and raise the hand, and bear upon the bit as the fore-legs begin the next cadence. The result will be that the horse will stop without another step, for the heels. bring in and the weight of the body fixes the hind-legs, and the hand restrains and brings back the forces of the forehand, and prevent the mass advancing. These applications of the aids must be made with celerity and precision, but without violence.

The halt in the gallop is of benefit in preparing the horse for the changes of lead in that gait, for the horse accustomed to the halt in the gallop the application of the aids in making the change of lead will produce the momentary rest that permits him to change his leg with smoothness and accuracy.

TO BACK.

In backing the horse the offices of the forehand and croup are interchanged; for now the impulsion comes from the fore-hand, and the heels restrain. and direct the forces of the croup upon the course.

Standing at the head of the horse, the trainer will bring him into equilibrium, taking care that the shoulders and croup are in a line. Then with a tap of the whip upon the croup he will induce the beginning of a forward movement from that part by the raising of one of the hind-legs, but before the mass acquires the forward motion the horse will be made to carry the raised

hind-leg one

upon the bit.

and made to

step in rear, by a pressure He will then be collected

take one other step backwards in the same manner. The next day he may be made to take two consecutive steps; and he will be taught carefully and without haste until he will move back several steps and still retain his lightness.

The rider will then mount the horse, and, having brought him into equilibrium, will, by a pressure of the legs, induce the raising of one of the hind-legs, which with the balanced mass will be carried back one step by a pressure of the bit. The whole art of teaching the horse to back lies in these instructions; but the rider must proceed cautiously, so that the horse will acquire the movement

in an easy and light manner. Let him be satisfied with a few steps well done each day, until the horse acquires perfection in the movement. The legs will always be carried close to the sides of the horse to keep him straight, and to prevent the forces from yielding too much; the hand must influence the forces of the fore-hand only enough to produce the backward motion, without bringing them back so far as to destroy the equilibrium. When the rider wishes to stop the horse backing, he will increase the pressure of the legs and yield the hand in some cadence of the movement, and will start the horse forward in the walk without coming to a marked halt.

The horse may be made to go backwards with the actions of the trot or

the gallop, by the same means that are used to make him back in the motions of the walk.

WHEN LADIES RIDE.

All the instructions contained in these pages, except so far as regards those for gymnastics and for the seat, will apply to ladies, when the whip will take the place of the right leg of the man.

The whip should be strong and straight, and the horse will be trained to answer to its application in exactly the same way as to the pressure of the man's leg.

It is only necessary to say a few words about the seat. I have nothing