Coal has been found on the Big Hole river, about sixty miles from Bannock City; on the east side of the Madison river; and at Summit District, near Virginia City. These mines are bituminous, and the seams do not exceed three or four feet in width, as far as known. Coal also exists on the head of the Yellowstone river. Brown coal, or lignite, is found in great quantities on the banks of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, valuable as common fuel, but of no great value for manufacturing purposes. It is also found on the head waters of the Seton and Marias rivers, branches of the Missouri.

Lead ores occur in profusion, both as galenas and as carbonate of lead, in nearly all districts of the territory. These will not be worked at present, except when accompanied by silver. All the galenas are so accompanied, and generally in paying quantities of the latter metal.

Copper lodes are abundant, showing at the surface ores ranging from 15 to 60 per cent. of metallic copper. These when located near the Missouri river may be immediately made profitable. The distance of this territory from the older states and commercial cities and the great expense of freight are serious obstacles to the full development of its resources.

Assessed Value of Property, 1867. Number of acres of land under cultivation, 166,340; value, $314,578; 822 town lots, valued at $827,919; capital employed in merchandise, $1.102.547; money and credits, $546,502; valuation of horses, $171,217; mules and asses, $221,488; oxen, $549,794; cows and calves, $255,072; sheep, $15,430; swine, $48,334; clocks, watches, etc., $42,959; all other property not enumerated, $758,698; making a total of $6,308,118. Bank. There is one National Bank, with a capital of $200,000.

45. NEW MEXICO.

Capital, Santa Fe. Area, 121,201 square miles. Population, (1860), 83,009. New Mexico was early settled by the Spaniards. It remained a Mexican province until conquered from Mexico and ceded to the United States by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. It was constituted a territory, with a portion of Upper California and Texas, Sept. 9, 1850.

The above officers are appointed by the President. The legislative power of the territory is vested in the Governor and a Legislative Assembly composed of a Council and House of Representatives. The Council consists of 13 members, chosen by the people for two years, and the House of 26 members, elected annually.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, appointed by the

President of the United States, who hold their offices during a period of four years. One term of the Supreme Court is held annually at the seat of the Territorial Government. For District Court purposes, the territory is divided into three districts, in each of which one of the Justices of the Supreme Court holds the sessions. The Supreme and District Courts have Chancery as well as common law jurisdiction.

EDUCATION.

According to the census report of 1860, there were in this territory, 1 college, with 170 students; 17 public schools, with 235 pupils, and 2 academies, with 110 pupils. In 1866, out of a population of 93,516, there were 57,233 persons who could not read or write, and there were no free schools in the whole territory, except those taught by the Sisters of Charity, from the bounty of the Roman Catholic Church.

The Spanish is the invariable dialect used or spoken. The proceedings of the Senate and House are carried on in this tongue, but are also printed in English.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of New Mexico is of a mixed character, but composed mostly of domesticated nomad Indians, with an intermixture of Mexicans, Spanish and Americans.

Much of the territory is sterile, and irrigation is necessary to successful agriculture, but in the valleys of the Rio Grande and other streams, there is a fair proportion of good soil, both for grazing and tillage. Horses, mules, cattle, and sheep can graze all winter. Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and some other vegetables, are successfully grown. Fruits are produced in abundance. The hilly region has a luxuriant growth of pine, oak and cedar, and, along the streams and in the bottom lands, cotton-wood and willow are common. Gold, silver and copper mines are numerous and valuable.

The Pinos Altos Mining Company has a quartz-crushing mill of fifteen stamps in operation at the town of Pinos Altos. The quartz worked by it is taken from the Pacific lode, and yields from $80 to $150 of gold per ton. The cost of mining and delivering the ore at the mill is estimated at $8.50 per ton, and of reducing it, and separating the gold, at $3.

Numerous veins of silver ore have been discovered in the Sandia, Manzano, San Andros, Mimbres, and Organ mountains. The greater part of the goldbearing quartz in New Mexico yields also more or less silver, which promises ultimately to be the leading mining interest in this section of the Rocky mountains. Copper seems to be a universal accompaniment of the precious metals in this section; traces of it are found in most of the veins of gold and silver ore. Lodes and deposits of copper ore are reported to have been discovered in the Taos, Jemez, Sandia, and Mimbres mountains.

Veins of bituminous coal have been found in the Raton, Sandia, and Jemez mountains, near the Puerco river, west of Albuquerque, and in the vicinity of Forts Craig, Stanton, Selden, and Bayard. Anthracite coal of a superior quality is also found near the Galisteo creek, about twenty miles south from

Santa Fe. Lead and iron are very common minerals throughout the territory. Much of the lead has sufficient per centage of silver to pay for its separation; but as yet there is little domestic demand for lead, and the cost of transportation to a foreign market would consume it; there is, therefore, none mined or smelted.

Almost the entire amount of salt used in New Mexico is obtained from salt lakes on the plain, 50 to 60 miles east of the Rio Grande. The salt, crystallized by the evaporation of the water by the sun, is deposited upon the bottom of the lake, forming a crust several inches thick, and is shoveled thence directly into the wagons, and dried by the sun. There are some impurities mixed with it, which give it a dark appearance, but when leached, or washed, it becomes white as snow. The supply seems inexhaustible.

46. UTAH TERRITORY.

Capital, Great Salt Lake City. Area, 88,056 square miles. Population, (1860), 40,273. Utah was originally a part of Upper California. It was ceded to the United States by treaty with Mexico in 1848, and erected into a territory, Sept. 9, 1850. It was occupied mostly by wandering tribes until settled by the Mormons in 1847. After their expulsion from their settlement of Nauvoo, in Illinois, they emigrated to this territory, and having located on the borders of the Great Salt Lake, assumed a provisional form of government, and gave to their territory the name of the State of Deseret. In 1850, this form of government was surrendered, and the name of the territory changed to Utah.

The Governor and Secretary are appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years.

The Legislative Assembly is composed of a Council and House of Representatives and convenes annually at Great Salt Lake City, on the 2d Monday in December. Term of session, forty days. The Council is composed of 13 members elected for two years. The House of Representatives is composed of 26 members, elected annually, on the 1st Monday in August. compensation of members and officers is $3.00 per day and mileage-$3.00 for every 20 miles of travel.

JUDICIARY.

The

The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of one Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. The territory is divided for judicial purposes into three judicial districts, in each of which a regular term of the Supreme Court is held every year.

In the First District, at Monti, San Pete county, on the 3d Monday in October. In the Second District, at St. George, Washington county, on the 1st Monday in February. In the Third District, at Great Salt Lake City, on the 2d Monday in March.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, John Wilson of Illinois. Associate Justices, Enos D. Hoge of Utah Territory; Thomas J. Drake of Michigan. Clerk, W. J. Appleby, Great Salt Lake City. Salaries of Judges, $2,500 each.

FINANCES.

We have failed to receive the last report of the Auditor or Treasurer of Utah, but we learn from Gov. Durkee's message in 1868, that the territory is entirely free from indebtedness.

EDUCATION.

The University of Deseret is the principal educational institution in-the territory. Congress has granted certain avails of town sites, for the purpose of establishing a school fund, but no regular system of public school education is yet in operation.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population in 1867 was nearly 120,000. It is composed mostly of a religious sect who style themselves Latter Day Saints, and are popularly known as Mormons.

A high and rugged spur of the Rocky Mountains, generally designated the Wasatch Range, though in places known as the Bear and Uinta Mountains, traverses the territory from north to south. At the base of these mountains, on the west, lies Great Salt Lake and the chain of valleys stretching southward for 200 miles. The largest streams are the Green and Grand rivers, which unite and form the Colorado. The general character of the territory is that of mountain and desert. The arable land is not equal in extent to that of the territories lying north of it, but the valleys are fertile and produce some good timber, as do the slopes of the mountains. The melting of the snow in the mountains affords in ordinary seasons, sufficient water to irrigate the valleys.

The summers are very warm and dry; the winters mild and open. The soil, which, to a great extent, is formed of the mountain washings, consists principally of a gravelly loam, and is well adapted to the growth of cereals. Wheat is the great staple product of the territory. In good seasons the average yield per acre is about forty bushels. Oats, barley, rye, and flax are cultivated with success; all kinds of vegetables grow large and of a superior quality. In Washington county, in the southern part of the territory, large fields of cotton are cultivated. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, grapes and currants are produced in great abundance, and of superior quality. Timber is scarce, and, being found only in the mountains, is difficult to obtain. As a consequence, houses are costly and rents are proportionately high.

This territory possesses great advantages for the raising of stock. Horses, cattle and sheep are usually healthy. During the summer months, they are herded in large droves on the open plains, with but trifling expense; while in winter they are easily kept, with a little care and attention.

In addition to flouring and other mills necessary for the support of the territory, woolen and cotton factories are being established in different parts

of the country for home supplies. Great Salt Lake City being near the surrounding mining districts of Montana, Idaho and Nevada, a ready market is afforded for all the surplus products of the soil. The most important buildings in this city are the temple and the tabernacle. The temple block is forty rods square, and contains ten acres. The entire length of the temple is one hundred and eighty-six and a half feet, including towers, and the width ninety-nine feet. On the east or front end, there are three towers, and corresponding to these are three towers on the west or rear end. The north and south walls are eight feet thick, clear of pedestal. The basement of the main building is divided into many apartments, by walls all resting on broad footings. There are four towers, one at each corner of the building, cylindrical in shape, seventeen feet in diameter, within which stairs ascend, five feet wide, with landings at the various sections of the building. The whole house covers an area of 21,850 square feet. The massive blocks of stone on which the foundations of the temple are built, are granite, hauled a distance of nearly twenty miles. The Mormon tabernacle, built for the use of the immense Mormon congregations which meet every Sunday to hear preaching, stands on the temple block, west of the temple. It is oval in shape, two hundred and eighty-two feet long by one hundred and thirty-two wide in the clear. The height from floor to ceiling is sixty-five feet. Running lengthwise of the building are forty-four pillars, averaging fourteen feet in height and three feet thick. The entire tabernacle consumed one and a half million feet of lumber in the building. The institutions of the country have been principally under the control of the Mormons.

Bank. There is one National Bank, with a capital of $150,000.

47. WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Capital, Olympia. Area, 69,994 square miles. Population, (1863), 12,519. This territory was settled by emigrants from the Northern and Western States. It was taken from the northern part of Oregon, "being all that portion of territory lying and being south of the 49th degree of north latitude, and north of the middle of the main channel of the Columbia river from its mouth to where the 46th degree of north latitude crosses said river near Fort Wallah Wallah, thence east to Snake river; being bounded on the north by the straits of Juan de Fuca and British America, on the east by the territory of Idaho, on the south by Oregon, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean." It was organized as a territory, March 2, 1853.

The Governor and Secretary are appointed by the President of the United States, and the Auditor and Treasurer are chosen under territorial authority.