stitution and strong protection of the sovereign or original rights of the states. When Washington's refusal of the nomination for a third term was received, the Federalists announced as their candidate John Adams; the AntiFederalists supported Thomas Jefferson. Adams won, and according to the custom of the time, Jefferson, who received the next highest number of votes, was elected Vice President. As this was not a wise provision, an amend

JOHN MARSHALL.

ment to the Constitution was made whereby the President and the Vice President should thereafter be of the same platform or party.

Foreign Affairs. When Adams assumed the affairs of government he was confronted with the same difficulties. concerning foreign affairs as had disturbed Washington's administration. France, still offended by Jay's treaty, indignantly dismissed the American minister,

General Pinckney, and began capturing our vessels. Adams was obliged to call an extra session of Congress and to send John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to meet with Pinckney to try to adjust affairs with France.

The French government sent commissioners to inform the Americans that negotiations for peace might be arranged if the American government would pay a certain sum to the members of the " Directory," as the French government was called. Pinckney was disgusted and indignantly de

clared that the United States would pay "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." Adams in making his report to Congress referred to the Agents as Mr. X, Mr. Y, and Mr. Z, and because of this, the episode is called the "X, Y, Z affair."

This incident caused great feeling in America; the former sympathy for France was turned into enmity; and Pinckney's stirring words became the cry all over the country. So great was the feeling of resentment that French colors and flags were put aside, and French fashions, which had been very popular, were discarded. The American government looked upon the situation as serious enough to reënforce the army and order the construction of some new war vessels. Napoleon realized that the situation was critical, and he quickly readjusted matters so that the question of war was dropped.

Alien and Sedition Laws. All through this period in America there was strong sympathy with the Federalist party in regard to the war with France. Now it looked as if the entire nation would support the policies of this faction, but the leaders overstepped their power by enacting some very objectionable laws. Among these was the Naturalization Act, which provided that a foreigner must reside in America fourteen years before he could become a citizen.

The Alien Act gave the President power to send out of the country any foreigner whom he might judge to be in any way dangerous to the peace and welfare of the country. Under this act, trial by jury was not necessary. Both of these acts seemed to give the President far more power than the Constitution had intended.

The next act, known as the Sedition Law, declared fine and imprisonment for "false, scandalous, and malicious writings" against the government or any official. This was declared to be an attempt to limit freedom of expression and to cut off the freedom of the press. Both Hamilton and

Q

John Marshall, who were stanch Federalists, were opposed to these acts. It was only a short time until the AntiFederalists were loud in their denunciation of the new laws.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799.-Against these acts James Madison drafted some vigorous resolutions, which the Virginia legislature promptly adopted. Kentucky, also, adopted a set of resolutions that had been prepared by Thomas Jefferson and that were more intense in their denunciation of President Adams' action. The latter declared that the states had a right to judge of the constitutionality of any laws passed by Congress. This led the way for strong sentiment in favor of nullification.

So unpopular were Adams and his party, because of this legislation, that the opposition laid the plan for their defeat in the next election. Thomas Jefferson, the great leader of the Anti-Federalist or Democrat-Republican Party, and Aaron Burr, a wily politician of New York, were elected over Adams and Pinckney.

New Government.

TOPICAL OUTLINE

I. Washington Chosen President.

II. First Cabinet.

III. Work of Congress.

IV. National Capital.

V. Payment of National Debt.

VI. Establishment of National Bank.

VII. United States Mint.

VIII. Indian Troubles.

IX. British Troops in Northwest.

X. Navigation of the Mississippi River.

XI. Problem of Neutrality.

XII. Jay's Treaty.

XIII. Election of John Adams.

XIV. Foreign Affair.

XV. Alien and Sedition Acts.

XVI. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Describe the organization of the new government.

2. Give an account of Washington's inauguration.

3. Whom did the President choose for his cabinet officers? For what department was each chosen?

4. What were the important issues before the President and Congress?

5. What was Hamilton's plan in regard to the national debt?

6. Describe the establishment of the first national bank.

7. Where was the first mint erected?

8. What system of money did the United States adopt?

9. Give an account of the Indian troubles during Washington's administration.

10. What foreign troubles disturbed Washington's administration?

II. What treaties were made at this time?

12. What advice did Washington give the American people in his farewell address?

13. What was meant by the terms: Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

14. Give an account of the election of President Adams.

15. What was the French Naval War?

16. What was the X. Y. Z. affair?

17. What were the Alien and Sedition Laws? Why were these laws passed?

18. Who opposed these laws? Why?

Lodge: George Washington.

Hinsdale: Old Northwest.

Fiske: The Critical Period.

REFERENCES

CHAPTER XIII

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Inauguration of Jefferson.

After the Americans won their independence, it was generally thought that the new nation had gone far ahead in ideas of democracy

and the rights of man.

The idea of equal rights

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

had become one of the

most absorbing topics in Europe. This was especially so in France, where Democratic leaders swept away all the old-time ideas of royalty, and class distinctions became unknown. Many Americans looked upon the French Revolution with sympathetic interest; throughout the country French ideas and litera

ture were discussed; and clubs were formed that fostered these new phases of thought.

Among the most ardent of these advocates was Thomas Jefferson, the great leader of the Anti-Federalists. From a social standpoint, Jefferson represented an old aristocratic family of Virginia. He was well educated, a brilliant lawyer, a devoted student of philosophy, a well-versed