find that divorce, a vinculo, is not allowed? The circumstances in which cases of this kind arise, are so varied in their nature, that it is quite impossible to devise any single ground of jurisdiction, that would apply to more than a very limited number of them. On the other hand our present comprehensive system affords every reasonable facility for obtaining redress, combined with the most ample security against collusion and fraud. The proposal therefore, to restrict the jurisdiction of the Court to the domicile of a fixed residence-based as it is upon no principle, and having expediency entirely against it— is quite unreasonable. It is, besides, utterly impracticable as the basis of an international system. It is vain to expect that the courts of England will consent to divest themselves of their jurisdiction to a similar extent.

We have only to remark in conclusion, that the profession and the community are much indebted to Mr Fraser, for his manly and vigorous defence of our laws and tribunals, against the aspersions of the Lord Chancellor. We welcome his pamphlet as an important contribution to the settlement of the questions with which it deals, and we have every confidence that it will render the carrying out of the revolutionary proposals of both the Chancellor and the minority of the Faculty's committee quite impossible. It displays, as might be expected, much learning and ability on the part of Mr Fraser, and fully sustains the reputation he has already acquired as the author of one of our best known legal works.

THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ACADEMY:

THIRTY-THIRD Annual RepoRT. 1860.*

THE continued success of the Royal Scottish Academy is a source of pleasure to all who feel interested in the cause of our national art and artists. The present Report gives proof of another year of prosperity, and although several saddening topics are necessarily alluded to, these are such as every institution must have to bear, for they are not records of carelessness or extravagance on the part of curators and treasurer, not of animosity and separation among the members, or of decreased popularity of the Exhibition; but for the death of several trusty and valued friends of the Academy, the expressions of sorrow are numerous and evidently sincere. Some of these men were closely connected with Edinburgh by many ties of usefulness and social intimacy; Professor John Lizars, F.R.C.S.E., (Hon. Professor of Anatomy to the R. S. Academy), and Mr Alexander Christie, A.R.S.A., had won in their several fields of labour honourable trophies, and were highly esteemed in private life. To the memory of both we beg to

.

Thirty-third Annual Report of the Council of the Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. Instituted 1826, Incorporated by Royal Charter 1838. Edinburgh: Printed by Thomas Constable, Printer to the Queen, and to the University. 1860.

add our individual tribute of respect and gratitude for services rendered with heartiness and urbanity in bygone years. Of the late Director, Mr Alexander Christie, we read:

"Mr Christie's important position for many years, as Director of Architecture and Ornament in the Government School of Art in this city, and those other more honorary appointments, the duties of which, his zeal for Art rendered it a pleasure to him to discharge, united to his high character and acquirements, made his loss widely felt and regretted."

He was an enthusiastic student of all matters connected with the history of Art, and had he lived to consolidate the many useful undertakings which he had commenced during his investigations of manufactures, architecture, and the higher branches of painting, the result could not have failed to yield profit for his fellow workers and the after generation.

Considerable space is devoted to the record of another loss sustained by the Academy, both as friends and artists, in the death of the Right Hon. James Wilson of Calcutta; intelligence of which event was received on 13th September.

"In him the Academy have to deplore the loss of a warm friend, a farseeing statesman, who recognised the value of Artists and Academies of Art, as exercising a most important influence not only on civilization, education, and refinement alone, but also on the best interests of a manufacturing and commercial community."

Mr James Stewart, R.S.A., long settled at the Cape of Good Hope, having resigned his membership, the vacancy was filled up on 10th February last by the election of Mr John Ballantyne, which in its turn caused a vacancy in the list of Associates. This vacancy and another, occasioned by the death of Mr Christie, has been filled up by the election of Mr William Crawford (chiefly, and honourably, known as a portrait painter,) and Mr Peter Graham, one of the youngest and most promising of the artists who have lately attracted public favour in the Exhibition, where his charming transcripts of woodland nature, secured attention.

The services of the Royal Academy have been lately useful for two objects tending farther to adorn the city; these were in resistance of "the threatened abandonment or modification of the plans for a New Post Office," and the Restoration of the ancient Cross of Edinburgh, on or near the original site. Particulars of these may be found in the Report, pp. 10, 11.

There is also reference to the Volunteer movement; "a number of the members of the Academy having early formed themselves into the nucleus of a corps of Volunteer Artillery, in which they were joined by nearly all the more distinguished of the junior members of the profession and others. The company elected as their officers three of the Academicians." They were, erelong, enrolled as the "No. 1. Company of the City of Edinburgh Volunteer Artillery-the first of that branch of the Volunteer army established in Scotland [or in Britain, indeed, under the recent impulse]-and now forming part of

a Regiment comprising nine companies, and mustering six hundred strong." Mr Joseph Noel Paton, who so deservedly stands foremost amongst the artists of his own country, and who is the most esteemed Scottish contributor to the Royal Academy in London, held the position of Captain in the Company of Volunteer Artillery, and was the first person presented to Her Majesty on occasion of the great Volunteer Review, previous to her visit to Scotland. Since his resignation of the captaincy, it has been held by Mr John Ballantyne. As regards the Annual Exhibitions, that for 1860 (the thirtyfourth) is stated to have been the third highest in receipts of the whole series. Mention is made of the " 'Spanish Contrabandista," by John Philip, which was lent for the Exhibition by the Prince Consort.

Regarding the "Private View" we are sorry to see an absurd proposal to imitate the practice of the Royal Academy, by "giving each member the desirable privilege of admitting one or two ladies." We hope the Council will strenuously oppose this ill-advised piece of obsequiousness and smirking gallantry. Should the proposal be carried into execution it will at once destroy the value of the "Private View" for those judges of art who might otherwise have two hours of useful and undisturbed study, before the intrusion of the mass of the public. Let the ladies, who chiefly come to gossip and distract attention, await the opening of the Exhibition on the following day; a delay much to the advantage of the gentlemen of the Fourth Estate, and likely to be by them appreciated.

The arrangements of the Academy's Life Class, hitherto incomplete, are now in a more promising condition; but we miss the name of the best draughtsman and most imaginative artist of the Academy from the new list of visitors. The painter of the "Pursuit of Pleasure" and "Home" is, of course, the one alluded to.

A list of the recent additions to the permanent collection of works of Art in the National Gallery is given. These are:-1. A Portrait of Sir J. G. Shaw Lefevre, by Sir J. Watson Gordon. 2. Bust of the late Right Hon. James Wilson, M.P., by John Steell. 3. Summer Moonlight, Charles Lees. 4. The Day after the Fair; one of Erskine Nicol's inimitable Irish drolleries. 5. Coast Scene-a Storm, E. T. Crawford. 6. Loch Ranza, by the late H. W. Williams ("Grecian Williams"). 7. Interior of a Highland Cottage, by the late William Simson. Also the following,-8. A Sketch by John Zephaniah Bell, Richard II. and the Goldsmith's Company. 9. A Greek Head, John Ballantyne. 10. Study in Oil, by William Etty; presented by the treasurer, W. Johnstone, after it had long been in possession of the late Sir William Allan, P. R.S.A.

In conclusion, we congratulate the Academy on the prosperity and good feeling existing, as manifested by the Report for 1860.

ECCLESIASTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

Appointment.-Dr Wm. Stevenson, of South Leith, has been appointed to the Chair of Church History in the University of Edinburgh, vacant by the death of Rev. Dr Robertson.

New Chapel-Royal Dean.-Her Majesty has appointed the Rev. William Milligan, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism in the University of Aberdeen, to be one of the Deans of the Chapel-Royal in Scotland.

Parish of Duncansburgh, in Lochaber. This is one of the new parishes erected under the Endowment Scheme, and the munificent liberality of Sir Duncan Cameron of Callart and Fasfern, Bart., who also contributed the funds necessary for church and manse. The Presbytery of Abertarff met there for the purpose of moderating in a call to the presentee, the Rev. Patrick Gordon. The Rev. John M'Leod, Laggan, preached and presided. The call, numerously signed, was sustained, and the settlement took place on the 2d ultimo. The Rev. Malcolm M'Intyre, Boleskine, delivered two able discourses to a full congregation, and, after the induction of Mr Gordon, suitably and earnestly addressed pastor and people. The Rev. Mr M'Intyre, Kilmonivaig, adverting to the circumstances which had led to the present meeting, and the duties in which they were engaged, spoke of the irreparable loss which the Church of Scotland had sustained by the death of the lamented Dr Robertson, to whose Christian patriotism and unwearied zeal they stood indebted for the noble Scheme of which they that day witnessed the fruit; and, after passing a warm eulogy on the shining talents, indomitable energy and burning eloquence which had enlisted men of all classes, from the peasant to the peer, in behalf of his pious and gigantic undertaking, he moved the Presbytery to record in their minutes sentiments corresponding to these views, and to transmit an extract thereof, with an expression of their sympathy and condolence, to the bereaved widow and venerable father of Dr Robertson, with which the Presbytery unanimously and cordially concurred.

Destruction of Cranstoun Parish Church by Fire.- An engineman employed at the Edgehead ceal-pits observed fire issuing from the roof of the Parish Church of Cranstoun. The alarm was instantly given, but before assistance could be procured the roof fell in, and the whole interior of the building was consumed, leaving nothing but the walls standing. The beadle states that when he left the church, between three and four o'clock on Sunday afternoon, there was no smell of burning about the church, and though the remains of the fire had been left in the stove, it was so small that he believed it would be out before he got home. The building was only partly insured in, we believe, the North British Insurance Office.

Honorary Degrees.—The University of St Andrews have conferred the degree of LL.D. on the Rev. Alexander M Laren, of Kemback, late Rector of the Dundee Academy; and on the Rev. Richard Low, First Classical Master in the same academy; also, the degree of D.D. on the Rev. Alexander R. Irvine, BlairAthole, and on the Rev. Peter Davidson, of the United Presbyterian Congregation, Dean Street, Edinburgh.

Death of Dr Pyper, United College, St Andrews.-William Pyper, LL.D., died at his residence, Playfair Terrace, St Andrews, after a lingering illness. By his decease, the Professorship of Humanity in this University is now vacant. Dr Pyper was inducted to the chair in 1844, as successor to the celebrated Dr Thomas Gillespie. The patronage is in the hands of the Duchess of Portland.

St Andrews University.-We understand that the Duke of Portland, patron of the Humanity Chair, vacant by death of Dr Pyper, has conferred the appointment on Mr John Campbell Shairp, B.A., Balliol College, Oxford, the youngest son of Norman Shairp, Esq., of Houstoun, Linlithgowshire.

Died, at Dairsie Manse, Cupar-Fife, on the 18th inst., the Rev. George Scott, minister of Dairsie.

Died, at Leith, on the 31st ult., the Rev. James T. Haldane, late minister of Sauchie, Alloa.

MACPHAIL'S

EDINBURGH ECCLESIASTICAL JOURNAL.

No. CLXXXII.

MARCH 1861.

MIND AND BRAIN.*

THE history of the civilized nations of the earth presents us with no proper account as to the locality or localities where man first rose into civilization from that primeval barbarism that marks the condition of all savage life. Nay, it is not even certain that man did originally emerge from a state of savageism, for if we consider aright many well authenticated facts in Ethnology, such as that the Negro race have existed in the interior of Africa for upwards of 4000 years, and that in precisely the same physical, moral, and intellectual condition, without progress or retrogression, and that the white races have occupied less favoured portions of the earth's surface, and been distinguished by their progressive intellectual and moral development, and that too for a similar period, the conclusion is at least suggested, if not forced upon us, that mankind were originally created of different degrees of intellectual and moral capability, the negro being as different from his white fellow man, as the carnivora among animals are different from the gramnivora. These wide and far-reaching distinctions are not confined to the races mentioned, for if we examine with scrutinizing attention the habits and modes of existence of other nations and tribes of the human family, we will find them marked by peculiarities as broad and well defined as those that distinguish the negro from the white portion of mankind.

These various races differ from each other not only in the colour * Mind and Brain; or, The Correlations of Consciousness and Organization, with their Applications to Philosophy, Zoology, Physiology, Mental Pathology, and the Practice of Medicine. By Thomas Laycock, M.D., F.R.S.E., &c., &c. Edinburgh: Sutherland & Knox. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. 1860.

VOL. XXXI.

E