MUNK, SALOMON: orientalist: b. Glogau, Silesia, of Jewish parentage, 1805, May 14. He was educated in Berlin, Bonn, and Paris; studied the oriental languages; and was custodian of oriental manuscripts in the National Library at Paris 1840-52. He subsequently traveled in Egypt and Syria; became entirely blind; and, despite his affliction, was appointed prof. of Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac in the College of France 1865. M. published numerous works, including an annotated edition of Maimonides's Doctor Perplexorum; Palestine: Geographical and Historical Description; Commentary of Rabbi Tanchoum of Jerusalem on the Book of Habakkouk; Reflections on the Worship of the Ancient Hebrews and its Harmony with other Worships of Antiquity; and many articles on Arabic and Hebrew philosophy in Dictionnaire des Sciences Philosophiques.

MUNKÁCS, môn-kâch': market-town of Hungary, on an affluent of the Theiss, 178 m. n.e. of Pesth. The inhabitants are mostly artisans, and the chief production is hosiery. There are also alum manufactories, salt, petre-works, and, in the vicinity, iron-works, and mines of rock-crystal, called Hungarian diamonds. A short distance east from the town is the fortress (founded 1359) of M. upon an isolated height, which, though small and insignificant-looking, yet, from its strong walls and advantageous position, has, for the last few centuries, withstood many a siege. Since the beginning of the 19th c. it has been used as a state-prison.-Pop. (1880) 9,644.

MUNKACZY, môn-kât'se, MIHÁLY (Michael): Hungarian painter: b. Munkacs, Hungary, 1846, Oct. 10; real name Michael Lieb. His parents were slain by the Russians, and he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. He worked as a carpenter at Arad six years; then studied art at Pesth 1863; at Gyula (in portrait painting); then at the Vienna Acad.; next in Munich, under Franz Adam, where he won three first prizes; and at Düsseldorf, in genre painting, achieving his first distinction, 1869, by his Last Day of a Condemned Man. He removed to Paris, 1872; worked much in scenes of Paris life 1876; executed Milton dictating Paradise Lost, 1878; Christ before Pilate, 1881; Christ on Calvary, 1883-4, an immense canvas, 19 x 25 ft., representing the terror of the moment of the death on the cross; and Last Moments of Mozart, 1895. The last three were specially exhibited in New York 1886-7, and two of them were sold-the Christ be fore Pilate to John Wanamaker, Philadelphia, for more than $100,000; and the Mozart to R. A. Alger, for $50,000, and given by him to the Detroit Museum. M. married, 1874, the Baroness de Marches.

MUNNION: see MULLION.

MUNSHI, or MOONSHRE, 1. môn'shẻ [Ar.]: see MOON

ВНЕЕ

MUNSON, mănʼson, ÆNEAS: 1734, June 24-1826, June 16: physician: b. New Haven, Conn. He graduated at Yale 1753, acted there as tutor and studied divinity under Pres. Stiles; was chaplain in the army 1755; studied medicine under Dr. John Darby, and began practice, Bedford, N. Y., 1756; removed 1760 to New Haven; was a physician of great repute more than 50 years, pres. of Conn. Med. Society, several times member of legislature during the Revolution, and prof. in Yale Med. School from its organization to his death.

MUNSTER, mun ́ster: largest of the four provinces of Ireland. It occupies the s. w., and is bounded n. by Connaught, e. by Leinster, w. and s. by the Atlantic; 6,064,579 statute acres. It contains six counties, Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford: see these titles. Pop. (1841) larger than that of any of the other provinces; (1871) 1,393,485; (1881) 1,323,910; (1891) 1,168,994.

MÜNSTER, mün'ster: chief town of the dist. of M., and cap. of all Westphalia; in a sandy plain, midway between Cologne and Bremen; 65 m. n.e. of Düsseldorf; 51° 55′ n. lat., 7° 40′ e. long., at the confluence of the Aa with the Münster canal Pop. (1880) 40,434; (180) 48,613.

M., which is a bishopric, and the seat of a military council, a high court of appeal, and other governmental tribunals, is one of the handsomest towns of Westphalia, retaining numerous remains of mediæval architecture, whose quaint picturesqueness is enhanced by the nu merous trees and shady alleys by which the squares and streets are ornamented. Among its 14 churches, of which the majority are Rom. Cath., the most noteworthy are the cathedral, built between the 13th and 15th c., and despoiled of all its internal decorations by the Anabaptists; Our Lady's Church, with its noble tower; the splendid Gothic church of St Lambert, in the marketplace, finished in the 13th c., on whose tower may still be seen the three iron cages in which the bodies of the Anabaptist leaders, John of Leyden, Knipperdolling, and Krechting, were suspended, after they had suffered the most horrible death; and the church dedicated to St. Lugderus, the first bp. of M., with its singular round tower, surmounted by an octagonal lantern. The Gothic town-hall possesses historical interest in being the spot at which, 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was signed in a large hall, lately restored, which contains portraits of all the ambassadors who were parties to the treaty. The palace, built 1767, is surrounded by fine pleasure-grounds, including horticultural and botanical gardens, connected with the academy; and these, with the ramparts, which, since the Seven Years' War, have been converted into public walks, form a great attraction to the city. M. is well provided with institutions of charity and benevolence. The old Rom. Cath. Univ. of M. was dismembered 1818, and its funds apportioned to other educational establishments; and the present

acad. which comprises a Rom. Cath. theological and a philosophical faculty, is now the principal school: it has a library of 50,000 vols., a nat. history museum, and various collections of art and antiquity. M. has one gymnasium, a normal school for female teachers, and a number of town schools. The industrial products include leather, woolen fabrics, thread, starch, and sugar; and there are good carriage manufactories, breweries, and distilleries. The trade is limited to the produce of the country, the principal of which are the noted Westphalian ham and sausages.

M. was known under the name Mimigardevorde in the time of Charlemagne, who, 791, appointed it as the see of the new bp. of the Saxons, St. Ludgerus. Toward the middle of the 11th c. a monastery was founded on the spot, which in course of time derived the present name of the town from its vicinity to the minster, or monastery. In the 12th c., the bishopric was elevated into a principality of the empire. In the 13th c., the city was incorporated in the Hanseatic League; and 1532, it declared its adhesion to the Reformed faith, notwithstanding the violent opposition of the chapter. During 1535 and 6, M. was the scene of the violent politico-religious movement of the Anabaptists, when the excesses of these pretended reformers worked a violent reaction in the minds of the people, which had the effect of restoring the prestige of the episcopal power; and though the citizens occasionally made good their attempted acts of opposition to their spiritual rulers, they were finally reduced to submission under Bp. Christopher Bernhard of St. Gall, who having, 1662, built a strong citadel within the city, transferred the episcopal place of residence thither from Koesfeld, where it had been established by earlier bishops. In the Seven Years' War, M. was repeatedly besieged and taken by both the belligerent parties. The bishopric of M., which since 1719 had been merged in the archbishopric of Cologne, though it retained a special form of government, was secularized 1803, and divided among various royal houses; but subsequently shared in the common fate of other German provinces, and was for a time incorporated with France. The Congress of Vienna gave the greater part of the principality to Prussia, a small portion being apportioned to the House of Oldenburg, while Hanover acquired possession of the Münster territories of the mediatized Dukes of Aremberg.

MUNT JAK (Cervus muntjac, Cervulus vaginalis, or Styl ocerus muntjac): species of deer, abundant in Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the same region; about onefifth larger than the roebuck, which it considerably resembles in form. It is a solitary animal, and inhabits dense thickets and forest-covered hills. The horns are remarkable, as there springs from the common base of each an additional horn about an inch and a half in length; the principal horn, which is simple, curved, and pointed, being about five inches in length. The female

has no horns. The male has large canine teeth or tusks which also are lacking in the female. Allied species are found in India and China.

MUNTZ METAL, n. munts: an alloy used in the form of thin plates for the sheathing of ships: see under METAL.

MÜNZER, münt sér, THOMAS: one of the leaders of the Anabaptists (q.v.): 1490-1525; b. Stolberg, in the Harz. He took his degree A.M. at Wittenberg, and for some time preached the doctrines of the Reformation in Zwickau and other places. Ere long, however, he adopted mystic views, and declaimed against what he called the 'servile, literal, and half' measures of the Reformers, requiring a radical reformation both in church and state according to his inward light.' He was a socialist, with semi-pantheistic views; and sought to establish a theocracy. Proclaiming an entire community of goods, he incited the populace to plunder the houses of the wealthy. Mühlhausen fell for a time under his sway, and that of another fanatic named Pfeifer, who joined him. He was active in the Peasant War, and inflamed the spirits of the insurgents by the wildest speeches and songs; but they were utterly defeated 1525, May 15, after a severe conflict, at Frankenhausen, by the Elector John and Duke George of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, and the Duke of Brunswick. M. fled, but was taken and carried to Mühlhausen, where he was beheaded with Pfeifer and a number of others. He showed no dignity or courage in the closing scenes of his life. See Strobel's Leben Schriften und Lehren Thom. Münzer's (Nürnb. 1795); Seidemann's Thom. Münzer (Dresd. and Leips. 1842); and Heinrich Leo in the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung (Berl. 1856),

MURENA, mu-re na: genus of malacopterous fishes, of those to which the name Eel is commonly given; all the eels being sometimes included in the family Muranida: see EEL. The true Muræna have no fins, except the dorsal and anal, which are low and fleshy. They have one row of sharp teeth in each jaw. The head is very large, and the jaws are moved with great power. The M. of the Romans, or MURRY (M. helena), abounds in the Mediterranean, and is sometimes of large size, four feet or more in length, golden yellow in front, and purple toward the tail, beautifully banded and mottled. It is much thicker in proportion to its length than any of the fresh-water eels. Its flesh is white and highly esteemed. It prefers salt water, but can accommodate

itself to a fresh-water pond. The ancient Romans kept and fed it in vivaria. That Vedius Pollio fed his murenas with offending slaves is a familiar story. This M. has been caught on the British shores. Allied is the genus Sidera, found in the Pacific.

MURAGE, n. mu rāj [L. murus, a wall]: money paid for keeping the walls of a city in repair.

MURAL, a. mū ́răl [F. mural-from murālis, belonging to a wall-from murus, a wall: It. murale]: pertaining to or resembling walls. MURAL CIRCLE, the principal fixed instrument in an observatory, consisting of a large graduated circle fixed on a solid perpendicular_wall (see CIRCLE, MURAL). MURAL CROWN, in anc. Rome, the crown bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged town, and fixed there the standard of the army. In her., a crown in the form of the top of a circular tower, masoned and embattled, representing the crown given by the Romans as a mark of distinc who first mounted the walls of a

Mural Crown. tion to the soldier besieged town.