king of England's eldest son was made the hereditary Prince of Wales, the prince still retained the badge of the feathers, adding thereunto the prince's crown, with the motto Ich dien, which is as much as to say, 'I serve;' signifying thereby, that though he be a prince in his own country, yet he is but a subject to the crowne of England." In another part of the same manuscript it is added, "But this much let me inform you, that this bearing was after altered by the valiant Edward, prince of Wales, who, after the battle of Cressy, wherein he slew the king of Bohemia, and tooke the crown from his head, added the same to his three feathers, with the motto aforesaid, which the princes of Wales of the English line, have ever since so borne it." From the numerous accounts with which different writers have endeavoured to supply the lack of information respecting this badge, we glean little else than that the whole affair is dubious, and will probably ever remain so. After all, this crest and motto may have been adopted, the former as a mere matter of taste and fancy, the latter in allusion to the filial duty for which the Black Prince was so remarkable. Or some passing occurrence of a very trivial kind, may have suggested the adoption of the feathers, in the same way that various devices of that period found their origin. Indeed, it is highly probable that some pacific event, and not any martial achievement, gave rise to this particular crest, for on reading the minute directions given by the Black Prince concerning his funeral, we find him ordaining that on the arrival of his corpse at Canterbury, it should be preceded by two men on armed chargers, one of whom was to be for war, bearing the entire arms of the prince; the other for peace, bearing the badge of ostrich feathers. The prince also directed that around his tomb there should be twelve escutcheons of "laton," each of the breadth of a foot, six of which were to be of the arms entire, and the other six of ostrich feathers; and that upon each escutcheon should be written, "that is to say, upon those of our arms, and upon the others of ostrich feathers, Houmont," (high spirit.) It is a curious fact, that in these directions, the motto Ich dien (or diene according to the original orthography) is not mentioned;. and it is not less remarkable, that this latter motto has nevertheless been placed in every instance with and over the feathers on the tomb, and the word Houmont only over the shields of

arms.

The German motto, first seen on Prince Edward's shield at Canterbury, may have either originated or given currency to the belief of the Bohemian origin of the feathers. Camden, however, incorrectly calls the motto Old English, and says that the prince himself adjoined the motto Ic dien (thegn), that is, I serve; according to that of the Apostle, "The heir, while he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant." Now, on the other hand, it may be said that the King of Bohemia did feudal service to the King of France, as Count of Luxembourg, at the battle of Cressy; and therefore the motto might have been his, as there appears no reason for Edward's selecting a German motto to express his own service to his father. The crest of the king of Bohemia was indeed an entire wing or pinion of an eagle or vulture, as may be seen on his seal engraved in Olivarius Vredius; but it is also true that in the same work there are crests of wings or pinions surmounted by distinct feathers, and one such might have been adopted by the Black Prince as a symbol of triumph. Yet if this was the fact, it surely would have been noticed by contemporary historians.

Whatever may have been the origin of this badge, it is certain, as we learn from Willement, that the feather is introduced on the seal of Thomas, duke of Gloucester, brother to the Black Prince; and on those of his nephews, Edward, duke of York, and Richard, earl of Cambridge. Over against the tomb of John, duke of Lancaster, in old St. Paul's, were, as well as his personal arms, a shield, sable, charged with three ostrich feathers,

it

Even the illegitimate

| ermine, the stems and labels, or. line of the prince continued the use of this badge, for on the stall-plate of his grandson, John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, there is, on each side of the helmet, an ostrich feather. Again, appears that the junior sons, as well as the eldest son of Henry the Fourth, exhibited the feather as part of their insignia. At the coronation feast of Henry the Sixth, there was introduced in the second course, a "frytour, garnished with a leopard's head, and two ostrich feathers." Stowe remarks that in 1471, when Edward, (afterwards King Edward the Fourth,) landed at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, in order to proclaim King Henry, he wore the ostrich feather as part of his livery, and at the battle of Barnet, the fluctuating Warwick wore, as his cognizance, the same emblem. It is recorded, that previous to the coronation of King Richard the Third, Sir Thomas Tyrrel, master of the horse, received "sixteen yerdes of velvet, white and grene, bordered with eight yerdes of crimson clothe of golde, garnysht with ostriche feders."

On the monument of Arthur, prince of Wales, in Worcester Cathedral, the feather is introduced, either singly, or two together; in some instances, the plume of three is united by one scroll, but no coronet.

Edward, prince of Wales, son of Henry the Eighth, used the badge, but introduced the prince's coronet, through which the plume of three ostrich feathers passed, and beneath was a label, with the motto Ich dien. Henry, eldest son of James the First, followed the examples of his predecessors, but sometimes placed the feathers on a golden sun.

The shield of the Black Prince, as represented in our wood-cut, adorns the sides and ends of his monument in Canterbury Cathedral, alternately with other shields bearing his entire arms.

A little orb,

Attended by one moon, her lamp by night,
With her fair sisterhood of planets seven,
Revolving round their central sun; she third
In place, in magnitude the fourth. That orb,
New made, new named, inhabited anew,—
Though, whiles we sons of Adam visit still
Our native place, not changed so far but we
Can trace our ancient walks, the scenery
Of childhood, youth, and prime, and hoary age,
But scenery most of suffering and woe,-
That little orb, in days remote of old,
When angels yet were young, was made for Man,
And titled Earth, her primal virgin name.
Created first so lovely, so adorned

With hill, and dale, and lawn, and winding vale,
Woodland and stream, and lake, and rolling seas,
Green mead, and fruitful tree, and fertile grain,
And herb, and flower; so lovely, so adorned
With numerous beasts of every kind, with fowl
Of every wing and every tuneful note, ↑
And with all fish that in the multitude
Of waters swam; so lovely, so adorned,
So fit a dwelling-place for man, that as
She rose complete at the creating word,
The morning stars, the sons of God, aloud
Shouted for joy; and God, beholding, saw
The fair design, that from eternity

His mind conceived, accomplished, and, well-pleased,
His six days' finished work most good pronounced,
And Man declared the sovereign prince of all.-POLLOK.

THE intellect of the truly wise man is like glass; it admits the light of heaven, and reflects it.

He who amuses his guests by satirizing their friends, pays a poor compliment to the understandings which selected them.

Ir is with flowers, as with moral qualities; the brightcoloured are sometimes poisonous; but, I believe, never the sweet-smelling.-Guesses at Truth.

WRITING BY CIPHER; OR, SECRET

WRITING. II.

HAVING, in the former paper on this subject, spoken chiefly of those ciphers in which letters are expressed by numerals, we proceed to describe those in which dots are used, and also those, in which one letter is made to express another.

Dots may be combined in any desired form, so as to represent letters. For instance; if each letter be expressed by four dots, it would not be difficult so to arrange those four, as to make them assume, in succession, twenty-six different positions, so as to serve for the twenty-six letters of the alphabet. The two correspondents previously agree on the particular position which shall represent all the different letters; and the writing, as well as the perusal, of letter written by means of the dots, becomes tolerably easy, though slow. A mode was suggested by Bishop Wilkins, of combining points, lines, and geometrical figures together, which were to be read by means of a graduated scale. The width of the paper was supposed to be divided into twenty-six equal parts, and the symbol for each letter was to be put at a certain distance from the left margin of the paper: suppose that the letter g were to be at one inch from the edge; then, if a point, the end of a line, or an angle of a geometrical figure, were found at that distance, the point, end, or angle, would be interpreted to mean g. The reader will readily understand, that this plan admits of almost infinite diversity; for, having expressed the requisite letters by means of dots, lines may be drawn from dot to dot in a great variety of forms, without deceiving the reader to whom the communication is addressed, since he looks to the angles only of the figures, for an interpretation.

Another plan is, to use some of the very numerous characters which are found among the types in a printing office, such as asterisks, dashes, algebraical and astronomical symbols, Saxon or Greek letters, &c., and giving each an arbitrary signification, to express thereby all the letters which will serve to form the communication. But as these types are not easily imitated by the pen, the method is only adapted for a printed cipher.

The employment of the common letters of the alphabet in a secret form, may be varied, and, indeed, has been varied in practice, in a number of ways. One of the most obvious, is to make each letter express the sense of another letter removed a certain distance from it in the alphabet. If it were agreed, for example, that a should be represented by b, b by c, e by d, and so on, each letter being expressed by that which follows next to it in the alphabet, the following sentence,

The modes of secret writing are very numerous, would assume the form

Uif npeft pg tfdsfu xsjujoh bsf wfsz ovnfspvt; a barbarous jargon, which can only be interpreted by those who are privy to the key or plan agreed upon. Instead of being the next following one, the substituted letter might be the second, third, fourth, &c., in order, all equally producing an incomprehensible effect, but being more difficult, as the substituted letter is further removed from the real one. Julius Cæsar and Augustus employed ciphers of this kind; the former adopting that in which the substituted letter is three places behind the real one; that is, d used for a, e for b, and so on.

This last-mentioned method has been varied in a very ingenious manner, so as to render the detection of the meaning infinitely more difficult, to those who are ignorant of a particular key employed by the writer. Let this key be 432: the writer pens his communication in the usual way, and over the letters, places as many repetitions, as may be necessary, of the figures 432;

thus:

43 24324324 324 324324 3243 24 32432 4324324324 32432432

In learning the useful part of every profession, moderate

432432432 4324 3243243、

abilities will suffice.)

This furnishes a key for putting the communication into cipher; by placing, instead of any particular letter, that one in the alphabet which is removed from it, by a distance equal to the number placed over the letter. Thus, commencing with the first word, instead of i, use the fourth letter beyond in the alphabet, which is m; instead of n, use the third beyond n, which is q; and so on, being always guided by the figure which happens to be over the letter. The sentence then assumes the form:

Mq nidtrlpk wji xuiiwp scvw qj hxiua tuqjhuwlqr, pqhhtewg eekplomha alnp vwjkkgh."

The peculiar feature in this cipher is, that the same letter is not always expressed by the same substitute; thus, in the above example, the letter e is expressed, in different places, by the letters g, h, and i; a, by c, d, and e; and so of the others; and the particular symbol employed at any particular place, can only be known by knowing the key employed, viz. 432.

deemed so intricate, as to defy the ingenuity of any Lord Bacon devised a singular cipher, which he decipherer, and which he illustrates, by showing that the words, "Stay till I come to you," imply the short and simple instruction, "Fly." The method is as follows:-Each letter is expressed by a combination of five letters, a's and b's, four of one and one of the other, three of one and two of the other, &c., by which twentysix combinations can easily be produced. In this complex alphabet, the word fly is expressed by the following combinations,

F

L

aabab, ababa, babba. Now, as there are only two different letters here employed, the cue, as to which is to be taken, is easily afforded by using a mixture of Roman and Italic letters, in the specious sentence written: thus, "Stay till I come to you;" here, the letters a, t, l, i, o, e, t, are in Italics, and are all to be interpreted b; whereas, the other letters, being in Roman type, are interpreted a. The a's and b's being thus procured, they are next separated into groups of five; thus: Stayt illic ometo you; and by making the Italic letters into b's and the Roman into a's, the three groups, (omitting the remaining three letters,) will give those combinations of a's and b's signifying FLY.

Bishop Wilkins and Mr. Falconer deemed this method of Bacon's one of the best that had been devised; but Mr. Blair considers it too operose and slow of execution, for public business: it has, however, this advantage, that if cleverly done, it is not only difficult to detect, but may even give rise to no suspicion that the written sentence is really a cipher, since any sentence, on any subject, may be substituted for another, provided the substituted sentence contains five times as many letters as the real one.

A similar principle to that just explained, may be varied in many ways, by making a combination of two, three, or four letters, represent a given letter, according to a system previously agreed on; but these we need not illustrate, since the reader will easily imagine how it may be done.

One of the Earls of Argyle, who was concerned in the Scottish rebellions of the last century, employed a cipher, in which the correct words were written at full length; but a number of unimportant words were interposed between them, so as to make the whole utter nonsense: the significant words were placed in pairs, and fourteen non-significant words, or nulls, inserted between each two pairs; and by this rule the correspondent was enabled to pick out the sense. By a little cleverness in composition, this method might be made free from suspicion: if the interposed words were so chosen, as to make good sense with the proper words,

Numerous ciphers have been formed, by arranging words in an order not acknowledged by the rules of the English language; such as, proceeding from left to right, from top to bottom, from bottom to top, from one corner to another diagonally, &c.; but these plans, though they may be amusing for trifling purposes, are unable to bear the searching scrutiny of a decipherer. The same may be said of a plan, which was at one time much acted on in France, and by which a letter, when read in the usual way across, from edge to edge, appeared to relate to some unimportant subject; but if only half of it be read, divided from the other half by a very narrow perpendicular space, it will be found to relate to a totally different subject. Considerable skill is required to effect this well, but it is very easy of detection.

Some writers on this subject, have carried the principle of intricacy so far, as to suggest, that each line of the required communication, should be expressed in a different cipher from the preceding; that a should imply b in one line, c in another, d in a third, &c.; but the time required to write, or to read a communication of this kind, would be enormous. It has even been proposed to change the cipher at every successive word, to make the interpretation more impracticable to those who are not intrusted with the key or clue.

We cannot attempt to describe all the ciphers which have been invented; but shall, as a concluding instance, speak of the chiffre quarré, or square cipher, probably the most inscrutable that has yet been devised, without, at the same time, being so difficult to the writer as some others. Each party is provided with a square tablet, containing twenty-six alphabets arranged one under another. The upper alphabet begins with a and ends with e, in the usual manner: the second begins with b and ends with a, z being the last letter but one: the third begins with c and ends with b; and so on, each alphabet beginning at a later letter than the preceding one, and z, where it occurs previous to the last letter, being immediately followed by a. A key, consisting of one short word, no matter what, is then agreed on; and the communication is written in a way which we will exemplify by the annexed abridged tablet. efghi

b с

b с d

d e f g h i j

e f g h i j k

e f hi j k

e f g h i j k

m

f h i j k เ m n i j k l m n 0

h i j k l m n 0 D i j k l m n 0 Ря The reader may conceive these alphabets carried out, till there are twenty-six lines, each containing twentysix letters. Let our key be the word head, and let us express such words as beach, decide, deface, chief; (these we select, merely because they suit our limited alphabet given above.) Place these words, with the key above them, thus :—

headh eadhea dheadh eadhe

beach, decide, deface, chief.

Our first letter is b, and the key-letter over it is h; we therefore look in the tablet for the line beginning

letter in the word beach is e, over which the keyletter is also e; we therefore look for the point of intersection of column e with line e, and there we find the letter i, which therefore forms the second letter of our cipher. We thus proceed, letter after letter, finding the cipher by the combined aid of the original letter and the key letter placed over. Any one who is familiar with the use of a common multiplication table, will readily understand a particular symbol is found by the intersection of a horizontal line with a vertical column. The four words, when completed in cipher, assume the

iiafo, hefphe, gljafl, ghllj;

in which it will be seen that the symbol for any particular letter is by no means always the same. When the tablet is extended to twenty-six complete alphabets, every letter may, in turn, be represented by twenty-six different symbols, easily discernible to those who know the key, but impenetrable by others.

We here dismiss the subject of ciphers; but the term Secret writing seems to require that we should say a few words respecting the use of secret or sympathetic inks, that is, inks which are only visible under certain conditions. The preparation of such kinds of writing-fluids is, like the use of ciphers, traceable to a very early period; for Ovid describes how a letter may be written with new milk, and made legible by subsequent means. Without tracing the various modes in which this species of secret correspondence has been at different times carried on, we will briefly explain the principles which are concerned in the process.

These sympathetic inks are separable into different classes, viz., I, those which become visible by passing a liquor or a vapour over them; 2, those that become visible only when exposed to the air; 3, those which appear by strewing fine powder on the letters; 4, those which appear only by heat; or, 5, by moisture; and, 6, those which appear of various colours.

If we write with a solution of acetate of lead, or a solution of gold in nitro-muriatic acid, or of nitrate of bismuth, or of sulphate of iron, on a sheet of paper, the letters will, when dry, be invisible; but if the first and third be exposed to sulphureous liquids or vapours, the second to a solution of tin, and the last to an infusion of galls, the letters will become instantly visible, assuming a brown, purple, black, or blue tint, according to the circumstances of the case. This developement of colour arises from the chemical action which ensues between the ink and the solution which is subsequently employed.

The second class includes such substances as nitrates of silver, of copper, or of mercury, muriate of tin, acetate of iron, and many other salts, which are scarcely visible when used as ink on paper, or when kept carefully shielded from light; but which attain a dark colour when exposed to the light. This kind of sensitiveness to light forms the basis of the photogenic and daguerreotype processes.

The third class of inks are less dependent on chemical action: they consist of substances which, like milk, cream, vegetable juices, weak solutions of some of the salts, &c., have a certain degree of viscidity or stickiness, and are a long time in hardening: coloured powder strewed on letters written with these inks, within a reasonable time after writing, will, by adhering to the letters, render them visible.

Those inks which become visible by exposure to the fire, form the most extensive class, including juice of lemons, juice of onions, a solution of muriate of ammonia, or of sulphate of iron, diluted sulphuric acid, and many other liquids which contain substances capable of combining with the paper by heat. Sulphuric acid, if

not sufficiently diluted, will at once corrode the paper; but if sufficient water be added to prevent this, characters may be written which, though invisible at first, soon become as black as if written with common ink, when exposed to the fire.

The fifth class we may exemplify by such fluids as a solution of alum, of acetate of lead, of vitriol, and of such salts as dissolve imperfectly in water, and therefore leave a copious sediment when mixed with it. The writing is then made visible by the following circumstance; that if the characters, written with a strong solution of any of these salts, be dried, and then washed with water, the insoluble part of the salt becomes visible on the paper, as it is not affected by the water in the same way as the other parts of the paper; the letters assume a tint, gray, brown, or some other, according to the nature of the salt employed.

The last class of inks is composed of such substances as muriate of tin, a solution of which is invisible when used as ink; but if a camel-hair pencil be dipped in a decoction of cochineal, brazil-wood, log-wood, or some such substance, and drawn over the letters, they will become visible, and will assume beautiful tints, crimson, purple, yellow, &c.

The secret history of many European courts would furnish curious details respecting the extent to which secret writing has been carried; particularly at the time when Buonaparte held powerful sway in Europe. But the discussion of such details does not fall within the scope of these papers; our object having been merely to develope the principles on which writing by cipher has been usually conducted.

Some further remarks on this subject will be found in the eighth Volume of the Saturday Magazine, page 244.

HYMN.

On, Thou! who taught my infant eye
To pierce the air, and view the sky,
To see my God in earth and seas,
To hear Him in the vernal breeze,

To know Him midnight thoughts among,
O guide my soul, and aid my song.
Spirit of Light! do thou impart
Majestic truths, and teach my heart;
Teach me to know how weak I am;
How vain my powers, how poor my frame;
Teach me celestial paths untrod-
The ways of glory and of God.
No more let me in vain surprise,,
To heathen art give up my eyes;
To piles laborious science reared,
For heroes brave, or tyrants feared;
But quit philosophy, and see

The fountain of her works in Thee.
Fond man! yon glassy mirror eye,-
Go, pierce the flood, and there descry
The miracles that float between
The rainy leaves of wat'ry green;
Old Ocean's hoary treasures scan,—
See nations swimming round a span.
Then wilt thou say, and rear no more
Thy monuments in mystic lore,
My God! I quit my vain design,
And drop my work to gaze on Thine;
Henceforth I'll frame myself to be,

O Lord! a monument of Thee.-CRABBE.

CURIOUS CHESS PROBLEMS.

XII.

THE following remarkable position was, we believe, first given by Salvio; but a similar one occurs in the works of Greco and Stamma. It is a good illustration of the value of position at Chess, for in most situations the King and Knight are not able of themselves to give mate; but in this case advantage is taken of the adversary's pawns. The good player frequently enlists his adversary's men into his own regiment.

White moving first, is to mate in four moves. Black moving first, White is to mate in five moves.

THE relations that exist between the human soul and its Divine Creator, are of measureless importance. If the magnificent spectacle of the starry sky, the broad earth, and all the wonders displayed around us, is calculated to raise hosts of ideas respecting each class of phenomena, how vast is the inference which we are thereby entitled to draw with regard to the wisdom and power of the great Framer of all! Can it be supposed that He intended us to have a knowledge of them alone, or that His productions should be more worthy of consideration than Himself? Great and valuable as is the immediate knowledge, which we derive from the works of God, it is vastly inferior to that which we also gain from them, as to His existence and sublime providence. The phenomena of creation, could have no value without a Creator. Were it possible to arrive at the conclusion that this fair and wondrous world had no Head, I could only wish to die. Existence would be priceless without a belief in God; and in the continuance of our being in a better world. I could sooner suppose a corpse never to have been fraught with life, a statue to have been hewn without hands, or a work of genius or intellect to have originated without a soul, than arrive at the conclusion that the universe had no God. As for those who can believe that an overruling wisdom, and an untiring benevolence, do not preside wherever there is light, and life, and being, we must grieve for their delusion; but rejoice that they are mistaken. It is exalting to acquire knowledge, and to imbue our hearts with the dictates of virtue, but it is elevating to the utmost, to know that there is One, who is goodness and truth unalloyed. The phenomena of creation are valuable in themselves, but they are infinitely so, when viewed in relation to their Author. How cold and dry are the pursuits of science, when enlivened by no reference to Him, to Whom science and truth alike owe their origin!-M CORMAC's Philosophy of Human Nature.

JOHN W. PARKER PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND, LONDON.

MARSEILLES is the first sea-port in France, and owes much of its importance to its natural position. It is a flourishing city, situated in a bay of the same name on the Mediterranean sea, and is the capital of the department of the Bouches du Rhone; it is also stated to be the most ancient city of Europe, dating nearly three thousand years back, from the first landing of the Phocians on that shore, at which time it bore the name of Massilia. The harbour is esteemed one of the safest and most convenient in the Mediterranean. The bay is formed by two points, called Cape Couronne and Cape Croisette, which are fifteen miles distant from each other: within the bay are ports for anchoring till the winds serve for entering the harbour. The city, which surrounds the harbour, occupies an amphitheatre, rising on all sides, until it terminates in the encircling chain of hills. Thus it happens that the port of Marseilles is the common drain for the city and surrounding country, so that the effects are most unpleasant and injurious; for the sea is tideless, and exposed to the influence of a burning sun, which renders the accumulation of noxious materials in its stagnant waters a serious nuisance. Except by natives, this is deemed an intolerable inconvenience, and at particular times destroys all pleasure in walking on the quays. Dredging-machines require to be constantly employed to lessen this evil; the occurrence of a south-east wind is also beneficial by causing a circulation in the waters. Were it not for the offensive nature of these accumulations, the quays at Marseilles would afford a constant source of amusement to visitors from the variety of shipping and of costume which might there be noticed. The harbour forms a basin of more VOL. XXIV,

than five hundred fathoms in length, and one hundred and fifty in breadth, on the east side of which are docks for the galleys, whilst in every part there are commodious quays and storehouses. It is capable of receiving nine hundred vessels, which are not visible from the sea; but the water is not sufficiently deep for the larger ships of war, which anchor without the entrance.

The city of Marseilles is in the form of a square, and is divided into the old and new town: the former situated on an eminence, and composed of narrow dirty streets, and mean houses; the latter lying on the south and east sides of the harbour, and containing wide and well-paved streets, with many handsome houses. The public edifices are numerous, but not very remarkable or attractive to strangers. The cathedral, or ancient church of St. Victor, is one of them, though Marseilles is now no longer an episcopal city, being comprehended in the diocese of Aix. The crypts and substructures of this building are of the eleventh century; the upper part dates from 1200, but the battlemented towers were erected in 1350, by Pope Urban the- Fifth, who had been abbot of St. Victor. This edifice was formerly one of the most celebrated abbeys in Christendom, having many other abbeys and religious establishments depending upon it.

On the very summit of a rocky hill to the south of the town and harbour, is a curious chapel within a small fort, inclosing a relic of great value in the estimation of fishermen and others. The chapel and its decorations are thus described in Murray's Handbook for Travellers in France. "An image of the Virgin carved in olive wood, and of great antiquity, is inclosed within this

768