176 THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT. [1647 A.D. that time in the north of England, awaiting the payment of 'arrears of pay due to it by the Parliament. A.D. 4. When this matter was settled, and it became necessary for the Scots to return to Scotland, Charles by his own 1647 desire was transferred to the Parliament. The Scots, however, made the express 'stipulation that no injury should be done to the King's person. A year later, when the Independents got the upper hand in the army and the Parliament, and when it was thought that 1648 Charles's life was in danger, the Scots sent an army A.D. into England under the Duke of Hamilton to rescue and restore the King. It was defeated by Cromwell. Hamilton was taken prisoner, and was afterwards 'executed. 5. Then followed Pride's Purge, which cleared the English Parliament of Presbyterians. The Rump voted the trial of the King. On the 20th January 1649, the High Court of Justice met in Westminster Hall and the trial began. On the 27th sentence of death was pronounced. On the 30th Charles was beheaded in front of the Banquet-Hall of Whitehall Palace. 6. CHARLES II."-The execution of King Charles set at nought the express condition made by the Scots when they gave him up to the Parliament. It therefore filled them with wrath, and their first act was to 'proclaim his son King by the title of Charles II. The Scots were Presbyterians; in England the Independents held all the power; and the feud between these two parties was as bitter as between either of them and Prelacy. 7. Charles II. agreed to sign the Covenant, as the price of the support of the Scots. He arrived in Scotland in June 1650, and was received in Edinburgh with the greatest warmth. Cromwell hastened northward. General Leslie marched to meet him. At Dunbar the English army was so 'completely hemmed in between the Scots and the sea, that its 'destruction seemed certain. But Cromwell, by suddenly beginning the attack, threw the Scots into confusion, and inflicted on them a severe defeat. Sept. 3, 1650 A.D. 8. Undismayed, the Scots crowned Charles at Scone on 1st January 1651. Instead of meeting Cromwell on Scottish Charles II.] THE RESTORATION. 177 Sept. 3, ground, Charles marched into England, resolved to strike a blow at the capital. Cromwell followed, and overtook him at Worcester, where he scattered the Royalists, and compelled Charles to become a 'fugitive and an 'exile. 1651 A.D. 9. Cromwell went back to Scotland, and succeeded so far in reducing it that he was able to return to England in 1652, leaving General Monk to complete the work. By the sack of Dundee in 1653, and other 'stringent measures, his task was soon finished. Under Cromwell's firm rule Scotland was prosperous and happy. Commerce began to 'revive, property was secure, and freedom of conscience was fully respected. 10. Cromwell, who had been made Protector in 1653, died in 1658. His son Richard succeeded him, but he ruled for only eight months. The army held him in contempt. The Long Parliament, expelled in 1653, was again 'sum- 1660 moned, and Richard resigned. Monk led his army to London, and advised that Charles II. should be recalled. This was done, and he entered London on the 29th May 1660. That event is known as the 'Restoration. ar-rears', sums unpaid. ar-rīved' in, reached. com-plete-ly, fully; entirely. nat-u-ral-ly, as was natural; as was pil-lag-ing, robbing; plundering by pro-claim', call out; announce. A.D. quar-tered, stationed; kept in quar ters. res-to-ra-tion, renewal; revival. Rupert and the Marquis of Newcastle, 1 General Lord Le'ven.-Alexander | Cromwell, and Leven defeated Prince Leslie was made Earl of Leven in 1641. He must not be confounded with David Leslie, the victor at Philiphaugh. Both had served under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden; and both were with the Scottish army in England. It was to Leven that Charles surrendered himself in 1646. David Leslie was afterwards made a peer with the title of Lord Newark. 3 Marquis of Montrose'.-James Graham. He was taken and executed in 1650. He must not be confounded with John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, who fell at Killiecrankie in 1689. 4 Phil'iphaugh, about 2 miles west of the town of Selkirk. For David Leslie, see Note 1. 5 New'ark, 17 miles north-east of Nottingham. The Scottish army was ried Catherine, daughter of John IV. posted near it, at Southwell. of Portugal. Reigned thirty-four years (1651-1685), twenty-five after the Restoration. 6 Pride's Purge. So called after Colonel Pride, who was intrusted with the work. He encircled the House of Commons with soldiers, and prevented the entrance of about two hundred Presbyterian members. The remainder of the House was called the Rump. 7 Charles II., son of Charles I. Mar OCCASIONAL NOTE.-The Westminster Assembly of Divines began its sittings in 1643, and continued them till 1649. In the latter year The Confession of Faith was ratified by the Scottish Parliament. QUESTIONS.-1. With whom did the Scots side in the civil war? What was subscribed by the Presbyterians and the English Parliament? What help did the Scots give the English?-2. Who overran Scotland in 1645? Where was his career cut short?-3. To whom did Charles surrender in 1646? What offer did the Scots make him? How long did he remain with them? Why did they remain in England?-4. What was done with Charles when the Scots had to leave? By whose desire? On what condition? Who led an army into England in 1648? For what purpose? What was the upshot?-5. What was the effect of Pride's Purge? What did the Rump vote? When did the trial begin? Before whom? Where did the court meet? What was the sentence? When and how was he executed? Where did his execution take place?-6. Why were the Scots angry at the execution of Charles? What was their first act? Of what ecclesiastical party were the Scots? What was their feeling towards the Independents?— 7. What price did Charles II. agree to pay for the support of the Scots? When did he arrive in Edinburgh? Who hastened northward? Who marched to meet him? What was Cromwell's position at Dunbar? How did he get the better of the Scots?-8. When was Charles crowned? Where did he then go? Where was he defeated?-9. Whom did Cromwell leave in Scotland to complete its reduction? What town did he sack? What was the condition of Scotland under Cromwell's rule?-10. When did he die? Who succeeded him? How long did he rule? What Parliament was recalled? What did Monk advise? When did Charles enter London? By what name is the event known in history? 3. THE BATTLE OF PHILIPHAUGH. [The following ballad, long preserved by tradition in Selkirkshire before it was printed, coïncides accurately with historical fact. The battle was fought in 1645.] 1. ON Philiphaugh a 'fray began, At Hairhead-wood it ended; The Scots out o'er the Græmes they ran, So merrily they bended. 2. Sir David from the Border cam, 11. "Your nether party fire must, And then they'll think the day's their ain, 179 12. "Then, those that are behind them must 13. "O were ye ever a soldier?" 66 "O yes: I was at Solway Flow,5 14. "Again I was at curst Dunbar, 15. "If ye will lead these men aright, But if that ye a 'traitor prove, |