9. What are the essential points of difference between a vertebrate and an invertebrate animal, and why are the jaws of an Insect not homologous with those of a Carnivorous Mammal.

10. Refer to their respective genus, order, and class the following animals, viz., shell, ammonite; auk, calamary, cicada, crayfish, dugong, emeu, jaguar, lemur, may-fly, mud-fish, scallop, seasquirt, walrus.

PHYSIOLOGY.

Examiner-MR. R. LYDEKKER, B. A.

1. Describe the general structure of bone, noticing its chemical composition, and stating what function it performs in the body. 2. Distinguish between "flesh-forming" and heat-giving" foods; and state what becomes of any surplus of the latter which may be taken with the body, and what changes starch undergoes after it is received into the mouth.

3. What are the respirative functions of the ribs and of the diaphragm in respiration, and what are the chief muscles called into play during their respective actions ?

4. Give examples of the three orders of levers which occur in the human body, and also of "ball-and-socket," "hinge," and "pivot" joints.

5. Describe the structure of the internal ear, and the respirative functions of the "auditory ossicles" and of the "scala tympani."

6. Describe the structure of a nerve, and define the terms "neurilemma," "axis-cylinder," and "tactile corpuscle."

7. What are the proximate constituents of the blood, and what are the points which distinguish the red from the colorless corpuscles? 8. Many persons are born with the surface of the cornea more convex than usual, or with the respective power of the eye increased in some other way; which very generally, as old age draws on, the cornea flattens." Explain (by a diagram if you can) the defects of vision included in these two cases, and their respective causes.

9. Draw a rough diagram of the human thorax and abdomen exhibiting the relative positions of the aorta, cœcum, liver, lung, pancreas, pneumogastric nerve, pulmonary artery, spleen, stomach, and transverse colon.

PSYCHOLOGY.

Examiner-REV. J. ROBERTSON, M. A.

1. Define Mind; and explain how we obtain our knowledge of it, and what are the difficulties of psychological investigation. State and expound the Law by which, according to Hamilton, our knowledge of Mind is limited. Explain the distinction of subject and object.

2. Explain Hamilton's classification of mental phenomena, and reproduce the arguments by which he defends it.

3. Explain, and illustrate by referring to memory, the relation of Consciousness to the other faculties according (1) to Reid and (2) Hamilton. Is Hamilton's criticism of Reid consistent with his own recognition of a faculty of internal Perception ?

4.

What are "facts of Consciousness," and what are their criteria? Hamilton contends that facts of Consciousness may be considered from two points of view, and asserts that while we must accept their testimony from one of these we may possibly reject it from the other. Illustrate this by reference to Perception and Personality.

5. Give Hamilton's explanation of Distraction, and apply his theory of unconscious mental modifications to our acquired dexterities.

6. State precisely the principal point in dispute with regard to Perception. Explain the various forms of the doctrine of Mediate Perception, and state concisely how Hamilton meets objections to Natural Realism. In what respects does Reid misrepresent Des. cartes' view of Perception ?

7. Explain necessity of Thought, and distinguish positive from negative necessity. Show how we obtain these notions, and give instances of each. In what respect is necessity a criterion of truth? Sketch the history of this doctrine.

8. State and discuss the question as to how Locke's recognition of Reflection as a source of knowledge affects the character of his philosophical system.

9. Explain and give Hamilton's proof of the following Laws:(1.) Knowledge and feeling, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of cach other.

(2.) Thoughts or mental activities, having once formed parts of the same total thought or mental activity, tend ever after immediately to suggest each other.

10.

State fully and contrast (1) the views of Brown and Hamilton as to the phenomenon of Causality, and (2) the views of Hume, Locke, and Hamilton as to the explanation of the pheno

menon.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC AND MORAL SCIENCE.
Examiner-MR. A. E. GOUGH, M. A.
Inductive Logic.

1. An event happens now and here. Iinstantaneously judge that under similar circumstances it will happen at all times and in all places. State the three views held concerning the origin of this and the like judgments.

2. State and illustrate the rules of scientific observation and experiment. Classify and exemplify the fallacies of mis-observation. 3. "A terminology is indispensably requisite in giving fixity to a nomenclature." Explain this. How is a natural species usually

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defined? Is the relation of a species to a genus the same as that of a variety to a species? Give reasons for your answer.

:

4. Test the legitimacy of the following hypotheses:(a.) The Cartesian hypothesis of vortices or whirlpools of ether floating the planets round, as a chip revolves in an eddy of a stream. (b.) The hypothesis of the ancients that the planets revolved in solid crystalline spheres.

(c.) The hypothesis of chemical combustion as the cause of the generation and maintenance of the solar heat.

"Even though an hypothesis may ultimately be discovered to be false, it may be of great service in pointing the way to a truer theory." Illustrate the truth of this remark from the history of science.

5. Write the canons of the several Inductive Methods. Dr. Whewell does not admit their utility. State and criticise his account of the inductive process.

ment.

Point out the characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agree Give examples of the successful application of that method. Point out the peculiar advantage of the Joint Method of Agreement and Disagreement.

6. Prove by familiar example that the Inductive Methods are employed spontaneously in the formation of every-day experience, no less than reflectively in the construction of science.

Point out the difference between Induction by Simple Enumera. tion and Induction by the Method of Agreement.

What is the logical character of a complete enumeration of instances known to be a complete enumeration?

7. Indicate the methods employed in the following inductive inferences:

(a.) There is in the sun a central force attracting the planets towards it. On the supposition of such a force the planet will describe, as we know by Kepler's first law that it does describe, equal areas in equal times. If the force acted in any other direction whatever, the planet would not describe equal areas in equal times.

(b.) The brain is the principal organ of mind. The physical pain of excessive mental excitement is localised in the head. Injury or disease of the brain affects the mental powers. A blow on the head suspends the consciousness. Physical alterations of the nervous system, as seen after death, are connected with loss of speech, loss of memory, insanity, &c. The products of nervous waste are more abundant after mental excitement. In the animal series intelligence increases with the development of the brain. The human brain greatly exceeds that of the lower animals; and the most advanced races of men have the largest brains. In general, men of intellectual eminence have brains of unusual size. Idiots commonly have small brains.

(c.) The community is an organism. It has a life and intelli, gence of its own. Like an individual organism, e. g., the human body, a society begins as a small aggregation, and insensibly increases in mass; it is at first simple in structure, but becomes, as it grows, more and more complex; its parts gradually acquire a mutual dependence; its life and development is independent of, and far more prolonged than, the life and development of any of its component units.

Fleming's Moral Philosophy.

1. In daily life every one is insensibly laying up not experience only but also power. Explain this, and point out what portion of the power thus laid up is moral.

Compare instinct and habit. How is a habit formed, and what is the test of its complete formation? Are habits transmissible from generation to generation? Explain the words of Pascal: "What is nature? Perhaps a first habit, as habit is a second nature."

2. State the Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean concep tions of the nature or foundation of virtue. Point out their affinity to modern conceptions.

3. (a.) It has been held that a certain fitness, suitableness, or propriety in actions, as determined by the understanding or the reason, is the foundation of virtue. Explain this. State the doctrines of Cudworth, Clarke, and Price.

(b.) It has been held that human nature is itself the foundation of virtue. Explain this. State the doctrines of Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, and Butler.

4. "Morality is the art of maximising happiness, one's own and "that of others. The good is the pleasurable judiciously estimated "and selected." Give a brief historical notice of this doctrine. What name has it received in modern times, and from whom? Point out the objections to which this doctrine is exposed.

5. Prove the existence of a sense of duty both in the individual and in the community. Discuss its origin. Account for its local and temporal variations in the human race.

Explain the distinction of duties into duties of imperfect, and duties of perfect, obligation.

6. Classify (after Fleming) human duties in detail, according to the several relations in which men are placed. Describe fully the process of self-culture.

7. Locke recognises a meaning in liberty as opposed to coercion, but not as opposed to necessity. He defines liberty as our being able to act or not to act according as we shall choose or will, cuss the adequacy of this definition.

Dis

8. State the proofs of the existence of the Deity proposed severally by Plato, Anselm, Descartes, Leibnitz, Clarke, and Kant. Explain the following positions :

:

(a.) "No name can be predicated univocally of God and of creatures; yet they are not predicated merely equivocally. We must say, then, that such names are predicated of God and of creatures according to analogy."

(b.) The nature of God is a law to His working, and consequently to His will; for that perfection which God is, giveth per fection to what He doeth."

(c.) 'Governing according to law and reason, and governing according to will and pleasure, are on earth the most opposite forms of government, while in heaven they are nothing but two different names for the same thing."

Butler.

1. Note the several propositions implied in the conception of a divine government of the world. Explain Butler's purpose in show

ing these propositions to be consistent with the facts of present experience. Point out the assumption that underlies his whole procedure, and the class of objectors against whom his arguments are relevant. Show that, this fundamental assumption granted, his arguments afford a sufficient assurance for the conduct of life.

2. "We find within ourselves the idea of infinity, i. e., of im"mensity and eternity, impossible even in imagination to be removed "out of being. We seem to discern intuitively there must and can"not but be something external to ourselves, answering this idea, "or the archetype of it." Of what school is this the theistic argument? Criticise its validity. Mention other theistic arguments to which Butler incidentally refers. Give Butler's statement of the external or historical evidence of the truth of natural religion. What degree of weight does he attach to it ?

"If upon supposition of freedom the evidence of religion be conclusive, it remains so upon supposition of necessity." Prove this.

3. In treating of a future life, what use does Butler make of the natural expectation that the future will resemble the past?

"The reason of the thing shows us no connection between death and the destruction of living agents." Give Butler's arguments in defence of this position. Examine his statement of the relation of the faculties to the brain and nervous system.

How does he dispose of the corollary of the possible immortality of the lower animals?

4. "The natural government of the world is carried on by general laws." Show that the absence of particular interpositions is consistent with divine wisdom and goodness.

"The analogy of God's natural government makes it credible "that His moral government must be a scheme beyond our com"prehension." Prove this.

5. "Men are one body." Prove by analysis of the moral nature of man that the individual exists for others no less than for himself; that he is a unit of society. The moral nature varies in individuals. How does Butler fix the typical moral constitution? It is objected that man has dispositions and principles within, which lead him to do evil to others, as well as to do good. Give Butler's answer to this objection.

6.

Define a constitution. Describe the inter-relation of the several moral (emotional and active) elements of human nature.

"Every man is naturally a law to himself." Point out the several senses of the word nature, and show that for a man to follow the instinct or principle that happens to be uppermost at the moment is not to live agreeably to nature.

Explain the nature of the moral sanction or source of obligation. Show that men contradict that part of their nature that respects self, no less than that part of their nature that respects society. How comes it that they do so?

7. Give the characteristics of the moral faculty as expounded in the Dissertation on Virtue. Prove that benevolence and the want of it are not the whole of Virtue and Vice.