(c) Who were the candidates?

(d) What attitude did each party take toward slavery? 2. (a) Why did South Carolina secede from the Union?

(b) What action did the President and Congress then take toward South Carolina?

3. (a) Name the states that followed South Carolina's example. (b) Were any efforts made to heal the breach between the North and South at this time?

4. Give an account of the organization of the Southern Confederacy.

5. What is meant by the expression "Fort Sumter becomes the test"?

6. (a) When did the war between the states begin?

(b) Did either side realize the extent of the conflict?

REFERENCES

Wilson: Division and Reunion.

Richardson: Messages of the Presidents.
Davis: The Confederate Government.

CHAPTER XXII

THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES

Neutrality of the Border States. At the opening of the war the border states, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union, but they desired to

Their

take a neutral position on the question of the war. governors refused to answer President Lincoln's call for volunteers. Yet in all of these states there were men who

were strongly inclined to take one or the other side of the issue. In Maryland this feeling went to the degree of serious preparations on the part of the secessionists to surround Washington and to cut it off from communication with the North. Many northern regiments hastened to the relief of Washington. With these stationed in and about the national capital, it was impossible for Maryland to take any further measures toward secession.

Struggle in Missouri. In the month of May, 1861, sharp encounters took place between the Federal and Confederate factions in Missouri; and for a time it seemed hard to decide which side would get control of the state. Captain Nathaniel Lyon of the United States army organized the Federal forces and broke up the Confederate camp. near St. Louis. The governor, who was in favor of the southern cause, was driven from the capital. It was not long before Missouri became one of the military bases of the Federal government.

West Virginia Organized. Forty-five counties of western Virginia refused to join their state when she seceded. In May they called a convention at Wheeling for the purpose of adopting a separate constitution. President Davis made an attempt to put down this state rebellion, but the small detachment of Confederate troops that were sent into the district were defeated by General McClellan, and a Federal military base established at Wheeling. Later the discontented counties organized themselves into the state of West Virginia.

Comparative Strength of the Opponents. - In 1861 the opposing sides stood in the ratio of eleven southern, or Confederate, states, and nineteen northern, or Federal, states. The North had the advantage of large numbers. At the outbreak of the war she had a population of twentytwo millions. Then the South had barely nine millions, of which three million and a half were slaves. But the South

presented the best organization of sentiment. All of the North had not become entirely sympathetic with President Lincoln and his policies. This was due, perhaps, to the fact that in the North one in every fifteen of its population was foreign-born, but in the South the people were upon the whole native southerners, whose ancestors had lived for years on southern soil and who were identified with southern interests.

The northern states had greater wealth in diversified farming and manufactures than the South. In the early days of the war there was but one foundry in the South that could make cannon and not a powder mill in the Confederate states; on the other hand, there were many flourishing arms factories and powder mills in active operation in the northern states. The North had a number of vessels in her merchant marine; and besides this there were many branch companies of foreign vessels located in her cities which were a great aid in the import and export trade of the country. The northern leaders had also control of the Federal government, which gave them the advantage of international treaties, control of the army and navy, the ownership of ordnance works, the collection of extensive revenue taxes on foreign and domestic trade, and of many other minor details that became advantageous as the war proceeded. The South was on the defensive and had the advantage of position. Most of the fighting was done on southern soil in regions comparatively well known to the southern forces. The fact that southern territory was being invaded by a hostile army roused the feeling of patriotism and home protection to the highest pitch. When war was declared, southerners in the United States army and navy resigned and cast their fortunes with their native states. So large was the number of resignations among the higher officers that it was necessary for the United States government to reorganize its forces.

In the matter of well-trained forces, the South had the most experienced and efficient officers. The rank and file of the Confederate army were men who were reared more or less in the open, on plantations and farms, or in cities closely allied with agricultural interests, and they were accustomed to horseback riding and hunting. In the recent war with Mexico most of the volunteers had come from the South, so that many of the Confederate soldiers had had some experience in army life.

The resources of the South were limited to agriculture. "Cotton was king" throughout most of the states. Sugar, tobacco, rice, and corn were raised; and, if trade with foreign countries could be continued, these products might be exchanged for army and civil supplies. The plantations were worked by slaves, so that in the event of the men's leaving for active service in the army, the cultivation of the estates could still be carried on by the trained negro workmen. But the South had no vessels; in her manufactures she was very limited; and she was totally dependent upon outsiders for arms and munitions of war. Her wealth was centered in agriculture; and, if this were not adequately continued, or if there were blockades to prevent the export of raw material, then conditions would be direful.

The Confederate government was too new to have attained any foreign treaties or commercial recognition as a nation. Both England and France were friendly and desirous of seeing the new republic established, yet no definite treaties were made except a general proclamation of neutrality.

The Theater of the War. The South was geographically divided into three regions that were destined to become the scenes of the active campaigns. The first was the long, narrow strip of coast lying east of the Alleghany Mountains. This was of marked political value because within this section were Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy;