Army. According to estimates laid before the House of Commons, the English army for the year 1867-68, consisted of the following regiments, depots and training establishments:

In addition to the standing army, England had, in 1868, the following auxiliary forces; 1. The Disembodied Militia. who are bound to five years service within the United Kingdom when called in. They must, in time of peace, be called in annually, for the purpose of exercise, no less than 21 and no more than 56 days. Their equipment is the same as that of the standing army. It consisted. for the year 1868-69, of 135 battalions of infantry, 29 battalions of artillery, 3,507 officers, 5,464 under officers, and 120,000 men; total, 128,971 men. Amount provided for the militia, £986,000. 2. The Yeomanry Cavalry, 46 regiments, 1,254 officers, 14,651 men; annual time of exercise, 8 days; amount provided for them, £88,000. 3. The Volunteers. The number is not officially declared in the budget; according to the statements of the officers, they numbered: cavalry, 1,318; artillery, 23,363; engineers, 2,904; riflemen, 135,000; total, 162,585; amount provided for volunteers, £385,100. 4. Pensioners, and 5. Army Reserves. For these two classes £64,600 were provided.

Navy. The navy is governed by a Board of Admiralty, at the head of which is a Cabinet Minister, who is called First Lord, with a salary of £4,500 per annum. Associated with him

are four other members called Lords by courtesy, three with salaries of £1,000 per annum, and one with £1,200. The first secretary has £2,000 and the second secretary £1,500 per annum. Under the board are five great departments: Controller of the navy, Accountant General, Storekeeper General, Controller of Victualling, and Director General of the Medical Department. The total establishment, in 1867, consisted of 451 persons. The number of seamen belonging to the navy in the year 1867-68 was as follows:

The actual strength of the navy, on the 1st of February 1867, was as follows:

Commerce. The value of the imports and exports into and from the United Kingdom for the years 1864, 1865, and 1866, was as follows:

The following table exhibits the division of imports and exports, in 1866, between the several countries:

£301,306,989

Philippine Islands.

1,199,766
918,250

Total to foreign countries....£135,125,124

Grand total of Exports of
British Produce.....

.£188,827,785 In 1867, the total value of exports was £226,057,136. Of this amount, about four-fifths, or £181,183,971 consisted of British produce, against £146,602,342 in 1863, showing an increase of £34,359,581 in five years. The value of exports of British produce to each foreign country in each of the years 1863 and 1867 respectively, was as follows: Russia, £2,695,276 and £3,944,035; Sweden, £606,987 and £647,318; Norway, £556,979 and £848,843; Denmark and Danish possessions, £1,591,203 and £1,862,668; Prussia, £1,917,345 and £2,879,380; Schleswig-Holstein and Lanenberg, £124,217 and £119,265; Hanover, £568,337 and £193,842; Mecklenburg Schwerin, £72,429 and £84,497; Oldenburg and Kniphausen, £54,838 and £36,418; Hanse Towns, £10,806,092 and £17,229,251; Holland and Dutch possessions, £7,087,095 and £10,913,883; Belgium, £2,107,332 and £2,816,481; France, £8,673,309 and £12,121,010; French possessions, £31,850 and £63,300; Portugal proper, £2,225,777 and £1,823,382; Portugese possessions, £211,130 and £223,578; Spain, £3,508,556 and £2,237,962; Spanish possessions, including Cuba and Porto Rico, £2,840,832 and £3,590,069; Italy, £6,038,305 and £4,865,552; Papal territory, £26,868 and £15,801; Austrian territories, viz:-Illyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia, £864,736 and £963,952; Greece, £341,991 and £514,686; Ionian Islands (1864), £310,084 and £434,438; Turkey, £5,471,924 and £5,429,096; Turkish possessions, £1,427,038 and £1,628,767; Egypt, £4,406,295 and £8,198,111; Tunis, £4,924 and £67,204; Morocco, £174,551 and £189,367; Western Coast of Africa, £590,111 and £794,073; Eastern Coast of Africa, £15,289 and £33,930; Madagascar, £13,085, and £585; Muscat, Arabia, £1,189 and £6,638; Persia (1864), £530 and £14,069; Siam, £11,984 and £4,244; Cochin China,

£36,597 and £612; China, £2.416,705 and £4,996,469; Japan, £108,897 and £1,545,386; Islands in the Pacific, £141,119 and £19,888; Hayti and St. Domingo, £528,614 and £291,623; United States of America, £15,344,392 and £21,825,703; Mexico, £1,678,572 and £812,948; Central America, £140,609 and £243,560; New Granada, £1,558,188 and £2,390,931; Venezuela, £402,261 and £260,136; Ecuador, £9,864 and £44,672; Peru, £1,027,343 and £1,422,112; Bolivia (1864), £3,510 and £3,852; Chili, £1,431,814 and £2,524,438; Brazil, £3,964,261 and £5,694,577; Uruguay, £534,937 and £2,452,508; Argentine Confederation, £1,330,959 and £2,837,124. The value of exports, the produce of the United Kingdom, to the British possessions in 1867, was £49,799,610, against £50,879,270 in 1863. The value of these exports to each of the colonies, in each of the years 1863 and 1867 respectively, was as follows: Channel Islands, £867,776 and £469,523; Gibraltar, £1,267,900 and £723,318; Malta and Gozo, £622,608 and £498,796; possessions on the river Gambia, £69,037 and £75,700; Sierra Leone, £178,726 and £225,655; Gold Coast, £80,849 and £328,702; Ascension, £7,066 and £5,710; St. Helena, £33,544 and £36,936; Cape of Good Hope, £1,241,946 and £1,701,441; Natal, £281,339 and £191,570; Mauritius, £511,813 and £377,450; Aden, £45,017 and £79,127; India, exclusive of transit through Egypt, £20,002,241 and £21,805,127; Straits Settlements, £1,486,774 and £2,068,910; Ceylon, £1,075,927 and £771,879; Hong-kong, £1,473,222 and £2,471,809; Australian colonies, £12,498,534 and £9,613,739; British North American colonies, £4,813,482 and £5,862,402; Bermuda, £607,443 and 43,479; British West India Islands, £2,623,847 and £1,666,697; British Guiana, £512,391 and 625,943; British Honduras, £161,367 and £148,016; Falkland Islands, £11,303 and £7,611.

The Merchant Navy. The movement of shipping in the years 1864 to 1866, was as follows: Foreign Vessels-Tonnage.

British Vessels-Tonnage.
.9,028,100..

Total Tonnage.

1864.

Entered..
Cleared

The merchant navy was composed, at the close of the years 1865 and 1866, as follows: 1. UNITED KINGDOM.

1865.

1866.

1867.

Vessels.

Vessels.

.26,069...4,936,776..
2,718... 823,533.

Tonnage. Tonnage. 26,140...4,903,652.... 25,842...4,852,911 2,831... 875,685.. 2.931... 901,062

Vessels.

.28,787...5,760,309...

28,971...5,779,337...... 28,773...5,753,973

2. COLONIES AND EAST INDIES.

Sailing Vessels and Steamers.12,718...1,583,941..

Total..

.12,477...1,562,295. .12,560...1,561,985

.41,505...7,344,250......41,448...7,341,632.... .41,333...7,315,958

The merchant navy, at the close of 1867, had 346,606 and at the close of 1866, 348,214 sailors.

7. GREECE.

Capital, Athens. Area, 19,353 square miles. Population, 1,348,522.

History. Beginning of the war of independence against the Turkish rule, 1821; Greece recognized as an independent Kingdom under the protectorate of France, England and Russia, 1830; Prince Otto of Bavaria elected first king, 1832; flight of king Otto, 1862; election of king George I., 1863; annexation of the Ionian Islands, 1864.

The average density of population is 66 per square mile, or considerably less than that of European Turkey. The nationality of the inhabitants is very mixed. The Albanian race, numbering about a quarter of a million, furnish to the Greek soil the greatest number of cultivators, and to the maritime population of Greece its most enterprising element. Only one-seventh of the area is under cultivation; the rest, though in greater part good for agricultural purposes, lies waste. The ground is chiefly in the hands of a few proprietors. The chief city, Athens, has 41,298 inhabitants.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. GEORGE I., King of the Hellenes, born Dec. 24, 1845, son of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, present King of

Denmark; elected King of the Hellenes by the National Assembly at Athens, March 18, 1863; married, Oct. 27, 1867, to Olga, born Aug. 22, 1851, the eldest daughter of Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, brother of the Emperor Alexander II. Children: 1. Prince Constantine, born Aug. 2, 1868.

Government. The constitution vests the whole legislative power in a single Chamber of representatives, elected by universal suffrage. The executive is vested in the King and his responsible ministers, assisted by a Council of State. The latter consists of 15 to 25 members, named by the Crown at the recommendation of the ministers, and holding office for 10 years.

The Ministry. (Appointed 1868.) Minister of Home Affairs and President of the Council, BULGARIS; Minister of Foreign Affairs, DELYANNI; Minister of Finance, SIMOS; Minister of Public Worship, MAVROMICHALIS; Minister of War, SPIRO MILIO; Minister of Justice, BARTOGLIS; Minister of Marine, CANARIS. The number of government officials is exceedingly large. Education. The public schools are divided into four classes-the Communal Schools, the ancient Greek Schools, the Gymnasium and the University.

Finances. The finances are at present in a most disordered state. The budget for 1867 states for revenue 32,472,335 drachmas (28 drachmas -£1), and for expenditure 28,160,000. But the actual expenditure is believed to have been much larger than that given in the budget estimates, and there have been few financial terms without a deficit. The deficit of the budget for 1866 is calculated to be 4 to 5 million drachmas. The public debt is variously stated; the official report of 1866 settles it at 233,000,000 drachmas.

Army and Navy. The army consisted, in 1866, of 11,460 men; the navy of a frigate of 50 guns, 2 corvettes of 26 and 22 guns, 1 paddle steamer with 6 guns, 6 screw steamers having in all 10 guns, and of 26 smaller vessels and gunboats. The navy is manned by conscription and volunteering from the inhabitants of the sea-coast.

Commerce. The value of imports amounted, in 1864, to 62,000,000 drachmas, the exports to 31,000,000. The most important commercial relations are those with Great Britain, France and Turkey. The commercial navy numbered, in 1864, 4,528 ships of 280,342 tons, and a crew of 21,949 men. There is, as yet, no railroad in Greece.

8. ITALY.

Capital, Florence. Area, 109,837 square miles. Population, 24,368,787.

History. In 1416, the Counts of Savoy adopted the title of Duke; in 1418, they acquired the principality of Piedmont. At the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, they obtained the island of Sicily, with the title of King. Sicily was exchanged, in 1720, for the isle of Sardinia. Genoa and the surrounding territory were added to the Sardinian Crown at the peace of 1815. By the treaty of Villa Franca, and the peace at Zurich, 1859, the king, Victor Emanuel II. obtained Western Lombardy, part of the Papal States, and the Duchies of Parma and Modena, while the remaining districts of Lombardy with Venetia were added to his dominion by the Peace of Prague, in 1866. In 1863, the kingdom was divided into 59 provinces, and the seat of government was transferred to Florence, in 1865. Population. The population is most crowded in Lombardy and the Island of Sicily; the least numerous in the Island of Sardinia. Lombardy and Sicily are the provinces in which the population has increased most rapidly. Sardinia and the Neapolitan provinces are next in order; the increase has been much slower in Piedmont. In 1865, there were 205,651 marriages, 865,387 births, and 672,897 deaths. It is calculated that only two-thirds of the area capable of production, is cultivated, and that the rest lies waste. The great mass of the people are devoted to agricultural pursuits. The number of inhabitants of the principal cities was, in 1864, as follows:

The number of persons having incomes derived from real property is estimated to be 4.861,000, of which 1,000,000 are in the Sardinian States, and 1,400,000 in Naples. The amount of such incomes is £40,400,000 sterling, of which £7,750,000 belong to the Sardinian States,