he does not regard it as certain. The researches of De Rossi, which have been laid down by him not only in the Roma Sotterranea, but in a number of smaller works, were condensed in the English work published in 1869 by Northcote and Brownlow. This work was translated into French by Allard, in 1872, and formed the basis of an excellent German work by Krauss, professor at the University of Freiburg, of which the first edition was published in 1873, and the second, greatly enlarged, in 1879. Among other foreign works on ecclesiastical archæology which are reviewed in this article, are the Storia dell' Arte Cristiana, by the Jesuit Garrucci, a work which was begun in 1873, and is to be completed in five volumes, and a new edition of the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Chrétiennes, by Martigny, (first edition, 1864.) Greater praise than upon Martigny's Dictionnaire, which is said to be rather superficial, is bestowed upon the collective work published by Cahier, under the title Nouveaux Mélanges D'Archéologie. Of this work, which was begun in 1847, eight volumes have now been published, the last of which relates to the decoration of churches. The Archæological Dictionaries by W. Smith and Cheetan, (Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, London, vol. i, 1875,) by Otte, (Archæolog. Wörterbuch, 2d edit., Leipsig, 1877,) and by Müller and Mothes, (Leipsig, 1877, 1878,) are recommended as works of great merit. Regret is expressed that the article, Begräbniss bei den Christen, (Burial among Christians,) by Jacobson, in the new edition of Herzog's Encyclopedia, omits altogether the early period of Church history.

STUDIEN UND KRITIKEN. (Essays and Reviews.) Edited by Drs. KÖSTLIN and RIEHM. 1879. Third Number.-Essays: 1. SCHMIDT, The Lutheran Doctrine of the Sacraments. (Second article.) 2. TRUMPELMANN, Socialism and Social Reform. (Third article.) Thoughts and Remarks: 1. HERMANN, Exegetical Remarks on some Passages in Hosea. 2. NESTLE, On the Original Unity of the Book of the Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah. 3. NÖSGEN, On Luke and Josephus. 4. SEIDEMANN, Lutuer's Inaugural Address for Dr. Hieronquius Willer. Reviews: 1. HAPPEL, Anlage des Menschen zur Religion, reviewed by Kleinert. 2. Dr. Luther's Complete Works, reviewed by PLITT.

The articles by Trümpelmann, on Socialism and Social Reform, to which we have referred in former numbers of the Methodist Quarterly Review, (October, 1878, and January, 1879,) are concluded in this number. The author gives his own views on the social reforms which the States should introduce. He demands that the suppression of the present atheistic socialistic

party should be an international enterprise, and that each State shall try to solve the social question within its own limits. He reviews what the liberal antisocialistic parties of Germany have done for the solution of the social question, and finds it extremely insufficient; for the chief source of the social misery of which now all parties complain is, according to him, not the low compensation paid to the workingmen, and the evil consequences which poverty directly entails for the family of the poor, but the profound feeling of hopelessness and the dissatisfaction of soul which is found in all classes of society, in the rich and the poor, in the old and the young. When this condition of the soul exists no improvement of the social condition of the workingman is of the least avail. The State can do much toward reducing social misery, and ought to do every thing that can be done in this direction; but to cure the dissatisfaction of the soul is beyond the competency of the State. It will be found by the true social reformers that the co-operation of the Church is needed. In examining the reforms which the State can and should introduce, the author demands that the legislative authorities shall remember, in the first place, that the State has its root in the family, and that the strengthening and cultivating of the family must always remain the beginning and the aim of all social reforms. He therefore demands the absolute prohibition of children's labor, and the greatest possible limitation, if possible the prohibition, of the labor of married women in factories. He quotes with approval the words of Jules Simon, who in his work "L'ouv rière," says: "Isolated work is the only one which is suited for woman, and which allows her to be a wife and a mother." The author also demands that State legislation shall secure to the workingmen in manufactories a certain share in the clear gain; that manufacturers be required to conclude with every laborer employed a legal contract; that industries which are dangerous to the health of the laborers be reserved for State management, and absolutely withdrawn from private control; that all Sunday labor, without any exception, be absolutely forbidden.

French Reviews.

REVUE CHRETIENNE, (Christian Review.) March, 1879.-1. BERSIER, The Law of the Heart. 2. ALONE, Louisa Siefert. 3. MASSEBIEAU, The Two Conversions

of Perrot d'Ablancourt and Protestantism at Paris under Louis XIII.

April.-1. E. DE PRESSENSE, The Origin of Religion, and the Darwinian School. 2. BONET-MAURY, John Huss and the Religious Revolution of Bohemia in the Fifteenth Century. 3. BRECOURT, From Paris to Venice.

May.-1. NYEGAARD, A New Biographer of St. Paul. 2. BABUT, God and Cæsar. 3. BRECOURT, From Paris to Venice

The first article in the May number acquaints us with a singular literary production of French Atheism, a new biography of St. Paul, (Le Vrai Saint Paul, sa vie, sa morale,) by Victor Schoelcher. M. Schoelcher is widely known as a leader of the Republican Party of France, and as a champion of the abolition of slavery. As regards the character of his new publication, we quote a few passages from the above article in the "Christian Review":

"After reading this book of M. Schoelcher, one might ask himself whether it is not beneath criticism. This is not our opinion. Notwithstanding the errors and blunders with which the book swarms, the honesty of the author cannot be doubted. The name of M. Schoelcher is one which inspires respect. It is well known that the honorable senator is a generous philan thropist. A rival of Wilberforce and Macaulay, he has contributed to the abolition of slavery in our colonies. An indefatigable soldier of the liberal cause, he has suffered before he has been honored, and before taking his seat in the Senate he has endured the rigors of the exile which the Government of the second December inflicted upon the champions of right and liberty. Why, then, unmindful of the old maxim, Ne sutor ultra crepidam, did M. Schoelcher desire to add to his crown a flower which does not grow in the gardens which he frequents? Neither his studies nor his convictions have prepared him for exegetical works. M. Schoelcher is a professed atheist, and though it has been said of him, on account of the nobility of his character, he is an atheist who causes one to believe in God,' no one will be tempted to add, and who causes one to understand St. Paul.'

"M. Schoelcher has, however, the pretension of describing the true St. Paul. If he had only flattered himself that he had succeeded, perhaps his illusion might be pardoned. But

since indulging or blind friends in the press have welcomed the appearance of his book as the birth of a child of bright prospects, I must say to M. Schoelcher: Your St. Paul is not the true St. Paul. Though it may be painful to prove the incompetence and injustice of a man otherwise worthy of respect, I have the right to defend, against your undeserved attacks, the character of an apostle who was also the friend of the feeble and the oppressed, the defender of the right, the martyr of a noble cause, with this difference, that the only recompense which he received here on earth was the consciousness of having done his duty."

The table of contents of M. Schoelcher's book, which contains 223 pages, is as follows: Chapter 1. Paul was a heresiarch; Chapter 2. Paul accuses St. Peter and circumcises Timothy; Chapter 3. Paul often departing from the truth; Chapter 4. Paul is vain and imperious; Chapter 5. Paul the apostle of the Gentiles-his invectives against the ancient law and against his adversaries; Chapter 6. Paul has made great errors; Chapter 7. Paul is often incomprehensible-Divagations-What the holy fathers thought of Paul as a writer; Chapter 8. General indefiniteness and dangerous character of the doctrines of St. Paul; Chapter 9. Paul represents God as the most unjust of tyrants; Chapter 10. Paul sometimes expresses malicious and cruel sentiments; Chapter 11. The moral teaching of Paul is very lax; Chapter 12. Paul sanctions the worst institutions of antiquity.

As regards the literary character of Schoelcher's book, the reviewer calls attention to the fact that Schoelcher shows himself entirely unacquainted with the recent literature on this subject, and he even seems to have consulted the Greek original of the New Testament only two or three times. The reviewer finally enumerates a considerable number of blunders into which Schoelcher has been led by his stupendous ignorance in biblical and exegetical literature.

In the April number of the Review, E. de Pressensé gives a condensed and very interesting review of the theories proposed by the chief representatives of the Darwinian school concerning the origin of religion. The article was originally delivered as the first of a series of apologetical lectures, and the author announces that the same subject will be treated by him more

fully in the forthcoming third edition of his history of the first six centuries of the Christian Church. As may be expected from Pressensé, he shows a profound acquaintance with the entire recent literature. He states and discusses the views of Häckel, Darwin, Herbert Spencer, whom he calls the most eminent representative of the school, as well as those of Girard de Rivalle, (La mythologie comparée, Paris, 1868,) which he calls the latest publication of the positivist school on the subject.

ART. X.-FOREIGN RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE.

THE CHURCH OF ROME IN 1879.

The forthcoming eighth volume of M'Clintock & Strong's Theological Cyclopædia contains an article on the Roman Catholic Church from the pen of Professor Schem, from which we glean a few facts supplementary of the information given in former volumes of the Methodist Quarterly Review, (See Meth. Quar. Review, 1878, p. 547.)

The author of the article has carefully estimated the number of Roman Catholics in the several large divisions of the world, and in order to ascertain the relative numerical strength of the Roman Catholic Church among the large divisions of Christianity, has also computed the popu lation connected with the Eastern and with the Protestant Churches. As the tables now presented are several years later than any others published before, they will be welcomed by all who interest themselves in the present extent of the various forms of Christianity. His present tables are as follows:

It will be seen from the above table that the total number of Roman Catholics still exceeds the aggregate number of all other Christians. The Church of Rome prevails over both Protestantism and the Eastern Churches in South America, (which is almost wholly Catholic,) and in Europe, it leads Protestantism, but is, on the other hand, somewhat exceeded by the Eastern Churches in Asia and Africa; it falls considerably behind Protestantism in North America and Australia. The fact that both in North America and in Australia the total population in