where he was unprotected by his cuirass. He tried to ride on, but being unable to keep the saddle, fell mortally wounded, and died in the course of the night.

It was impossible for a victory to be more complete than that gained by the Highlanders at Killiecrankie. The cannon, baggage, and stores of MacKay's army fell into their hands. The two regiments which kept their ground suffered so much in their attempt to retreat through the pass, now occupied by the Athole men in their rear, that they might be considered as destroyed. Two thousand of MacKay's army were killed or taken, and the general himself escaped with difficulty to Stirling, at the head of a few horse. The Highlanders, whose dense columns, as they came down to the attack, underwent three successive volleys from MacKay's line, had eight hundred men slain.

But all other losses were unimportant compared to that of Dundee, with whom were forfeited all the fruits of that bloody victory. MacKay, when he found himself free from pursuit, declared his conviction that his opponent had fallen in the battle. And such was the opinion of Dundee's talents and courage, and the general sense of the peculiar crisis at which his death took place, that the common people of the low country cannot, even now, be persuaded that he died an ordinary death. They say, that a servant of his own, shocked at the severities, which, if triumphant, his master was likely to accomplish against the Presbyterians, and giving way to the popular prejudice of his having a charm against lead balls, shot him, in the tumult of the battle, with a silver button taken from his livery coat. The Jacobites and Episcopal party, on the other hand, lamented the deceased victor as the last of the Scots, the last of the Grahams, and the last of all that was great in his native country.-SIR WALTER SCOTT.

I. JAMES EDWARD, THE OLD PRETENDER.

AMES II. of England was a rigid and outspoken Roman Catholic even before he became king. After he had ascended the throne, his bigoted course alienated many who had thought it their sacred duty to maintain his right. Before three years had elapsed Tories and Whigs united in a project to expel him. The birth of his son at this juncture only strengthened the desire of the nation to get rid of him. William of Orange, the leader of the Protestant party in Europe, had little difficulty in obtaining the crown to which he was invited. He was himself a grandson of Charles I., and had married Mary, the elder daughter of James II. The English Revolution was accomplished in November, 1688, and James sought refuge in France.

His son, James Frederick Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender, was born at St. James' Palace, London, June 10, 1688. The popular opinion at the time was that the child was supposititious, but this has been completely disproved. Before the father's flight the infant had been sent with his mother, Mary of Modena, to France. In 1701, on his father's death, he was proclaimed king by Louis XIV., but an attempt to perform the ceremony in London was resented by the populace. A bill of attainder was passed against him before the death of William III. in 1702. Princess Anne of Denmark, half-sister of the Pretender, succeeded

to the English throne. Yet the Jacobites, as his partisans were called (from Jacobus, the Latin for James), were numer ous and influential. In 1708 an expedition fitted out in his behalf by Louis against England failed completely. On the fall of the Whig party in England, his prospects considerably improved. Negotiations were opened, and in 1712 James wrote to his sister Anne, who was thought to look favorably on his restoration. After the peace of Utrecht he was compelled to leave France, and went to Bar-le-Duc in Lorraine. Had he been willing to become a Protestant he might easily have succeeded to the throne on Anne's death. But he adhered firmly to the Catholic faith. The Electress Sophia, who had been named in the Act of Settlement as successor to Anne, died two months before her, and the next heir was Sophia's son George of Hanover. In June, 1714, both Houses of Parliament issued proclamations against the Pretender. On August 1, Queen Anne died suddenly, and George peaceably secured the throne.

He

The Pretender, who was called the Chevalier de St. George in France, issued a proclamation, claiming the crown. hoped that Louis would be induced to break the peace, but Louis died in 1715. Though various misadventures occurred, the Jacobites rose both in Scotland and England. In September James Stuart was solemnly proclaimed king by the Earl of Mar in the midst of the assembled Highland clans. But the Duke of Argyle, with a royal army strongly posted at Stirling, watched their movements. An indecisive battle was fought at Sheriffmuir, on November 13th, and Mar retreated to Perth. At the same time the English part of the Pretender's forces which had captured Preston, finding itself unsupported, surrendered. When James landed at Peterhead without the aid eagerly expected from France, his party was broken and dispirited. He wasted weeks at Perth, the ancient capital of Scotland, in frivolous preparations for his coronation. When he heard that Argyle was advancing he retreated to Montrose, and thence with Mar sailed for France, leaving his army to its fate. The Highlanders dispersed. More than thirty English and Scotch noblemen and gentlemen suffered death. The estates of many were confiscated and more than

a thousand were banished to America. On his return to France James unjustly laid the blame of failure on Bolingbroke, who had been his secretary, and replaced him by Mar.

In 1717 there was a project of a Stuart restoration by Charles XII. of Sweden and the Spanish minister Alberoni, but it came to naught. The English government then induced the Regent of France to expel James, who took refuge at Rome. He was betrothed to Clementina, granddaughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland; but on her way to Rome she was arrested by the German Emperor and detained a prisoner. After a time she escaped to Italy and was married to James. In 1719 the Pretender was invited to Spain, where Alberoni fitted out an expedition against England, but storms scattered it in the Bay of Biscay. On the last day of 1720 James's son, Charles Edward, was born. There were new plots of Jacobites in England and local risings in Scotland, but they were soon extinguished. James quarreled with his secretary, Mar, and appointed Colonel Hay in his place with the title Earl of Inverness. Clementina, offended by her husband's licentious habits, left him. He lost also the favor of Spain and Germany.

On the death of George I. in 1727 the Pretender's hopes were revived, but he was again doomed to disappointment. He was reconciled to his wife, and took as his chief adviser the brother of Inverness, making him Earl of Dunbar. New intrigues were formed, the ultimate result of which was the Young Pretender's expedition in 1745. After the failure of this last attempt the father quarreled with the son, but ceased to have any influence on public affairs. He lived at Rome, where the Pope granted him a regular income and a guard of soldiers and ordered that he should be styled King of England. The satirical Italians complied by calling him the king here in distinction from the king there, that is, in England. His miniature court was frequented by English and Scotch Jacobite noblemen and the foreign enemies of the House of Hanover. Horace Walpole described him in his old age: "He is tall, meagre and melancholy of aspect. Enthusiasm and disappointment have stamped a solemnity on his person, which rather awakens pity than respect. He seems

the phantom which good nature divested of reflection conjures up when we think of the misfortunes without the demerits of Charles the First. Without the particular features of any Stuart, the Chevalier has the strong lines and fatality of air peculiar to them all." In later years this unworthy Pretender was so infirm that he was unable to leave his bed-chamber. He died at Rome, January 12, 1766, and was interred in St. Peter's Church. His whole career showed him deficient in energy and enterprise, thoroughly selfish and faithless.

THE OLD PRETENDER IN SCOTLAND. (1715).

The Earl of Mar, having been joined by the northern clans, under the Earl of Seaforth, and those of the west, commanded by General Gordon, who had signalized himself in the service of the Czar of Muscovy, resolved to pass the Forth, in order to join his southern friends, that they might march together into England. With this view he advanced to Auchterarder, where he reviewed his army, and rested on the 11th of November. The Duke of Argyle, apprised of his intention, and being joined by some regi. ments of dragoons from Ireland, determined to give him battle in the neighborhood of Dumblane. On the 12th of the month, Argyle passed the Forth at Stirling, and encamped, with his left at the village of Dumblane and his right towards Sheriffmuir. The Earl of Mar advanced within two miles of his camp and remained till daybreak in order of battle. His army consisted of 9000 effective men, cavalry as well as infantry. In the morning, the Duke, understanding they were in motion, drew up his forces, which did not exceed 3500 men, on the heights to the north-east of Dumblane; but he was outflanked both on the right and left. The clans that formed part of the centre and right wing of the enemy, with Glengarry and Clanranald at their head, charged the left of the king's army, sword in hand, with such impetuosity that in seven minutes both horse and foot were totally routed with great slaughter, and General Whetham, who commanded them, fled at full gallop to Stirling, where he declared the royal army was totally defeated. In the meantime the Duke of Argyle, who commanded in person on the right, attacked the left of the enemy, at the head of Stair's and Evan's dragoons, who drove them two miles before him, as far as the Water of Allan. Yet in that space they wheeled about, and attempted to rally ten times, so that he was obliged to press them hard that they might not