Louis of Hesse-Homburg; succeeded his brother, June 28, 1867; married, July 26, 1827, to Augusta, born July 26, 1804, daughter of Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels. Children: 1. Princess Elizabeth, born 1833; 2. Prince and heir-apparent George Albert, born Nov.' 23, 1838.

Government. For all legislative measures the Prince must obtain the consent of a Chamber of Representatives of 15 members. The executive is exercised by the Ministry of State. There are triennial budgets. For the period 1864-1866 the revenue and expenditure was 2,582,322 florins. The troops number 989 men.

SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN.

Chief Town, Arnstadt. Area, 332 square miles. Population, 67,500.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. GÜNTHER II., Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, born Sept. 24, 1801; succeeded his father, Aug. 19, 1835; married, in second nuptials, in 1835, to Princess Mathilda of Hohenlohe-Oehringen. Children: 1. Princess Elizabeth, born 1829; 2. Prince Charles, heir-apparent, born Aug. 7, 1830; 3. Prince Leopold, born 1832; 4. Princess Marie, born 1837; 5. Prince Hugo, born 1839.

The ancient House of Schwarzburg gave an Emperor to Germany in the 14th century.

Government. The Government is an unlimited monarchy. The budget for 1864-1867 was, revenue 628,548 thalers, expenditure 611,354. The public debt, Jan. 1, 1867, was 1,458,204 thalers. The troops number 826 men.

WALDECK.

Chief Town, Arolsen. Area, 433 square miles. Population, 56,805.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. GEORGE VICTOR, Prince of Waldeck, born Jan. 14, 1831, the son of Prince George Frederick and Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg; succeeded his father, May 14, 1845; married, Sept. 26, 1853, to Helena, born Aug. 12, 1881, daughter of Duke William of Nassau. Heir-apparent, Prince Frederick, born June 20, 1865.

The family of Waldeck was enrolled by the Congress of Vienna among the sovereign houses of Europe.

Government. The legislative assembly consists of 41 members, who meet at irregular and often distant periods, leaving the exercise of its power, voting supplies and framing laws, to a committee of six members.

The public revenue for 1868 is 514,255 thalers, the expenditure 508,252. The public debt amounted, in 1861, to 1,500,000 thalers; paper money 350,000 thalers. The troops number

866 men.

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.

Chief Town, Bücekburg. Area, 171 square miles. Population, 31,186.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. ADOLPHUS, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, born Aug. 1, 1817, succeeded his father. Nov. 21, 1860; married, Oct. 25, 1844, to Hermina, born 1827, daughter of the Prince of Waldeck. Children: 1. Princess Hermina, born 1845; 2. Prince George, heir-apparent, born 1846; 3. Prince Hermann, born 1848; 4. Princess Ida, born 1852; 5. Prince Otto, born 1854; 6. Prince Adolph, born 1859; 7. Princess Emma, born 1865.

Government. The representative institutions are very limited. To the Prince belongs the whole legislative and executive authority. Income and expense about 228,000 thalers. The troops number 516 men.

HAMBURG.

Area, 156 square miles. Population, 305,196. The city proper has 220,920 inhabitants. Government. The present constitution of the State and Free City of Hamburg intrusts the government to two chambers of representatives-the Senate and House of Burgesses. The Senate, which chiefly exercises the executive power, is composed of 18 members elected for life by the other House. A first and second Burgomaster preside over the meetings of the Senate. The other House consists of 102 members elected for six years. In all matters of legislation, except taxation, the Senate has a veto; and in case of a constitutional conflict, recourse is had to an assembly of arbitrators, chosen equally from the Senate and House.

Finances. The budget estimates for 1867, were: Income and expenditure, 12,002,703 marks banco-4,801,080 thalers. The state debt at the end of 1865, was 55,000,000 marks banco; 26,000,000 of this debt was incurred after the great fire in 1842.

Commerce. The total value of imports in 1866, was 779,088,010 marks banco. In the 17 years from 1850 to 1866, there were shipped from Hamburg 426,248 emigrants; in 1866, 44,780. The army numbers 2,163 men.

BREMEN.

Area, 74 square miles. Population, 109,572.

Government. The Free City of Bremen is governed by a Senate of 30 members, acting under the legislative authority of the General Assembly of citizens. The city proper has 70,692 inhabitants.

Finances. The estimated budget for 1867, is: Income, 1,761,148 thalers; expenditure, 2,040,342 thalers. The public debt amounted in 1867, to 498,650 thalers.

Commerce. The total imports in 1866, amounted to 89,000,000 thalers; exports, 80,000,000 thalers. The commercial navy, at the end of 1866, consisted of 291 vessels, 14 of which were screw steamers. In 1866, 61,877 emigrated from Bremen. The army numbers 760 men.

LUBECK.

Area, 107 square miles. Population, 48,538.

Government. There are two representative bodies-the Senate, exercising the executive, and the House of Burgesses, exercising the legislative authority. The Senate is composed of 14 members, elected for life, and presided over by two Burgomasters, who hold office for two years each. There are 120 members in the House, chosen by all citizens belonging to the guilds of the town. The High Court of Appeal for the Free Cities of Germany is established at Lubeck.

Finances. The budget estimate for 1867, is 1,719,700 marks banco for both revenue and expenditure. The public debt is 8,246,300 thalers.

Commerce. The total imports in 1866, represented a value of over 80,000,000 marks banco; the principal countries being, Denmark, 3,500,000; England, 1,000,000; Russia, 17,500,000; Sweden, over 4,500,000 marks banco. The commercial navy, at the beginning of 1867, consisted of 40 sea-going vessels. The troops number 612 men.

SOUTH GERMANY.-BAVARIA.

Capital, Munich. Area, 29,373 square miles. Population, 4,824,421.

The Kingdom is divided into eight districts, as follows:

There were detached from Bavaria and annexed to Prussia, in 1866, several small districts north of the river Main, embracing a territory of 291 miles, with a population of 32,470. The increase of the population has been comparatively small within the last fifty years, it having been 3,707,966 inhabitants in 1818. The number of illegitimate births is very large. The soil of Bavaria is divided among 947,010 proprietors, the division being greatest in the Palatinate (228,976). Number of families about 1,330,000; 1 marriage to 154; 1 death to 36; 1 birth to 29 inhabitants. Of late years, the emigration from Bavaria has been very large. The chief cities are Munich, 167,054 inhabitants, and Nuremberg, 71,798 inhabitants. There are 232 towns, 417 hamlets, and 22,383 villages.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. Louis II., King of Bavaria, born August 25, 1845, son of King Maximilian II. and Maria, daughter of Prince William of Prussia; succeeded his father March 10, 1864. The Grandfather of the King, Louis I., born 1786, King of Bavaria, 18253-48, died, 1868. The royal house of Bavaria descends from the Counts of Wittelsbach, who flourished in the 12th century. Duke Maximilian I. of Bavaria, was elevated to the rank of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War; and Elector Maximilian Torgoh was raised to the rank of King by Napoleon I. in 1805.

Government. The crown is hereditary in the male line. To the King belongs the sole executive power, but the ministers are responsible for his acts. The legislative functions are exercised jointly by the King and Parliament, the latter consisting of an Upper and Lower House. The Upper House is formed of the princes of the royal family, the crown dignitaries, the archbishops, and the heads of certain old noble families-all these being hereditary mem

bers, to which are added members appointed by the crown. The Lower House consists of deputies of towns and universities, and various religious corporations. The representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to about 35,000 inhabitants. The executive is carried on in the name of the King, by a Council of State consisting of seven members, besides three princes, and the Ministry of State, as follows:

Ministry of State. Minister of the Royal House and Foreign Affairs, Prince HOHENLOHESCHILLINGSFÜRST, appointed 1867; Minister of Justice, Dr. LUTZ, appointed 1867; Minister of the Interior, HÖRMANN VON HÖRBACH, appointed 1868; Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, F. VON GRESSER, appointed 1866; Minister of Finance, A. VON PFRETSCHNER, appointed 1866; Minister of Commerce and Public Works, G. von SCHLÖR, appointed 1866; War Department, Gen. Baron S. VON PRANKH, appointed 1866.

Education. There are two Roman Catholic Universities (Munich and Wurzburg), and one Protestant (Erlangen). In 1861, there were 7,126 schools, with 8,205 teachers. Elementary schools exist in all parishes, and attendance on them is compulsory for all children until the age of fourteen. There are three Polytechnical Schools. Of army recruits in 1865, about 7 per cent. were deficient in schooling. In 1866, 339 newspapers were published.

Finances. According to the budget for the period 1861-67, the annual revenue and expenditure was 46,720,597 florins. The revenue and expenditure for 1868-69, are estimated at 88,602,570 florins. The greater number of the railways in Bavaria, constructed up to Sept. 30, 1865, at a cost of 149,000,000 florins, are the property of the State. The net revenue derived from them in 1866, amounted to nearly 6,000,000 florins. The State domains produced, in the year 1864-65, over 7,000,000 (net) florins. The State debt Jan. 1, 1867, amounted to 356,000,000 florins; of which 146,000,000 florins is railway debt. At the end of August of the same year, it is stated to have been 402,500,000 florins. The great increase of this debt was caused by the war in 1866. Army. The armed force of the Kingdom comprises the permanent army, the reserve, and the militia, (Landwehr). All men from the age of twenty-one are liable to serve for six years. The purchase of substitutes is permitted by law. The permanent army in 1867, consisted of 73,582 men on peace footing; and 96,583 men on war footing. The reserve of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers amounted to 124,721 men; total of army and reserve, 221,304 men. The active militia (excluding the Palatinate) is: Infantry, 54,000 men, and cavalry, 2,500 men. The fortresses are Ingolstadt and Germersheim.

Industry. The production of beer amounts, on an average, to 582,000,000 "maass," (137,000,000 gallons), of which only one-hundredth part is exported. In 1865, 716 mines, 131 forges, and 8 salines produced a value of 12,000,000 florins. In 1865, there were 264 savings banks, with 243,227 depositors. The length of railways, Oct. 1, 1866, was over 1,500 miles-comparatively more than in Prussia. That of the telegraphs, about 1,900 miles. The post office despatched and received 39,000,000 letters and 52,000,000 newspapers.

WURTEMBERG.

Capital, Stuttgart. Area, 7,532 square miles. Population, 1,778,479.

The increase of population is very slow, being little more than 14 per cent. in 1858-61. Emigration draws off a considerable number of inhabitants, the country losing 54,285 persons in 1842-52, and rising in 1854, to the extreme amount of 21,144. Emigration has increased since the war of 1866, and the apprehended introduction of the Prussian military system. In 1864, the capital had 69,084 inhabitants.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. CHARLES, King of Wurtemberg, born March 6, 1823; succeeded his father, June 25, 1864; married July 13, 1846, to Grand Duchess Olga of Rus sia, daughter of Czar Nicholas I. The former Duchy of Wurtemberg was erected into a Kingdom by the Emperor Napoleon, 1806.

Government. Absolute freedom of person and property; liberty of conscience and of speech; limited liberty of the press; all citizens equal before the law. In the King rests the sole executive power, exercised through responsible ministers. The legislative power is given jointly to the King and to the representatives of the people. The Parliament consists of two houses. The Upper chamber consists of the members of the royal family, the heads of the principal noble families, and other members nominated by the King for life. The House of Deputies consists of 13 members of the nobility, 9 ecclesiastics, the Chancellor of the University of Tubingen, and 71 deputies of towns and rural districts, chosen for six years. A special Court of Justice is appointed (partly by the King, and partly by the Chambers), guardian of the constitution.

The Executive. Minister of the Royal House and Foreign Affairs, Baron VON VARNBÜLER, appointed 1864; Minister of Justice, VON MITTNACHт, appointed 1867; Minister of the Interior, VON

GESSLER, appointed 1864; Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. VON GOLTHER, appointed 1861; Minister of Finance, VON RENNER, appointed 1864; Minister of War, Gen. Baron VON WAGNER, appointed 1867.

Education. Education stands very high in Wurtemberg. There was, as far back as 1840, not an individual, above the age of ten, unable to read and write. There are above 2,500 elementary schools, besides numerous seminaries for imparting a classical education, and seven colleges. The whole educational system is centered in the University of Tubingen, founded in 1477, and attended, on the average, by nearly a thousand students.

Finances. The budget for the term 1864-67: Income, 51,226,785 florins; Expenditure, 51,192,708 florins; surplus, 34,077 florins. The budget estimate for 1867-70, is as follows: Revenue and expenditure, 64,445,459 florins. The principal items of expenditure per annum, in the estimate for 1867-70, are: Public debt, nearly 7,000,000 florins; Justice, 1,250,000 florins; Interior, nearly 2,000,000 florins; School and Church, 2,750,000 florins; war, 5,250,000 florins. The public debt amounted, July 6, 1867, to 111,181,320 florins. The value of the State domains is estimated to be 120,000,000 florins. On July 1, 1866, 80,000,000 florins had been expended for railroads, which yielded in the fiscal year 1865–66, nearly 10,000,000 florins. The length of railroad lines in 1865-66, was about 350 miles.

Army. The army is formed by conscription. Substitution is allowed. The troops numbered, in 1866, 29,238 men. The number of recruits is now 4,600 men annually, of whom 516 furnished substitutes.

Industry. There was invested a capital of 10,750,000 florins, in 1865, in the savings banks, and 556,000,000 in the fire insurance companies. There were, in Jan., 1865, 105,000 horses, 975,000 cattle, 704,000 sheep, 264.000 swine, and 35,000 goats. 18 mines, 41 forges and 9 salines, produced a value of 2,211,962 thalers. The Post office despatched and received 15,000,000 letters and 14,000,000 newspapers, in 1865-66. There were, July 1, 1866, 158 telegraph stations.

BADEN.

Capital, Carlsruhe. Area, 5,912 square miles. Population, 1,434,970.

The Grand Duchy, stretching longitudinally from the lake of Constance along the right bank of the Rhine, is divided into 11 districts. The population has not greatly increased, the decline being chiefly owing to emigration. Most of the emigrants have consisted of families possessed of some property. Their number amounted to 21,561 in 1854, the great majority of whom went to North America.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. FREDERICK I., Grand Duke of Baden, born Sept. 9, 1826, son of Grand Duke Leopold I. and Princess Sophia of Sweden; succeeded his father, April 24, 1852; married, Sept. 20, 1856, to Louisa, born Dec. 3, 1838, daughter of King William I. of Prussia. Children: 1. Frederick William, heir-apparent, born July 9, 1857; 2. Sophia, born 1862; 3. Louis, born 1865. The title of Grand Duke was given by Napoleon I. to Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden, in 1806.

Government. The Constitution of Baden vests the executive power in the Grand Duke, and the legislative authority in two Chambers. The upper Chamber comprises the princes, noblemen, prelates, 2 deputies of the Universities, and 8 members nominated by the Grand Duke; the second Chamber is composed of 63 members, 22 being elected by towns, and the rest by the rural districts. The elections are indirect.

The Ministry. Minister of the Grand Ducal House and Foreign Affairs, R. VON FREYDORF; Minister of the Interior (and provisionally of Justice), T. JOLLY; Minister of Commerce, G. vox DUSCH; Minister of Finances, M. ELSTÆTTER; Minister of War, Gen. VON BEYER. There is also a "Secret Cabinet," of which Baron von Ungern-Sternfeld is director.

Education. Education is compulsory in Baden. In 1861 there was one school for every 530 of the population. There are 2 Universities, Heidelberg and Freiburg, 7 Colleges, and 5 Gymnasia.

Finances. The budget is estimated (officially), for 1867, as follows: Receipts, 17,095,008 florins; Expenditure, 16,025,132 florins; excess of revenue, 1,069,956 florins. The public debt of Baden consisted, Jan. 1, 1867, of debt bearing no interest, 15,878,761 florins; interest bearing debt, 24,625,408 florins; railway debt, 83,936,264 florins; total, 124,440,433 florins. All the railroads of Baden are property of the State.

Army. The army is formed by conscription; substitution is allowed. Term of service 6 years. It numbers, on war footing, 18,402 men.

Industry. Length of railroads, 101 geographical miles; net receipts, 4,000,000 florins. Length of telegraph lines, 214 geographical miles; receipts, in 1866, 130,000 florins.

HESSE.

Capital, Darmstadt. Area, 2,969 square miles. Population, 823,138.

There were detached from the Grand Duchy and added to Prussia in 1866, several districts north of the river Maine, comprising an area of 377 square miles, with a population of 46,605. Reigning Sovereign and Family. Louis III., Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, born June 9, 1806, son of Grand Duke Louis II., and of Princess Wilhelmina of Baden; succeeded his father, June 16, 1848; married, Dec. 26, 1833, to Princess Mathilda, daughter of King Louis of Bavaria. The former landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt had the title of Grand Duke given them by Napoleon I., in 1806. Government. The legislative power is vested, in part, in two Chambers. The upper House is composed of the princes, noblemen, prelates, the Chancellor of the University of Giessen and a number of life members. The lower House consists of 6 deputies of noble landowners, 10 deputies of towns, and 34 representatives of the rural districts. The mode of elec tion is indirect.

The Executive. Minister of the Grand Ducal House, of the Interior, and of Foreign Affairs, Baron VON DALWIGK; Minister of Justice, F. VON LINDELOF; Minister of Finance, SCHENK ZU SCHWEINSBERG; Minister of War, Gen. VON GROLMAN.

Finance. The budget estimate for the period 1866-68 was, annual revenue 9,248,357 florins; annual expenditure, 8,527,827 florins; annual surplus, 420,530 florins. The public debt amounted, at the end of 1866, to about 2,000,000 florins, excluding 10,000,000 loan for the railroads.

Army. The troops number 19,260 men. According to the military convention with Prussia, the fortress Mentz is now exclusively garrisoned by Prussian troops.

LIECHTENSTEIN.

Area, 62 square miles. Population, 7,994.

Reigning Sovereign and Family. JOHN II., Prince of Liechtenstein, born Oct. 5, 1840, succeeded his father, Nov. 12, 1858. The immense private property of the princely family (in Austria), embraces 2,200 square miles, with 350,000 inhabitants.

Government. The legislative power is vested in the House of Representatives, comprising 15 members. A vote is given to all inhabitants who can read and write. There is no public budget, nor any public debt.

6. GREAT BRITAIN.

Capital, London. Area, 121,115 square miles. Population, 29,321,288.

History. Conquest by the Saxons, about 449; establishment of the Octarchy, 560; establishment of a Danish Dynasty, early in the 11th century; restoration of the Saxon Dynasty, 1042; conquest by the Normans, under William the Conqueror, 1066; Henry II. founder of the Plantagenets, 1155; Henry VII., first King of the House of Tudor, 1485; James I., first King of the Stuart line, 1603; Charles I. beheaded, 1649; Cromwell, 1649 to 1658, restoration of the Stuarts, 1660; expulsion of the Stuarts, and accession of the House of Orange, 1688; Legislative Union of England and Scotland, called Great Britain, 1707; Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland, called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1801.

Area and Population. The following table gives the area and poulation of Great Britain and Ireland, according to the official census of 1861, with the increase or decrease subsequent to the official census of 1851:

According to the calculation of the Registrar General, the total population of Great Britain and Ireland was, in 1866, 29,934,404, and on June 30, 1867, as follows: England and Wales, 21,429,508; Scotland, 3,170,769; Ireland, 5,556,962; total, 30,157,239.