). Two commas (") are used, as in the Table, on page 18, to show that something is understood which was expressed in the line and word immediately above. 7. Marks of Ellipsis (a Greek word signifying an omission) are formed by means of a long dash, or of a succession of points or stars * *), of various lengths, and which are used to indicate the omission of letters in a word, of words in a sentence, or of sentences in a paragraph; as Q***n for queen. 8. A Paragraph, sometimes indicated by the sign (T), is a small subdivision in writing, which is now generally represented simply by beginning a sentence with a new line having a slight blank space at its commencement. Thus this lesson is divided into paragraphs, the number of the present being 8. "See 20" means See Paragraph Twenty. The sign (T) is sometimes used, like an asterisk, as a mark of reference. 9. The Section (§) denotes the division of a discourse or chapter into inferior portions. The Index, or Hand (7), points out a noteworthy passage. The Asterisk (*), the Obelisk or Dagger (†), the Double Dagger (‡), and Parallels (||), are marks of reference to the margin or some other part of a book. The small letters and figures over words in the present work (the letters EI referring the reader tc the Explanatory Index, and the figures to the corresponding numbers of paragraphs in Part I.) are called Superiors by the printers. The reader should make himself familiar with these references, and the information to which they point. 10. The Brace (~~) is used to connect two or more words, to show their relation to a common definition or term. The Caret (^) is used only in writing to point to something interlined above it. The Cedilla is used under the French c, thus (c), to signify that it is to be pronounced soft, like s. 11. The Diæ'resis (··), a Greek word signifying a division, divides two vowels into two syllables that would otherwise make a diphthong; as, Creätor. It may also be placed over a vowel to show that the vowel commences a new syllable; as, blessëd, agëd, learned, though the grave or acute accent is sometimes used for this purpose. In poetry, in the preterites and past participles of verbs, it is often intended that the termination ed should form a distinct syllable, in order to make the measure complete; and in reading the Bible it is customary to make two syllables of the word blessed, and three of the word beloved, &c., though in common speech we make but one, and two. 12. A mark identical with the hyphen (-) is sometimes placed over a vowel to denote that the quantity is long; as in nōte, revōlt, remōte, accēde. This mark, when thus used, is called by some grammarians a Măk'ron, from a Greek word signifying long. The mark called the Breve (from the Latin brevis, short) is placed over a vowel to indicate that it is short; as in hặt, mět, gět, Hělěna, pit, not, but, crystal. 13. When the Măk'ron is placed over an a, remember that the letter thus marked should be sounded long, as in gave; over an e, long as in theme; over an i, long as in kite; over an o, long as in rōbe; over an u, long and diphthongal (like its name sound in the alphabet) as in mūte, cūbe, tūtor (not tootor), student (not stoodent). When the Breve is placed over an a, the letter so marked should be sounded short, as in hăt, ăm; over an e, as in pet, forget (not forgit); over an i, as in pin, within; over an o, as in lot, solace; over an u, as in fun, punch. 14. Accent lays a distinguishing stress on certain syllables of words, as Emphasis does on certain words of a sentence. In the word distant there is an emphasis or stress on the first syllable; in the word serene, on the second. This stress is called Accent. It must |