and still more for his personal courage, which was always remarkable. In external appearance, he exhibited more of the scholar than the man of the world; being short in his person, meager in his countenance, and slovenly in his habits. These, however, were but small defects in a man otherwise so highly gifted, and so modest, conscientious and amiable. Charitable even in bounded circumstances, altogether disinterested in prosperity, and serene and contented in all fortunes, he was at once the divine and philosopher, leaving little property other than his books, and the reputation of being one of the greatest ornaments to his country.

BARROWS. (See Tumuli.)

BARRY, James T., a painter, and writer on his art, was born at Cork, in Ireland, in 1741, and died in 1806. His father was employed in the coasting trade between England and Ireland, and had destined him for the same business; but his irresistible inclination for drawing and painting prevailed. By one of his first paintings in oil, representing the Landing of St. Patrick in Ireland, he attracted the attention of the famous Burke, who carried him, in his 23d year, to London, and recommended him to the Athenian Stuart, so called, by whom he was employed in copying old paintings in oil. The brothers Burke provided him with the necessary means for visiting Paris and Rome, from whence he went to Florence, Bologna and Naples. He remained three years in Italy, formed his genius by the study of the great masterpieces, and wrote able criticisms upon them. Among his productions, Adam and Eve, Venus, Jupiter and Juno upon Mount Ida, and the Death of General Wolfe, are the most celebrated. After his return, he was chosen member of the royal academy, and professor of painting. He worked seven years on the paintings which adorn the great hall of the society for the encouragement of the arts. In 1773, he published his well-known work, Inquiry into the real and imaginary Obstructions to the Increase of the Arts in England. He traces these causes to the Protestant religion, to the political spirit of the English, and to their preference of the useful to the beautiful. While we value his criticism on the beautiful, and his theory of the arts, we must blame the irregularity of his drawings, and his unsociable manners. He died in 1806.

BARRY, John, a distinguished naval officer in the service of the U. States, was born in the county of Wexford, Ire

589

land, in 1745. His father, a very respectable farmer, having perceived a strong inclination in him for the sea, placed him on board a merchantman, where he continued for several years. He arrived in America, which he adopted as his country, when only 14 or 15 years old, having previously acquired a good practical education by industrious effort, in conjunction with a strong and active mind. In America, he was not long without occupation, being employed by some of the most respectable merchants of the day, who always spoke of him in terms of high approbation. He continued thus engaged until the rupture between the colonies and the mother country, when he embraced the cause of the former. The reputation which he had acquired for skill and experience procured for him one of the first naval commissions from congress. In February, 1776, he was appointed commander of the brig Lexington, of 16 guns, the first continental vessel of war which sailed from the port of Philadelphia. After a successful cruise in her, he was transferred, in the latter part of the same year, to the Effingham, one of the three large frigates built in Philadel phia. Being prevented, in the winter of that year, from pursuing his naval operations, by the ice which impeded the navigation of the Delaware, he would not remain inactive, but volunteered his services in the army, where he served, with great honor to himself, as aide-de-camp to general Cadwalader, in the important occurrences near Trenton. When the American vessels of war were lying near Whitehill, whither they had been sent when the city, and the forts of the river, had fallen into the power of the British, commodore Barry conceived the daring plan of annoying the enemy by means of small boats, properly armed, which, being stationed down the river and bay, might intercept supplies, and, in case of danger, take refuge in the creeks. He, accordingly, manned the boats of the frigates, descended the river with muffled oars, under cover of the night, and appeared unexpectedly before the city. He effected his object by intercepting a large stock of provisions, and capturing several vessels laden with military munitions and valuable stores for the British officers. The commodore and his assistants received a public expression of thanks from Washington, on account of his enterprise. After the destruction of his frigate, he was appointed to the command of the Raleigh, of 32 guns, which he was

holy orders; but, becoming disgusted with his teachers, he declined all offers of clerical promotion, and only accepted the title of abbé, in order to show that he belonged to this class. From his youth, he loved the study of the ancient languages, even the most ancient Oriental tongues, and antiquities more particularly. His indefatigable industry and acuteness soon enabled him to communicate to the learned new discoveries in this branch of study, among which the Alphabet of Palmyra, published by him in 1754, holds a principal place. In 1747, he was chosen member of the academy of inscriptions at Paris, after having been associated, on his arrival in Paris (1744), with the inspector of the royal cabinet of medals. About this time, he became acquainted with the count Stainville (afterward the minister Choiseul), who was on the point of departing as ambassador for Rome, and invited B. to accompany him thither. Having been, since 1753, chief inspector of the cabinet of medals, he accepted the offer, and went, in 1764, to Rome. He travelled through Italy, collected antiquities, and occupied himself, after his return, with learned works, and with the arrangement of the cabinet, which had been intrusted to his care, and to which he added a great number of costly and rare medals. Among his works, none are so distinguished for learning and beauty of description as the Travels of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece, on which he had labored 30 years. He himself was modest enough to call this an unwieldy compilation, whilst all the learned men of France and foreign countries received it with the greatest applause. B., in his advanced age, resolved to compose a complete catalogue of the royal cabinet of medals, but was interrupted, in 1788, by the storms of the revolution; during which he remained tranquil, taking no part in the public disturbances. In 1789, he received a place in the académie Française. The revolution deprived him of the greatest part of his income; but he bore this loss with calmness. August 20, 1793, he was accused, by a clerk of the national library, of aristocracy, and, September 2, arrested; but he was soon after set at liberty, and readmitted among the number of librarians. This event had the most injurious effects upon his weak health. When the chief librarian of the national library, the notorious Carra, was executed, October 31, 1793, B. received the offer of his place; but he refused it, with the hope of passing his few remaining days in tranquillity.

591

He died, April 30, 1795, with the reputa tion of an honest man, and a highly learn ed and distinguished author. His nephew, François B., born 1750, is a peer of France and an ultra.

BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, one of the most learned physicians of France in the 18th century, born at Montpellier, December 11, 1734, was admired as a precocious child. After the termination of his studies in 1754, he came to Paris, where the cure of the count of Perigord introduced him to notice. He was received into the society of Barthélemy, Caylus, Henault, Mairan and d'Alembert. Two memoirs, which he presented to the académie des inscriptions et des belles-lettres, obtained the first prizes. He took part in the Journal des Savans, and in the Encyclopédie. Recalled to Montpellier, he founded there a medical school, which acquired a reputation throughout all Europe. He also published there his Nouveaux Élémens de la Science de l'Homme (Montpellier, 1778, 2d augm. edit.; Paris, 1806, 2 vols.), which were translated into most of the European languages. But his ambition did not find sufficient food at Montpellier; he therefore returned, in 1780, to Paris, where he was appointed by the king médecin consultant, and by the duke of Orleans his first physician. He was a member of almost every learned society. His advice upon important cases was sought for from every quarter. The revolution deprived him of the greatest part of his fortune and places. Napoleon, who understood how to discover merit, brought him forth again, and loaded him, in his advanced age, with dignities. He died October 15, 1806. His name will be remembered, in and out of France, with the same respect as those of Boerhaave, Hoffmann, Sydenham, Cullen and Brown. Among his numerous writings is the one entitled Nouvelle Mécanique des Mouvemens de l'Homme et des Animaux. B. was a doctor of laws, and counsellor of the cour des aides.

BARTHOLOMEW (son of Tolmai), the apostle, is probably the same person as Nathanael, mentioned, in the Gospel of St. John, as an upright Israelite, and one of the first disciples of Jesus. The derivation of his name and descent from the family of the Ptolemies, is fabulous. He is said to have taught Christianity in the south of Arabia, and to have carried there the Gospel of St. Matthew, in the Hebrew language, according to Eusebius. Chrys ostom mentions, that he preached in Armenia and Natolia, and a later writer of

592

legends says, that he suffered crucifixion at Albania pyla (now Derbent, in Persia). The ancient church had an apocryphal gospel bearing his name, of which nothing has been preserved.

BARTHOLOMEW's HOSPITAL (ST.); one of the greatest hospitals of London; formerly the priory of St. Bartholomew, and made a hospital by Henry VIII. It can contain 820 patients.

BARTHOLOMEW, St.; one of the Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, belonging to Sweden, about 24 miles in circumference; lon. 63° 0 W.; lat. 17° 34′ N.; pop. about 8,000. It produces tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo and cassava, with some excellent woods and limestone. All the fresh water which they can procure is saved in cisterns. The island is encompassed by formidable rocks, which render it dangerous of access to shipping. Its chief products for exportation are drugs and lignum-vitæ. The only town is called Gustavia, or St. Bartholomew, and contains about 4000 inhabitants; and the only harbor is La Carenage, near Gustavia.-There are two other islands of the same name in the South Pacific ocean. One lies in lon. 167° 23′ E., lat. 15° 41' S.; the other in lon. 221° 25′ W., lat. 8° 13′ S.

BARTHOLOMEW's DAY (ST.); a feast of the church, celebrated, August 24, in honor of St. Bartholomew. The horrid slaughter of the Huguenots, in France, took place on St. Bartholomew's day, under the reign of Charles IX, in 1572. The causes which produced it may be found in the articles Huguenots, Guise, and Condé. After the death of Francis II, Catharine of Medicis (q. v.) became regent in the place of her son, Charles IX, then only 10 years old, and was compelled, in spite of the opposition of the Guises, to issue an edict of toleration in favor of the Protestants. The party of the Guises now persuaded the nation, that the Catholic religion was in the greatest danger. The Huguenots were treated in the most cruel manner; prince Condé took up arms; the Guises had recourse to the Spaniards, Condé to the English, for assistance. Both parties were guilty of the most atrocious cruelties, but finally concluded peace. The queen-mother caused the king, who had entered his 14th year, to be declared of age, that she might govern more absolutely under his name, Duke Francis de Guise had been assassinated, by a Huguenot, at the siege of Orleans; but his spirit continued in his family, which considered the admiral

Coligny as the author of his murder. The Huguenots soon found, that the queenmother still hated them; and Condé and Coligny, therefore, kept themselves on their guard. The king (see Charles IX) had been persuaded, that the Huguenots had designs on his life, and had conceived an implacable hatred against them. Meanwhile the court endeavored to gain time, in order to seize the persons of the prince and the admiral by stratagem, but was disappointed, and hostilities were renewed with more violence than ever. In the battle of Jarnac, 1569, Condé was made prisoner, and shot by the captain de Montesquieu. Coligny collected the remains of the routed army; the young prince Henry de Bearn (afterwards Henry IV, king of Navarre and France), the head of the Protestant, party after the death of Condé, was appointed commander-inchief, and Coligny commanded in the name of the prince Henry de Condé, who swore to revenge the murder of his father. But he was destitute of means, and was unsuccessful. The advantageous offers of peace at St. Germain-en-Laye (August 8, 1570) blinded the chiefs of the Huguenots, particularly the admiral Coligny, who was wearied with civil war. The king appeared to have entirely disengaged himself from the influence of the Guises and his mother: he invited the old Coligny, the support of the Huguenots, to his court, and honored him as a father. The most artful means were employed to increase this delusion. The sister of the king was married to the prince de Bearn (Aug. 18, 1572), in order to allure the most distinguished Huguenots to Paris. Some of his friends endeavored to dissuade the admiral from this visit; but he could not be convinced that the king would command an assassination of the Protestants throughout his kingdom. Aug. 22, a shot from a window wounded the admiral. The king hastened to visit him, and swore to punish the author of the villany; but, on the same day, he was induced, by his mother, to believe that the admiral had designs on his life. "God's death!" he exclaimed; "kill the admiral; and not only him, but all the Huguenots; let none remain to disturb us!" The following night, Catharine held the bloody council, which fixed the execution for the night of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572. After the assassination of Coligny (q. v.), a bell from the tower of the royal palace, at midnight, gave to the assembled companies of burghers the signal for the general mas

sacre of the Huguenots. The prince of Condé and the king of Navarre saved their lives by going to mass, and pretending to embrace the Catholic religion. By the king's orders, the massacre was extended through the whole kingdom; and if, in some provinces, the officers had honor and humanity enough to disobey the orders to butcher their innocent fellow-citizens, yet instruments were always found to continue the massacre. This horrible slaughter continued for 30 days, in almost all the provinces: the victims are calculated at 30,000. At Rome, the cannons were discharged, the pope ordered a jubilee and a procession to the church of St. Louis, and caused Te Deum to be chanted. Those of the Huguenots who escaped fled into the mountains and to Rochelle. The duke of Anjou laid siege to that city, but, during the siege, received the news, that the Poles had elected him their king. He concluded a treaty, July 6, 1573, and the king granted to the Huguenots the exercise of their religion in certain towns. The court gained nothing by the massacre of St. Bartholomew (called, in French ultra papers, in 1824, une rigueur salutaire). The Huguenots were afterwards more on their guard, and armed themselves against new attacks. (See Hist. de la Ste. Barthélemi d'après les Chroniques, les Mémoires et les Manuscrits du Tems, Paris, 1826. The massacre of St. Bartholomew is, in this work, attributed to Catharine of Medicis. See, also, Schiller's History of the Troubles in France, until the Death of Charles IX, complete works, vol. xvi.)

BARTLETT, Josiah, M. D., governor of New Hampshire, was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, in 1729. He early made considerable proficiency in the Latin and Greek languages, and, at the age of 16, commenced the study of medicine. He commenced the practice of his profession in 1750, at Kingston, in New Hampshire, at the age of 21. Two years afterwards, he was near losing his life by a fever, in consequence of the injudicious management of his physician, who, at the approach of a crisis, had almost exhausted his strength by a warm and stimulating regimen, and seclusion from the air. But the patient procured, during the night, a quart of cider, which he took by half a teacup-full at a time: in the morning, a copious perspiration ensued, and the fever was effectually cheeked. Ever after this event, B. was a strict observer of nature in all diseases, rejecting all arbitrary medical rules. He soon acquired popularity,

593

and an extensive practice. B. established his fame by his manner of treating the throat distemper (angina maligna), which had originated in Kingston, and carried off great numbers, principally children. The physicians, considering it to be of an inflammatory nature, had adopted the depleting and antiphlogistic course of practice, which had been almost invariably followed by death. When the distemper made its appearance again, in 1754, B. believed it to be of a highly putrid character, and, in consequence, determined to employ antiseptic remedies, and pursued this treatment with general success.-He was appointed, by governor John Wentworth, to the command of a regiment of militia; and, in 1765, was chosen representative of the town of Kingston, in the provincial legislature, where he united with a small minority in opposition to what they thought unjust violations of right. In 1774, he was elected a delegate to the general congress, who were to meet at Philadelphia, but declined the office on account of the recent loss of his house by fire. In 1775, the governor deprived him of his commission in the army, and also of that of justice of the peace, which he had formerly conferred on him with the hope of procuring his support; but, some months after, B. received command of a regiment from the provincial congress. Being soon chosen again a delegate to the continental congress, he was the first who voted for, and the first, after the president, who signed, the declaration of independence, his name being first called, as representative of the most easterly province. He performed his duties, which were extremely arduous and fatiguing, whilst in Congress, with zeal and fidelity.-In 1780, he was appointed a judge of the superior court of New Hampshire, in which office he continued until his elevation to the chief-justiceship, in 1790. He was an active member of the convention for adopting the confederation, in 1788. In 1790, he became president of New Hampshire, and, in 1793, was chosen the first governor of the state under the new form of government. In all these offices, his duties were ably and faithfully discharged. In 1794, he retired from the chief magistracy of the state, and from all public employment. He died May 19, 1795, leaving the reputation of ability and integrity.

BARTOLOZZI, Francesco; a distinguished engraver, born at Florence, in 1730, where he learned the art of drawing from Hugfort, Feretti and others. In Venice,