name, the article should be repeated: as, "A black and a white horse”—i. e. two horses, one black and the other white.

NOTE IV. When adjectives are connected, and the qualities all belong to the same thing or things, the article should not be repeated; as, “A black and white horse"-i. e. one horse, piebald.

OBS. 1.-The reason of the two preceding notes is this: by a repetition of the article before several adjectives in the same construction, a repetition of the noun is implied; but without a repetition of the article, the adjectives are confined to one and the same noun.

OBS. 2.-To avoid repetition, we sometimes, with one article, join inconsistent qualities to a plural noun; as, "The Old and New Testaments"for, "The Old and the New Testament." But the phrases, "The Old and New Testament," and "The Old and the New Testaments," are both obviously incorrect.

NOTE V. The article should not be used before the names of virtues, vices, passions, arts, or sciences; before simple proper names; or before any noun whose signification is sufficiently definite without it: as, "Falsehood is odious."-" Iron is useful."-" Beauty is vain."

NOTE VI-When titles are mentioned merely as titles, the article should not be used; as, "He is styled Marquis.”— Ought a teacher to call his pupil Master ?"

66

"He

NOTE VII.-In expressing a comparison, if both nouns refer to the same subject, the article should not be inserted; if to different subjects, it should not be omitted: thus, if we say, is a better teacher than poet," we compare different qualifications of the same man; but if we say, "He is a better teacher than a poet," we refer to different men.

NOTE VIII. The definite article, or some other definitive, is generally required before the antecedent to the pronoun who or which in a restrictive clause; as, "The men who were present, consented."

NOTE IX-The article is generally required in that construction which converts a participle into a verbal noun; as, "The completing of this, by the working-out of sin inherent, must be by the power and spirit of Christ, in the heart.”—Wm. Penn. 66 They shall be an abhorring unto all flesh.”—Isaiah, lxvi. 24.

NOTE X.-The article should not be prefixed to a participle that is not taken in all respects as a noun; as, "He made a mistake in the giving out the text." Expunge the.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE I.

[The Examples of False Syntax placed under the rules, are to be corrected orally by the pupil, according to the formules given, or according to others framed in like manner, and adapted to the several notes.]

Examples under Note 1.

He went into an house.

[Not proper, because the article an is used before house, which begins with the sound of the consonant h. But, according to Note 1st under Rule 1st, "When the indefinite article is required, a should always be used before the sound of a consonant, and an before that of a vowel." Therefore, an should be a; thus, He went into a house.]

This is an hard saying.

A humble heart shall find favour.

Passing from an earthly to an heavenly diadem.\
Few have the happiness of living with such an one.
She evinced an uniform adherence to the truth.
A hospital is an asylum for the sick.
This is truly an wonderful invention.
He is an younger man than we supposed.
An humorsome child is never long pleased.
A careless man is unfit for a hostler.

Under Note 2.

Avoid rude sports: an eye is soon lost, or bone broken.
As the drop of the bucket and dust of the balance.
Not a word was uttered, nor sign given.

I despise not the doer, but deed.

Under Note 3.

What is the difference between the old and new method?
The sixth and tenth have a close resemblance.

Is Paris on the right hand or left?

Does Peru join the Atlantic or Pacific ocean?

He was influenced both by a just and generous principle.
The book was read by the old and young.

I have both the large and small grammar.
Are both the north and south line measured?
Are the north line and south both measured?
Are both the north and south lines measured?
Are both the north lines and south measured?

Under Note 4.

Is the north and the south line measured?

Are the two north and the south lines both measured?
A great and a good man looks beyond time.

They made but a weak and an ineffectual resistance.
The Allegany and the Monongahela rivers form the Ohio.
I rejoice that there is an other and a better world.
Were God to raise up an other such a man as Moses.
The light and the worthless kernels will float.

Under Note 5.

Cleon was an other sort of a man.

There is a species of an animal called a seal.
Let us wait in the patience and the quietness.
The contemplative mind delights in the silence.
Arithmetic is a branch of the mathematics.
You will never have an other such a chance.
I expected some such an answer.

And I persecuted this way unto the death.

Under Note 6.

He is entitled to the appellation of a gentleman.
Cromwell assumed the title of a Protector.

Her father is honoured with the title of an Earl.
The chief magistrate is styled a President.
The highest title in the state is that of the Governor.

Under Note 7.

He is a better writer than a reader.

He was an abler mathematician than a linguist.
I should rather have an orange than apple.

Under Note 8.

Words which are signs of complex ideas, are liable to be mis understood.

Carriages which were formerly in use, were very clumsy.
The place is not mentioned by geographers who wrote at that

time.

Under Note 9.

Means are always necessary to accomplishing of ends.
By seeing of the eye, and hearing of the ear, learn wisdom.
In keeping of his commandments, there is great reward.
For revealing of a secret, there is no remedy.

Have you no repugnance to torturing of animals?

Under Note 10.

By the breaking the law, you dishonour the lawgiver.
An argument so weak is not worth the mentioning.
In the letting go our hope, we let all go.

Avoid the talking too much of your ancestors.
The cuckoo keeps the repeating her unvaried notes.
Forbear the boasting of what you can do.

RULE II.-NOMINATIVES.

A Noun or a Pronoun which is the subject of a verb must be in the nominative case: as,

"I know thou sayst it: says thy life the same?"-Young.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE II.

OBS. 1.-To this rule there are no exceptions. And in connected language, every nominative stands as the subject of some verb expressed or understood; except such as are put in apposition with other nominatives, according to Rule 3d-after a verb, according to Rule 21st-or absolute, according to Rule 25th.

OBS. 2.-The subject, or nominative, is generally placed before the verb; as, "Peace dawned upon his mind."-Johnson. "What is written in the law ?"-Bible.

OBS. 3.—But, in the following nine cases, the subject is usually placed after the verb, or after the first auxiliary:

1. When a question is asked, without an interrogative pronoun in the nominative case; as, "Shall mortals be implacable ?"—"What art thou doing?"-Hooke.

2. When the verb is in the imperative mood; as,

Go thou."

3. When an earnest wish, or other strong feeling is expressed; as, "May she be happy!"—"How were we struck!"-Young.

4. When a supposition is made without a conjunction; as, it would not injure us.'

"Were it true,

5. When neither or nor, signifying and not, precedes the verb; as, was his fear; nor was his apprehension groundless.

"This

6. When, for the sake of emphasis, some word or words are placed before the verb, which more naturally come after it; as, "Here am I."—" Narrow is the way."-" Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have, give 1 thee."-Bible.

7. When the verb has no regimen, and is itself emphatical; as, "Echo the mountains round."-Thomson.

8. When the verbs say, think, reply, and the like, introduce the parts of a dialogue; as, "Son of affliction,' said Omar, 'who art thou?' 'My name,' replied the stranger, 'is Hassan.""-Johnson.

9. When the adverb there precedes the verb; as, "There lived a man."Montg. "In all worldly joys, there is a secret wound."-Owen.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE II.

Thee must have been idle.

[Not proper, because the objective pronoun thee is made the subject of the verb must have been. But, according to Rule 2d, "A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a verb, must be in the nominative case." Therefore, thee should be thou; thus, Thou must have been idle.]

Him that is studious, will improve.

Them that seek wisdom, will be wise.

She and me are of the same age.

You are two or three years older than us.
Are not John and thee cousins?

I can write as handsomely as thee.

Nobody said so but him.

Whom dost thou think was there?

Who broke this slate? Me.

We are alone; here's none but thee and I.—Shak.

Them that honour me, I will honour; and them that despise me, shall be lightly esteemed.

He whom in that instance was deceived, is a man of sound judgement.

RULE III-APPOSITION.

A Noun or a personal Pronoun used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun, is put, by apposition, in the same

case: as,

But he, our gracious Master, kind as just,

Knowing our frame, remembers we are dust."-Barbauld.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE III.

OBS. 1.-Apposition is the using of different words or appellations, to designate the same thing. Apposition also denotes the relation which exists between the words which are so employed. In parsing, rule third should be applied only to the explanatory term; because the case of the principal term depends on its relation to the rest of the sentence, and comes under

some other rule.

OBS. 2.-To this rule, there are properly no exceptions. But there are many puzzling examples under it, which the following observations are designed to explain. The rule supposes the first word to be the principal term, with which the other is in apposition; and it generally is so: but the explanatory word is sometimes placed first, especially among the poets; as,

"From bright'ning fields of ether fair disclos'd,

Child of the sun, refulgent Summer comes."-Thomson.

OBS. 3.-The pronouns of the first and second persons are often prefixed to nouns, merely to distinguish their person; as, "I John saw these things."-"This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders.”—Bible. "His praise, ye brooks, attune."-Thomson. In this case of appe sition, the words are closely united, and either of them may be taken as the explanatory term: the learner will find it easier to parse the noun by rule third.

OBS. 4.-When two or more nouns of the possessive case are put in apposition, the possessive termination added to one, denotes the case of both or all; as, "His brother Philip's wife"-" John the Baptist's head.""At my friend Johnson's, the bookseller." By a repetition of the possessive sign, a distinct governing noun is implied, and the apposition is destroyed.

"As an

OBS. 5.-In like manner, a noun without the possessive sign, is sometimes put in apposition with a pronoun of the possessive case; as, author, his Adventurer' is his capital work."-Murray.

"Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage,

The promised father of the future age."-Pope.

OBS. 6.-When a noun or pronoun is repeated for the sake of emphasis, the word which is repeated may properly be said to be in apposition with that which is first introduced; as, They have forsaken me, the Fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water."-Jer. ii. 13.

"He

OBS. 7.—A noun is sometimes put in apposition to a sentence; as, permitted me to consult his library—a kindness which I shall not forget."

Allen.

OBS. 8.-A distributive term in the singular number, is frequently construed in apposition with a comprehensive plural; as, "They reap vanity, every one with his neighbour."-Bible. "Go ye every man unto his city."--Ibid. And sometimes a plural word is emphatically put after a