tion a stimulus that is natural and healthy in its character, and young persons brought together to receive instruction from properly qualified teachers take more interest in their studies, and learn more than they do in families.

It is encouraging to find a growing concern on this subject in the minds of Friends, which has led to the establishment of First-day schools among our members in many places, as well as the formation of Bible classes and the holding of conferences in relation to our principles and testimonies. It is worthy of consideration that for want of some active service of this kind we have, in times past, lost some of our members who might have become as shining lights. Young men and women of earnest piety, having the faculty of teaching, which is a divine gift, and finding in our Society no field for its religious exercise, have been induced to become teachers in the Sabbath schools of other churches, and thus, by association, have been led away from our communion.

mit the blessing to our successors, we shall be held accountable for the neglect or misuse of talents entrusted to our care.

It is scarcely necessary to defend the practice of imparting to our junior members a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures, for they have been highly prized and earnestly recommended by Friends from the rise of the Society to the present day. They are constantly quoted from our galleries,-in fact, they have become the vehicles of religious thought throughout the civilized world. Their study may be made more interesting by illustrations from the geography of the countries to which they relate, and by descriptions of the manners and customs of the people who inhabit those regions. Among Oriental nations many of the same customs and modes of thought now prevail that are alluded to in the Bible, and a knowledge of them will enable us to obtain a clear view of many passages otherwise obscure.

In this interesting department of education we have felt the want of suitable text books, or manuals of instruction. This want is about to be supplied, at least in some measure, by works written by our own members that will be noticed in this paper. Let us not despise the use

It is possible some of our readers may object to the systematic teaching of Scriptural knowledge from an apprehension that it may lead to formalism, and we shall, perhaps, be reminded that we ought to rely upon the great fundamen- of means—

"Has not God

tal principle of our profession-"The universal Still wrought by means since first he made the and saving Light of Christ."

world."

It is exceedingly desirable that all the youth. who attend our meetings, whether members or not, should, in some way, be brought under the religious care of the Society, and receive suita ble instruction. If we would have a succession of members we must work and trust, for works without faith will avail nothing, and faith without works is dead.

We reply that this precious gift does not su. persede the use of means which Divine Providence has supplied for our use. All men have this gift, yet see how vast is the difference produced by education and mental training among mankind. Compare the Hottentot the Australian with the enlightened European or Anglo-American. How much better are the latter prepared for the reception of spiritual DIED, in Rahway, N J., on the 19th of Ninth mo., knowledge than the former. In our efforts to 1866, PHEBE V. SHOTWELL, widow of Peter Shotwell, improve the condition of the Indians, our Re- and daughter of Abraham and Margaret Vail, in the 88th year of her age; an esteemed member of Rahligious Society has always acted on the convic-way and Plainfield Monthly Meeting, and, when tion that civilization aud moral culture will aid in preparing them for the reception of gospel truth.

It is a high privilege to be educated in the bosom of a society imbued with Christian principles. For this we owe a debt of gratitude; first, to the Author of all good; and, secondly, to our predecessors, who laid the foundation on which we are building. If we do not trans

health permitted, a regular attender thereof.

, on the 27th of Fourth month, 1867, at her

residence, Newtown, Bucks county, Pa., SUSAN, wife of Moses Lancaster, in her 80th year.

infant son of Abraham Lower Thorn, aged nine
on the 26th of Fourth month, 1867, JOHN,
months.
GILLINGHAM, in his 87th year; a member of the
Monthly Meeting of Friends of Philadelphia.

-, on Sixth-day afternoon, 3d inst., JOSEPH

, on the 3d of Fifth month, 1867, of malignant scarlet fever, ANNIE AMELIA, daughter of William P. and Ellen G. Fogg, in her 10th year.

DIED, On Seventh-day, the 27th of Fourth month, 1867, MERCHANT MAULSBY, a member of Green Street Monthly Meeting.

The First Annual Meeting of Friends' Publication Association will be held on Second-day evening next, (Yearly Meeting week,) Fifth month 13th, at 8 o'clock, at Race Street Meeting-House. The object and aim of this Association will be explained. The general attendance of Friends is solicited.

The Annual Conference on the subject of Education will be held at Race Street Meeting-House on Third-day evening, Fifth month 14th, at 8 o'clock. The needs of our Religious Society in this important matter will be canvassed, and the progress made in the organization of a first class school for our children will be presented for the consideration of all concerned Friends.

Children are much more susceptible than grown-up people to all noxious influences; they are affected by the same things, but much more quickly and seriously, namely: by want of fresh air, of proper warmth, want of cleanliness in house, clothes, bedding, or body; by startling noises, improper food, or want of punctuality; by dulness and by want of light; by too much or too little covering in bed or when up; by want of the spirit of management generally in those in charge of them. One can, therefore, only press the importance, as being yet greater in the case of children,-greatest in the case of sick children, of attending to these things.

That which, however, above all, is known to injure children seriously is foul air, and the most seriously at night. Keeping rooms where they sleep tight shut up is destruction to them. And if the child's breathing be disordered by disease, a few hours only of much foul air may endanger its life, even where no inconvenience is felt by grown-up persons in the same room.-Florence Nightingale.

saints.

"Resolved, second, That we are the saints.

Others put the same thing in the form of an assumption that the Pilgrims were by their faith the children of Abraham the faithful, and that the aborigines, being heathen, were probably the descendants, or at any rate the proper representatives, of the devoted Canaanites, and therefore condemned by heaven to utter extermination. Other classes of settlers have taken a shorter cut in their reasonings, while agreeing to the practical conclusion that the Indians are incapable of being civilized, and therefore It must inevitably destined to extermination. be confessed that the steady progress of events from the year 1620 too powerfully confirms this conclusion.

We are not now looking at the moralities of the subject, or inquiring who is justly responsible for the certainty of this assumed destiny of the Indians to extermination. Assuming, for the present, that the result is truly inevitable, we look philosophically into the means and methods by which, so far as past experience goes, this result is brought about. These methods range themselves in two classes-one by direct violence, the other by the indirect methods of depravation and decay. In surgical language, one may be called exsection, the other by ligature.

The first method is pretty uniform in its action. The Indians are dissatisfied with the increasing setlements of the whites, and begin a war in there way to drive out the invaders; and then the whites, by their superiority in arms and numbers, exterminate the Indians by fire aud sword. The Pequod war in the year 1637, is a type of all that followed. Sassacus, the Pequod chief, having mustered the neighboring Indian tribes, undertook to drive the English out of Connecticut. The Connecticut traditions say that he was led to rely on help from the Dutch at New Amsterdam. Be that as it may, he began a war after the Indian manner; captured a sloop and tortured her hands to death; way laid and shot some laborers as they went to their fields, and burnt some crops of grain.

ought to be expiated with his life, under the paramount authority of the laws of the state, which extend over its whole territory. Thus the tribal government sinks into contempt, while the tribal condition remains, strangu lated, emasculated, impotent for justice, a pretext for oppression, a cover for wrong, a wall by which the blessings of Christian civilization are kept out, and savage barbarism and inimor

King Philip's war, in 1676, was on the same
pattern. So was the war against the Six Na-ality are kept in.
tions in the time of the Revolution. The Black
Hawk war, in 1832, was another case of the
same kind. The war proposed to be waged
this year against the Indians of the western
plains is designed to be of the same sort-
"short, sharp, and decisive"-final.

The necessary result of such an anomalous existence, in the midst of a growing and constantly accumulating population, must necessarily be what we see it has been in every case, demoralization, degradation, decay, death-extirpation by strangulation. Each tribal governThe cost of this method includes the antece- ment has been nothing but a drag upon the dent damage and the expense of the final opera-progress of society, a centre of vice and idletion. In King Philip's war Massachusetts had thirteen towns destroyed, while several others suffered severely; six hundred buildings were burned, and at least six hundred of the colonists were slain, and the expense in money was haif a million of dollars, leaving the colony crushed under a load of debt and paper money. The war now impending promises to be more costly in money than all which have gone before.

ness and disease for the community around. Not a case can be named in which the influence of Indians has been a help towards the advancement of morals, industry, public wealth, or any other improvement. It has become a by word of contempt to call one lazy and filthy, dirty and drunken, vicious and hateful, as an Indian. The rarity of finding in the tribes a person of pure Indian blood tells the story of their condition. The rapidity of their disappearance testifies to the efficacy of this method extirpation. Its cost to the community is more difficult to exhibit.

The different reservations occupied by the remnants of ancient tribes in this state are as follows:

Of the vast work of extirpation which has taken place in two hundred and fifty years only a small part has been actually done by this proof cess of direct and bloody surgery. The great bulk of it has been affected by means more analogous to the strangulatory process of the surgeon. Our fathers brought the Indians to acknowledge their superiority in arts and arms and powers, so that they would make treaties in which it was assumed that they were the obliged party, in being allowed to live on part of the tract of country of which they had inherited the whole. We have been careful in these treaties, and in all our transactions with them, to deal with the tribes, and not with individual men.

a

In this way we have perpetuated the tribal state, as a sort of incomplete nationality, an imperium in imperio, a quasi government, having few rights, and many duties and responsibilities, and no powers or prerogatives. It was properly a strangulated government, permitted neither to protect its subjects nor to execute its laws. If an Indian killed a white man, the white men tried him and punished him by their laws. If a white man killed an Indian, and the Indians proceeded to punish him according to their laws, the whites proceeded to levy war against the Indians. If the Indians consented to refer the matter to white justice, the quirks of the law loo. ed to them like tricks to screen the murderer from punishment. If an Indian kills an Indian, and the Indians deal with him by Indian law, the avenger of blood is looked upon by the whites as a murderer, whose crime

Reservations.

Shinnecock, L. I........

Acres.
..630

St. Regis, Franklin Co.......... 14,600
Tuscarora, Niagara Co.............6 247
Cattaraugus, Chatauque Co..... 10,226
Allegany, Cat'arangus Co...... 10,753
Tonawanda, Genesee Co...2,000
Oneida, Oneida Co..................... .....250
Onondaga, Onondaga Co.............509

Numbers.

147

426

370

1,347

825

509

155

474

The New York Indians in 1845 numbered 3,753; in 1855 they were 3,934; in 1865 they had increased to 4,137; a gain of 386, or a trifle over ten per cent. in twenty years. From 1845 to 1865 the number of schools increased from 14 to 25; of scholars, from 462 to 866; of churches, from 5 to 14; of cultivated acres, from 13,851 to 15.398; stock in value, from $93,434 to $138,997; implements in value, from $34,973 to $40,521. The number of marriages decreased from 36 in 1844, to 17 in 1854, and 8 in 1864. The value of the lands is $499,448.

These results have taken place in the mid-t of institutions so favorable to the increase of population and the advancement of society, that our numbers double every thirty years, and the increase of wealth and refinement is in a still more rapid ratio. The reason is not far to seek. In the case of our white population we deal

with men as individuals, and go to all lengths to protect each in his rights as an individual. In the case of the Indians we have dealt with them as tribes, and have allowed and compelled them to remain under all the disabilities and disadvantages of the tribal state, without remedy and without hope. Our common sense has taught us to invite and encourage every man to be a voter and a land holder, as the surest means of making him a man. We allow the

Indian man to be neither a land owner nor a voter, and then wonder that he remains an Indian. And now that the nation has all of a sudden recognised the equal application of the laws of common sense to the negro, as the only means for his protection and advancement, we are not aware that there has been a suggestion of giving the equal benefit of our institutions to the indiau.

We suggest, then, this third and untried process of dealing with the aborigines, as at once more just and humane, more productive and less expensive than either of the others, and equally certain in its operation to extirpate the Indian tribes. Indeed, we believe, if tried in good faith and with ordinary judgment, it will extirpate the tribes far more rapidly, while it will give to the individuals who are worthy their ouly chance of preserving themselves.

The approaching State Convention affords an opportunity for the State of New York to set an example which, if once set, the nation will be perhaps glad to follow, of treating the Indians upon the simple footing of their manhood, by substituting for Art. I., sec. 16, of the Constitution, a provision to the effect that "all persous born in this state are citizens thereof, and it shall be the duty of the legislature to pass laws by which all lands held in tribal ownership shall be justly divided to individual own

ers.'

I ask myself if we who, months ago,
Through frosty days, and in a frozen land,
Shall see it melt and vanish in the spring?
Built up a friendship on the winter's snow,
True friendship is an everlasting thing.
False friendship was it, if it perish so.

There runs a record that not only saith,
He "loved his own," but "loved them to the end."
So evermore a man shall love his friend,
With friendship that outiiveth life and death!
THEODORE TILTON.

THE OLD AND NEW.

BY JOHN G. WHITTIER.

Oh! sometimes gleams upon our sight,
Through present wrong, the eternal right!
And step by step, since time began,
We see the steady gain of man.
That all of good the past has bad
Remains to make our own time glad,
Our common daily life divine,
And every land a Palestine.
We lack but open eye and ear
To find the Orient's marvels here-
The still, small voice, in autumn's hush,
Yon maple wood the burning bush.
For still the new transcends the old,
In signs and tokens manifold;
Slaves rise up men; the olive waves
With roots deep set in battle graves.
Through the harsh noises of the day
A low, sweet prelude finds its way;
Through clouds of doubt and creeds of fear,
A light is breaking, calm and clear.
Henceforth my heart shall sigh no more
For olden time and holier shore;

God's love and blessing, then and there,
Are now, and here, and everywhere.

THE POOR SHALL HAVE A SHARE OF IT." Towards the close of last century, a young woman, the daughter of a yeoman farmer in a secluded vale in the West Riding of Yorkshire, determined to leave home and push her way in the world. She had received a Christian upbringing, and had been taught to make her Bible her guide through life; but some how she thought that justice was not done her at home, and being of an independent spirit, she

The tribes will thus be exterminated at a blow, to appear no more in our history. The individuals will come under the influence of our institutions, to flourish or fade away accord-resolved to try what she could do for herself. ing to their merits.

FRIENDSHIP.

O true and noble friend!-too far away,
(Thou on the prairie, I beside the sea)-
The spring, that should be here, makes long delay,
And not a flower is open to the bee.
Meanwhile, from thee, the west wind comes to say,
Thy feet are walking where the fields are fair,
And nests are in the boughs that late were bare.
Thou hast the early season, I the late.

For thee, the blossoms of the orchard blow;
On me, the sea-gulls and the fog-wreaths wait.
Thus nature, with the fickleness of fate,

Deals out her favors with unequal band.

But be her temper gentle or unkind,
Her changes cannot change the equal mind.

Can leagues that lie between us loose the band

Her first situation was hard and humble enough. In a farm house on the hill that overlooks the town of Halifax, she did in her own person the work of kitchen maid, house-maid and cook, besides milking half a dozen cows morning and evening, and spinning no end of wool, thirtysix hanks to the pound-an achievement, we are told, in which few could have rivalled her. In the midst of all this work, she had a matrimonial business on hand; but here, too, difficulty beset her; for as John Crossly was ouly a carpet weaver, her father told her that if she ever married him, she should never see his face again.

Perplexed between her father's wishes, and

By which, though palms unclasp, yet hearts do the voice of an affection she could not stifle, cling?

she sought counsel from above; and turning

placed alongside the existing mills, looks like a hut beside a palace. One can understand how the old woman, accustomed to so much smaller a scale of operations, should have felt alarm at the rapid expansion of the business, and warned her sons that a crash might come some day. "We are well insured," was the answer of one of them; "insured on the principle, Honor the Lord with thy substance, and with the first fruits of all thine increase. So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall | burst with new wine."