Governor Andros. Sir Edmund Andros came over to the colony with a determination to straighten out affairs. His rule was looked upon as very tyrannical, because he took away many local privileges of the towns. He levied and collected new taxes and he proceeded to expend the money as he saw fit. Fortunately he was honest in his dealings and sincere in his wish to improve the colony. It was said that he rebuilt a number of the public buildings, constructed good roads, erected shipping wharves, and made other public improvements.

While Rhode Island and Connecticut were not interfered with, yet the king concluded that it would be better to unite all of the northern colonies under one government. Hence, a plan was arranged to place New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire under rule of Andros as well as Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. This displeased the respective colonies, and in many instances Andros was forced to limit privileges in order to control the situation. He was thoroughly disliked for his so-called tyranny. Recent writers are inclined to agree, however, that, upon the whole, Andros was one of the best of the early governors of this district and that he was kind-hearted and gentlemanly in his treatment of the people and only severe with certain opposing factions.

Massachusetts' New Charter. - When James II. was deposed by the English people in 1688, and William and Mary came to the throne, changes were made in the government of the colonies in America. Andros was recalled, and Massachusetts received a new charter. Though it was not as liberal as she had hoped, yet it was larger in its privileges of self-government and was retained until the American Revolution. Maine and Plymouth were also added to Massachusetts, and Rhode Island and Connecticut were allowed to resume their former governments.

New England Colonies.

TOPICAL OUTLINE

I. Council for New England.

II. The Puritans.

1. Religious Oppression.

2. Holland a Refuge.

3. Founding of Plymouth, 1620.
4. Mayflower Compact.
5. The Indians.

III. Massachusetts Bay Company.
1. Settlements.

2. Government.

3. Prosperity.

a. Commerce.

b. Agriculture.

IV. Maine.

V. New Hampshire, 1623.

VI. Connecticut, 1638.

1. Dutch Forced Out.

2. English Settlements in Connecticut.

3. Pequot War.

4. King Philip's War.

5. New Haven Colony.

VII. Religious Controversies.
1. Roger Williams.

2. Anne Hutchinson.
3. Mary Dyer.

VIII. Rhode Island, 1636.

1. Providence and Other Settlements.
2. Religious Tolerance.

IX. Massachusetts Loses her Charter.

1. Demands of Charles II.

2. Colonies that Complied.

3. Defiance of Massachusetts.

4. Governor Andros.

X. Massachusetts Receives New Charter.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What prompted the settlement of New England?
2. Who took up the work of the Plymouth Company?

3. Who were the Puritans? Why were some of these people called Pilgrims?

4. Under what circumstances was Plymouth founded? Give the date of this settlement.

5. What was meant by the Mayflower Compact?

6. How did the Indians treat the Plymouth settlers?

7. Who organized the Massachusetts Bay Company?

8. What were the principal industries of the Massachusetts people?

9. What attempts were made to settle Maine and New Hampshire?

10. Who led a colony into Connecticut? What other nation made a settlement in this region?

II. Who were the following: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Thomas Hooker, Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason?

12. Give an account of the Indian Wars in New England.

13. Explain how Massachusetts lost her charter.

14. What do you know of the rule of Sir Edward Andros?

15. How did Massachusetts receive a new charter?

Fiske: New England.

REFERENCES

Lodge: The American Colonies.

Thwaites: The American Colonies.

Selected Poems: The Landing of the Pilgrims, Hemans. Sir Hum

phrey Gilbert, Tennyson.

CHAPTER VI

THE MIDDLE COLONIES

New York. The Dutch claimed the land drained by the Hudson River because of the expedition of Henry Hudson. The attractive scenery, general fertility of the soil, and opportunities of trade with the Indians prompted

the Dutch to secure this district. In 1612 some merchants in Holland sent out two explorers, Christiansen and Blok, to the island of Manhattan, where they built a fort. This was attacked by Governor Argall of Virginia in 1613, but not destroyed. In 1614 Blok entered and explored the Connecticut River and visited Narragansett Bay and gave

the name Rhode Island (Roode Island) to this district. The Dutch traders then began building a series of forts on the Connecticut, the Hudson, and the Delaware rivers and opened up an active fur trade with the Indians.

Dutch West India Company. In 1621 the famous Dutch West India Company was formed and granted a twenty-year charter by the government of Holland. Under

this charter the company had the right to the monopoly of the trade on the "west coast of Africa from Cape Verd to the Cape of Good Hope; in all islands lying in the Atlantic Ocean; on the east coast of America from Newfoundland to the Straits of Magellan; and even beyond the Straits on its west coast, and in the southern lands which at that time were still believed to stretch from Cape Horn across the South Pacific to New Guinea. All the nonEuropean regions of the globe were thus divided by the States-General."