Zueblin, Am. Mun. Progress, 65-69. cranes, and more common apparatus. Heroes are common among the men who protect our cities from fire. General References Hart, Actual Government, pp. 564–582. Wines, Punishment and Reformation. New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, articles on "Convict Labor," "Crime," "Elmira Reformatory," "Juvenile Courts," "Lynching," "Penology," etc. Boies, Science of Penology. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress. Baker, Municipal Engineering and Sanitation. Topics 1. DIFFERENT PRISON METHODS: Ford, American Citizen's Manual, Part II, pp. 112-124; Wines, State of Prisons, pp. 106–113; Wines, Punishment and Reformation, pp. 220-228; Wright, C. D., in North American Review, 164 (1897), 273–282, and in Practical Sociology, 378-389; Boies, Science of Penology, 125-132, 264–286; Andrews, W. P., in Forum, 13 (1892), 232–245; Fort, J. F., in Forum, 32 (1902), 730-736; Galvin, G. W., in Arena, 32 (1904), 577-586; Whitlock, Brand, in Everybody's Magazine, 16 (1907), 579–589. 2. JUVENILE COURTS AND THEIR WORK: Charities, 13 (1905), 327-357; Webster, H. K., in American Magazine, 61 (1906), 394-402; Fallows, A. K., in Century, 73 (1906), 253-259; Steffens, L., in McClure's Magazine, 27 (1906), 563–582, 28 (1906), 74–88, 162–176. 3. THE CONTEST FOR PURE MILK: Fallows, A. K., in Century, 66 (1902), 555-565; Phelps, C. A., in Metropolitan Magazine, 26 (1907), 397–410; Abel, M. H., in Delineator, 66 (1905), 908–917; Sayles, J. E., in Charities, 17 (1907), 677-684; Godfrey, H., in Atlantic Monthly, 100 (1907), 252-260; Adams, S. H., in McClure's Magazine, 19 (1907), 142–149. Studies 1. The abuse of the police power. Kudlich, H. C., in Forum, 24 (1897), 487-501. 2. Shameful miscarriage of justice. Fuller, H. B., in World's Work, 13 (1906), 8221-8226. 3. Means of preventing lynchings. Pell, E. L., in Review of Reviews, 17 (1898), 321-325. 4. Methods of the Elmira Reformatory. Call, A. D., in Education, 22 (1902), 587-603. 5. The wastes of a great city. Woodbury, J. McG., in Scribner's Magazine, 34 (1903), 387-400. 6. The utilization of city garbage. Waring, G. E., in Cosmopolitan, 24 (1898), 405–412. 7. The fight with filth and disease in New York slum. Riis, The Battle with the Slum, pp. 76–153. 8. The Chicago drainage canal. Baker, M. N., in Outlook, 64 (1900), 357-360. 9. Day's work of a tenement house inspector. Palmer, L. E., in Charities, 17 (1906), 80-90. 10. Methods of fighting fires. Spears, J. R., in Scribner's, 9 (1891), 54-64; Hubert, P. G., Jr., in Scribner's, 32 (1902), 449–466. 11. The tremendous waste from fires in the United States. Fitzpatrick, F. W., in Outlook, 88 (1908), 937-945. Questions 1. What is the size of the police force of this city? What are the duties of the police officers, according to the city ordinances? 2. Name the principal prisons of this State; the reformatories. Are our institutions using modern methods? Is there a juvenile court in this county ? 3. Look up the pure food law of this State. lations that insure pure milk and meats? Has this city any regu 4. Is there a fire district in this city in which frame buildings are not allowed? How much was spent last year for fire protection? Relation of State and localities. Provisions of the school law. State boards of education. cation in U.S.,101-109. CHAPTER X CARE FOR PUBLIC WELFARE THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 123. The State Systems of Education. There is no task of state and local government which outranks in importance that of providing a common school education at public expense. This subject illustrates admirably the relation existing between the State and the localities every where, since the general plan of the school system is arranged by general state laws, administered by local school officials. The state school law determines whether the district, the township, or the county shall be the unit for school administration, and what officers it shall select, with the powers of each. It also prescribes a minimum list of the subjects which must be taught in every school, the minimum number of months in the school year, and the qualifications of teachers of the different grades. The state departments of education have superintendents, aided in most of the States by state school boards. The school boards are usually appointed by the governors, the superintendents being elected more generally than appointed. Boone, Edu- The chief work of the state boards consists in arranging and revising the state school law for submission to the legislature, and in adopting other means for improving the schools of the State. In a few States provision is made for state text-books, published under the direction of the state board by the public printer, or selected by the board from the regular text-books. In several States, text-books are furnished at public expense. |