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berg became Frederick the First, Elector of Brandenburg. The Duchy of Prussia fell under the sway of the Elector John Sigismund (1608-19), and from that time to the present there has been a very remarkable development of government and power. See Carlyle's 'Frederick the Great,' and Mr. Baring-Gould's 'Germany' in the series 'Stories of the Nations.'

11. 57-60. The Duke of Brunswick was defeated at Valmy in 1792, and so failed to crush the dragon of the French Revolution in its birth, as in all likelihood he would have done had he been victorious on the occasion.

1. 64. Prussia, without an ally, took the field instead of acting on the defensive.

1. 67. seem'd = beseemed, befitted; as in Spenser's May eclogue, 'Nought seemeth sike strife,' i. e. such strife is not befitting or seemly.

1. 69. Various German princes lost their dominions after Napoleon conquered Prussia.

1. 78. By defeating Varus, A.D. 9, Arminius saved Germany from Roman conquest. See the first two books of the Annals of Tacitus, at the close of which this tribute is paid to the hero: liberator haud dubie Germaniae et qui non primordia populi Romani, sicut alii reges ducesque, sed florentissimum imperium lacessierit, proeliis ambiguus, bello non victus.'

11. 46-80. This undoubtedly vigorous and well-sustained tribute is not without its special purpose. The Princess Caroline was daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, and Scott was one of those who believed in her, in spite of that 'careless levity' which he did not fail to note in her demeanour when presented at her Court at Blackheath in 1806. This passage on the Duke of Brunswick had been read by the Princess before the appearance of Marmion.' Lockhart (Life of Scott, ii. 117) says: 'He seems to have communicated fragments of the poem very freely during the whole of its progress. As early as the 22nd February, 1807, I find Mrs. Hayman acknowledging, in the name of the Princess of Wales, the receipt of a copy of the Introduction to Canto III, in which occurs the tribute to her Royal Highness's heroic father, mortally wounded the year before at Jena-a tribute so grateful to her feelings that she herself shortly after sent the poet an elegant silver vase as a memorial of her thankfulness.'

1. 81. The Red-Cross hero is Sir Sidney Smith, the famous admiral, who belonged to the Order of Knights Templars. The

eight-pointed Templar's cross which he wore throughout his career is said to have belonged to Richard Coeur-de-Lion. In early life, with consent of the Government, Smith distinguished himself with the Swedes in their war with Russia. He was frequently entrusted with the duty of alarming the French coast, and once was captured and imprisoned, in the Temple at Paris, for two years. His escape was effected by a daring stratagem on the part of the French Royalist party. He and his sailors helped the Turks to retain St. Jean d'Acre against Napoleon, till then the 'Invincible,' who retired baffled after a vain siege of sixty days (May, 1799). Had Acre been won, said Napoleon afterwards, 'I would have reached. Constantinople and the Indies—I would have changed the face of the world.' See Scott's 'Life of Napoleon,' chap. xiii.

1. 91. For metal'd see above, Introd. to I. 308.

1. 92. For warped="frozen,' cp. As You Like It, ii. 7. 187, where, addressing the bitter sky, the singer says:

'Though thou the waters warp,

Thy sting is not so sharp,

As friends remember'd not.'

1. 94. The reference is to Sir Ralph Abercromby, who commanded the expedition to Egypt, 1800-1, and fell at the battle of Alexandria. Sir Sidney Smith was wounded in the same battle, and had to go home.

11. 100-10. Scott pays compliment to his friend Joanna Baillie (1764-1851), with chivalrous courtesy asserting that she is the first worthy successor of Shakespeare. Count Basil' and 'De Montfort' are the two most remarkable of her 'Plays of the Passions,' of which she published three volumes. 'De Montfort' was played in London, Kemble enacting the hero. Several of Miss Baillie's Scottish songs are among standard national lyrics.

1. 100. Cp. opening of 'Lady of the Lake.'

11. 115-28. Lockhart notes the resemblance between this passage and Pope's Essay on Man,' II. 133-148.

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1. 134. Cp. Goldsmith's 'Traveller,' 293

'The slow canal, the yellow-blossom'd vale,

The willow-tufted bank, the gliding sail.'

Batavia is the capital of the Dutch East Indies, with canals, architecture, &c., after the home model.

1. 137. hind, from Early Eng. hyne, servant (A. S. hina) is quite distinct from hind, a female stag. Gavin Douglas, translating Tyrii

coloni of Æn. I. 12, makes them 'hynis of Tyre.' Shakespeare (Merry Wives, iii. 5. 94) uses the word as servant, 'A couple of Ford's knaves, his hinds, were called forth.' The modern usage implies a farm-bailiff or simply a farm-servant.

1. 149. Lochaber is a large district in the south of Invernesshire, having Ben Nevis and other Grampian heights within its compass. It is a classic name in Scottish literature owing to Allan Ramsay's plaintive lyric, Lochaber no more.'

1. 153. For early influences, see Lockhart's Life, vol. i.

1. 178. 'Smailholm Tower, in Berwickshire, the scene of the author's infancy, is situated about two miles from Dryburgh Abbey.'— LOCKHART.

1. 180. The aged hind was 'Auld Sandy Ormiston,' the cow-herd on Sandyknows, Scott's grandfather's farm. If the child saw him in the morning,' says Lockhart, 'he could not be satisfied unless the old man would set him astride on his shoulder, and take him to keep him company as he lay watching his charge.'

1. 183. strength, stronghold. Cp. Par. Lost, vii. 141:—

"This inaccessible high strength.

He trusted to have seiz'd.'

1. 194. slights, as pointed out by Mr. Rolfe, was 'sleights' in the original, and, as lovers' stratagems are manifestly referred to, this is the preferable reading. But both spellings occur in this sense. 1. 201. The Highlanders displayed such valour at Killiecrankie (1689), and Prestonpans (1745).

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1. 207. See notes on the Eve of St. John, in the Border Minstrelsy, vol. iv; and the author's Introduction to the Minstrelsy, vol. i. p. 101.'-LOCKHART.

1. 211. 'Robert Scott of Sandyknows, the grandfather of the Poet.'-LOCKHART.

1. 216. doom, judgment or decision. 'Discording,' in the sense of disagreeing, is still in common use in Scotland both as an adj. and a participle. They discorded' indicates that two disputants approached without quite reaching a serious quarrel. In a note to the second edition of the poem Scott states that the couplet beginning 'whose doom' is 'unconsciously borrowed from a passage in Dryden's beautiful epistle to John Driden of Chesterton.' Dryden's lines are :— 'Just, good, and wise, contending neighbours come, From your award to wait their final doom.'

1. 221. 'Mr. John Martin, minister of Mertoun, in which parish Smailholm Tower is situated.'-LOCKHART. With the tribute to the

clergyman's worth, cp. Walton's eulogy on George Herbert, 'Thus he lived, and thus he died, like a saint,' &c.

1. 225. For imp, cp. above Introd. to I. 37. A 'grandame's child' is almost certainly spoiled. Shakespeare (King John, ii. 1. 161) utilizes the fact :

'It grandam will

Give it a plum, a cherry, and a fig.'

CANTO THIRD.

Stanza I. Mr. Guthrie Wright, advocate, prosaically objected to the indirect route chosen by the poet for his troopers. Scott gave the true poetic answer, that it pleased him to take them by the road chosen. He is careful, however, to assign (Il. 6–8) an adequate reason for his preference.

1. 16. wan, won, gained; still used in Scotland. Cp. Principal Shairp's Bush Aboon Traquair' :—

And then they wan a rest,

The lownest an' the best,

I' Traquair kirkyard when a' was dune.'

1. 19. Lammermoor. 'See notes to the Bride of Lammermoor, Waverley Novels, vols. xiii. and xiv.'-LOCKHART.

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1. 22. The village of Gifford lies about four miles from Haddington; close to it is Yester House, the seat of the Marquis of Tweeddale, and a little farther up the stream, which descends from the hills of Lammermoor, are the remains of the old castle of the family.'-LOCKHART.

Many hold that Gifford and not Gifford-gate, at the outskirts of Haddington, was the birthplace of John Knox.

Stanza II. 1. 31. An ivy-bush or garland was a tavern sign, and the flagon is an appropriate accompaniment. Chaucer's Sompnour (Prol. 666) suggested the tavern sign by his head-gear :

'A garland hadde he set upon his heed,

As gret as it were for an ale-stake.'

See note in Clarendon Press ed., and cp. Epilogue of As You Like It (and note) in same series :-'If it be true that good wine needs no bush,' &c.

1. 33. The accommodations of a Scottish hostelrie, or inn, in the

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sixteenth century, may be collected from Dunbar's admirable tale of The Friars of Berwick." Simon Lawder, "the gay ostlier," seems to have lived very comfortably; and his wife decorated her person with a scarlet kirtle, and a belt of silk and silver, and rings upon her fingers; and feasted her paramour with rabbits, capons, partridges, and Bourdeaux wine. At least, if the Scottish inns were not good, it was not from want of encouragement from the legislature; who, so early as the reign of James I, not only enacted, that in all boroughs and fairs there be hostellaries, having stables and chambers, and provision for man and horse, but by another statute, ordained that no man, travelling on horse or foot, should presume to lodge anywhere except in these hostellaries; and that no person, save innkeepers, should receive such travellers, under the penalty of forty shillings, for exercising such hospitality. But, in spite of these provident enactments, the Scottish hostels are but indifferent, and strangers continue to find reception in the houses of individuals.'SCOTT.

It is important to supplement this note by saying that the most competent judges still doubt whether Dunbar wrote 'The Friars of Berwick.' It is printed among his doubtful works.

Stanza III. Such a kitchen as that described was common in Scotland till recent times, and relics of a similar interior exist in remote parts still. The wide chimney, projecting well into the floor, formed a capacious tunnel to the roof, and numerous sitters could be accommodated with comfort in front and around the fire. Smoke and soot from the wood and peat fuel were abundant, and the 'winter cheer,'-hams, venison, &c.-hung from the uncovered rafters, were well begrimed before coming to the table.

1. 48. The solan goose frequents Scottish haunts in summer. There are thousands of them on Ailsa Craig, in the Frith of Clyde, and on the Bass Rock, in the Frith of Forth, opposite Tantallon.

1. 49. gammon (O. Fr. gambon, Lat. gamba, ‘joint of a leg'), the buttock or thigh of a hog salted and dried; the lower end of a flitch.

Stanza IV. I. 73. 'The winds of March' (Winter's Tale, iv. 3. 120), are a prominent feature of the month. The freshness of May has fascinated the poets since it was told by Chaucer (Knightes' Tale, 175) how Emelie arose one fine morning in early summer :Emilie, that fairer was to seene

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Than is the lilie on hire stalke grene,

And fresscher than the May with floures newe.'

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