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the hours for work, both boys and girls, are systematically employed in the shops or the necessary work of the institution. There are 39 schools and homes supported by the state for the care and instruction of soldiers' orphans. During the year ending Nov. 30, 1867, these institutions had under their charge 2,931 pupils, maintained at an average cost of $148.43 per year for each pupil. The number of pupils May, 1868, was 2,431. There are several other city and private humane institutions.

Pennsylvania Hospital for Insane, Philadelphia. THOMAS S. KIRKBRIDGE, M. D., Superintendent. Number of patients in hospital, Jan. 1, 1867, 296. Admitted during the year, 280. Discharged-recovered, 127; improved, 43; unimproved, 45; died, 25; total, 240. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1868, 344. Whole number admitted since opening of hospital-males, 2,960; females, 2,374; total, 5,064. Discharged-males, 2,518; females, 2,202; total, 4,720. Age of patients at time of admission-under 10 years, 5; between 10 and 20, 317; 20 and 30, 1,526; 30 and 40, 1,309; 40 and 50, 994; 50 and 60, 535; 60 and 70, 270; 70 and 80, 100; 80 and 95, 8; total, 5,064. Occupation-farmers, 353; merchants, 262; clerks, 215; laborers, 199; physicians, 52; lawyers, 54; clergymen, 29; seamstresses, 232; domestics, 247; teachers, 96; miscellaneous, 1,194; no occupation, 2,131; total, 5,064. Civil condition-single, 2,353; married, 2,284; widowed, 427; total, 5,064. Supposed causes of insanity-ill health, 883; intemperance, 369; loss of property, 167; disappointed affections, 71; intense study, 45; domestic difficulties, 102; grief, 258; religious excitement, 159; puerperal, 189; mental anxiety, 318; masturbation, 70; injuries to the head, 67; miscellaneous and unascertained, 2,366; total, 5,064.

State Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg. JOHN CURWEN, M. D., Superintendent. Number of patients under treatment during the year ending Dec. 31, 1867, was 497. Number admitted during the year-males, 99; females, 71; total, 170. Discharged-recovered, 51; improved, 39; unimproved, 33; died, 34; total, 157. Remaining, Dec. 31, 1867-males, 185; females, 155; total, 340. Whole number admitted since opening of institution, 2,358. Discharged-recovered, 499; improved, 545; unimproved, 610; died, 364; total, 2.018. Supposed cause of insanity-ill health, 278; domestic trouble, 217; over-exertion, 32; epilepsy, 84; fright, 19; intemperance, 68; puerperal, 66; trouble, 254; disordered menstruation, 48; injury to the head, 17; masturbation, 58; excesses, 23; public excitement, 29; disease of the brain, 10; opium eating, 8; religious excitement, 8; miscellaneous and unassigned, 1,139; total, 2,358. Social condition-single, 1,097; married, 1,079; widowed, 182; total, 2,358. Occupation-farmers, 436; laborers, 376; housewives, 491; daughters of farmers, 48; domestics, 82; blacksmiths, 23; carpenters, 32; clerks, 42; miners, 27; merchants, 42; shoemakers, 29; tailors, 20; teachers, 34; millers, 10; students, 11; seamstresses, 14; physicians, 14; lawyers, 14; no occupation, 434; miscellaneous, 179; total, 2,358.

Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Philadelphia. A. B. HUTTON, A. M., Principal. Number of pupils, Jan. 1, 1867-males, 99; females, 89; total, 188. Received during the year-males, 15; females, 13; total, 28. Left-males, 13; females, 12; total, 25. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1868-males, 101; females, 90; total, 191. These are supported-by Pennsylvania, 152; New Jersey, 11; Delaware, 5; scholarships, 3; institution or friends, 20. Of those admitted in 1867-born deaf, 11; lost hearing by typhoid fever, 1; scarlet fever, 5; convulsions, 1; brain fever, 3; otorrhoea, 1; measles, 2; sickness, 2; a burn and fever, 1; spasms, 1.

Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, Philadelphia. WM. CHAPIN, A. M., Principal. Number of persons in the institution, Dec. 1, 1866, 181. Received during the year, 32. Discharged or left during the year, 27. Died, 3. Remaining, Dec. 1, 1867, 183. Of this number there are-from Pennsylvania, 157; New Jersey, 21; Delaware, 2; other places, 3; total, 183.

Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children, Media. ISAAC N. KERLEN, M. D., Superintendent. The number of inmates, Dec. 31, 1867, was 165, classified as follows-in school, 84; in training classes, 21; at farm and out door labor, 13; at housework, 10; in asylum, 37. Those capable of labor are engaged in the following occupations-house work, 41; sewing, 21; knitting, 11; farm and garden, 8; grading, etc., 8 to 19; stone picking, etc., 8 to 19; shoe and mattress shop, 4.

House of Refuge for Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. Rev. R. N. AVERY, Superintendent. Number of inmates, September, 1868-males, 155; females, 45; total, 200.

Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia. Number of patients in hospital, April 27, 1867, 171. Admitted during the year, 1,787. Discharged, 1,802. Remaining, April 25, 1868, 156.

Average number of patients maintained, 168. Average time each patient remained in the House, 31,229 days. Of those admitted during the year, there were-pay patients, 421; free, 1,366; total, 1,787; males, 1,351; females, 436; total, 1,787. There were under 18 years of age, 219; single, 833; married, 517; widowed, 218; total, 1,787. Nativity-American, 740; Irish, 720; other foreigners, 327; total, 1,787. Since the establishment of the Hospital, in 1752, there have been admitted into it 80,968 patients, of whom 50,698 have been poor persons, supported at the expense of the institution. There have been cured, 52,454; relieved, 10,243; discharged without material improvement, 6,107; discharged for misconduct and eloped, 1,712; pregnant women safely delivered, 1,334; infants born in hospital, 1,254; died, 7,708.

Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh. Number of patients in hospital, Jan. 1, 1866, 34. Admitted during the year, 203. Discharged, 169. Died, 19. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1867, 49. Of the discharged there were-cured, 137; relieved, 26; unrelieved, 6; total, 169. Nativity of those admitted-United States, 98; Ireland, 47; Germany, 29; England, 11; other foreign countries, 18.

Western Pennsylvania Hospital-Insane Department, Dixmont. JOSEPH A. REED, M. D., Superintendent: Number in hospital, Jan. 1, 1866, 204. Received during the year, 135. Discharged, 133. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1867, 206. Of the discharged, there were-males, 69; females, 64; recovered, 50; improved, 26; unimproved, 18; died, 39. Total number of insane patients under treatment from 1856, 1,005.

PENITENTIARIES.

There are two Penitentiaries, the Eastern at Philadelphia, and the Western at Allegheny City. The separate or individual system of discipline is adopted in both, and its success has been satisfactory to the inspectors.

Improvements which have been introduced within the past fifteen years, have been productive of very beneficial results. The number of prisoners has been largely increased since 1864, and in the Western Penitentiary has more than doubled.

The reports of these institutions are replete with important facts, not only in relation to crimes and criminals, but as indicating in some degree the crime-cause, characteristics of offenders, and the influence of social relations. In the Eastern Penitentiary, about five-eighths of the whole number (626), had attended public schools, a little over two-eighths private schools, and nearly one-eighth never went to school. Of the whole number of commitments to this prison (5,975), 2,069, or 34.63 per cent. had no parents living; 1,571, or 26.30 per cent. had a mother living; 688, or 11.51 per cent, a father living; and only 1,647, or 27.56 per cent. had both parents living. More than one-half of those convicted of crimes against property, and about twothirds of those convicted of crimes against persons, were whole orphans or had only a mother living.

State Penitentiary for Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. JOHN S. HALLOWAY, Warden. Number of convicts, Dec. 31, 1866, 569. Admitted during the yearmales, 287; females, 4; total, 291. Discharged-by expiration of sentence, 199; pardoned, 19; change of sentence, 1; by order of Court, 1; escaped, 1; died, 13; total, 234. Age of those admitted-under 18, 7; 18 to 25, 145; 25 to 30, 58; 30 to 40, 58; 40 to 50, 11; 50 to 70, 12. Habitsabstainers, 52; moderate drinkers, 137; sometimes intoxicated, 81; often intoxicated, 21; total, 291. There were from-Pennsylvania, 149; other states, 82; foreign countries, 60; total, 291. Term of sentence-for 1 year or less, 46; from 1 to 2 years, 104; 2 to 3 years, 63; 3 to 4 years, 30; 4 to 5 years, 24; 5 to 7 years, 14; 7 to 15 years, 10; total, 291. Average sentence, 2 years, 8 months and 164 days. Total number of prisoners received since 1829, 5,975. Committed for crimes against property, 5,009; against persons, 966.

Western Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Allegheny. G. A. SHALLENBERGER, Warden. In confinement, Jan. 1, 1867, 418. Received during the year, 222. Discharged-by expiration of sentence, 113; pardon, 34; escape, 5; death, 2; total, 154. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1868, 4S6. Term of sentence-from 1 to 2 years, 108; 2 to 3 years, 114; 3 to 4 years, 74; 4 to 5 years, 47; 5

to 6 years, 54; 6 to 10 years, 56; 10 to 16 years, 28; 17 to 30 years, 5; total, 486. Cause of commitment-larceny, 215; burglary, 28; horse stealing, 28; murder, 23; passing counterfeit money, 24; rape, 17; arson, 10; assault, with various intents, 36; forgery, 7; felonious assault and battery, 9; highway robbery, 8; robbery, 7; miscellaneous, 74; total, 486. Nativity-Pennsylvania, 215; other states, 127; foreign countries, 144; total, 486. Former habits of life-temperate, 225; moderate, 82; intemperate, 179; total, 486. Age-from 10 to 20, 64; 20 to 30, 257; 30 to 40, 79; 40 to 50, 56; 50 to 60, 18; 60 to 70, 12; total, 486. Whole number received since 1826-males, 3,322; females, 131; total, 3,453. Discharged-by expiration of sentence, 2,236; pardon, 560; death, 136; suicide, 2; escape, 22; writ of error, 3; habeas corpus, 3; removal, 5; total, 2,967.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

No state census is authorized in Pennsylvania; the population, as returned by the national census, was as follows:

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Of the population in 1860, 2,280,004 were born in the state; 195,706 in other states of the Union; 430,505 in foreign countries; of whom 46,546 were born in England; 201,939 in Ireland; 10,137 in Scotland; 13,101 in Wales; 3,484 in British America; 138,244 in Germany; 8,302 in France; and 8,752 in other foreign countries.

This state was originally settled by English and Welsh Friends, or Quakers, but the population afterwards received large additions of Germans and Irish, and some other foreigners. In some of the middle and eastern counties, the Germans still have papers printed, and schools taught in their own tongue.

Pennsylvania is eminently an agricultural and mining state. Though much of the surface is broken, there are large tracts of excellent land. Farming has been conducted with skill, especially in the older portions of the state, and the yield of cereals and roots has been abundant. In 1866, it was the first state in the Union in the amount of rye, oats, and buckwheat harvested. The most important minerals are iron and coal. In 1860, it produced 62% per cent. of the quantity, and 58 per cent. of the value of pig iron in the whole country, also 46.4 per cent. of the quantity and 37.8 per cent. of the value of bituminous coal, and nearly all of the anthracite of the country, or nearly 80 per cent. of the whole value of coal. Petroleum is an important product in the western part of the state; the petroleum trade of Pittsburgh amounts to nearly $13,000,000 annually. The export from Philadelphia, in 1868, was 40,505,620 gallons.

The railroads furnish good facilities for internal traffic, and the foreign commerce is steadily increasing. The state is also largely engaged in manufactures.

Products in 1866. Corn, 35,831,877 bushels; value, $32,607,008; wheat, 10,519,660 bushels; value, $28,087,492; rye, 6,569,690 bushels; value, $7,686,537; oats, 54,954,560 bushels; value, $27,477,280; barley, 621,574 bushels; value, $677,515; buckwheat, 9,718,728 bushels; value, $9,329,979; potatoes, 15,636,859 bushels; value, $11,884,013; tobacco, 4,960,886 pounds; value, $843,350; hay, 1,970,836 tons; value, $31,809,293.

Banks. There were, Sept. 30, 1868, 205 National Banks, of which 8 were closed or closing, and 197 in operation, with a capital of $50,247,390.

30. RHODE ISLAND.

Capitals, Providence, Newport. Area, 1,306 square miles. Population, (1865,) 184,965. This State was settled at Providence in 1636, by the English from Massachusetts under Roger Williams. It was under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which continued to be the basis of the government until the formation of the State constitution in September, 1743. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution, May 29, 1790.

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The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney General are elected annually on the first Wednesday of April for the year commencing the last Tuesday of May. The Auditor is elected by the Assembly. The Commissioner of Schools is appointed by the Governor, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The Senate consists of the Governor, who presides, the Lieutenant Governor, and one Senator from each of the thirtyfour towns in the State. The House of Representatives consists of seventytwo members. The Legislature holds its regular session at Newport, on the last Tuesday of May, and a session, by adjournment, at Providence, in January following. The pardoning power, except in cases of impeachment, is vested exclusively in the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate.

Every male citizen of full age, one year in the State, six months in the town, owning real estate worth $134 or renting $7 per annum, and every native male citizen of full age, two years in the State, six months in the town, who is duly registered, who has paid $1 tax, or done militia service within the year is entitled to vote.

JUDICIARY.

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice, and three Associate Justices, and is a court of equity as well as of law. It is the court of last resort in all matters of probate, and has original, revisory, and supervisory jurisdiction. It has original jurisdiction, concurrent with the Court of Common Pleas in each county, in all civil suits, where the debt or damages claimed amount to the sum of $100 or upward, or where an easement in, or the title to real estate is in question. The Supreme Court has exclusive power to try all indictments for crimes which may be punished by imprisonment for life. The Court of Common Pleas is holden by some one of the Justices of the Supreme Court, who is assigned to that duty by his associates. This court has original jurisdiction of all civil actions at law, wherein the debt or dam

ages claimed amount to $50 or upward, or where the title to real estate is in question. This court has concurrent criminal jurisdiction with the Supreme Court, except as to indictments for crimes which may be punished by imprisonment for life, and has exclusive jurisdiction of all appeals, civil or criminal, from Justices of the Peace or Courts of the Magistrates.

The Judges of the Supreme Court are chosen by the General Assembly, and hold office until they are removed by a resolution passed by both houses of that body, and voted for by a majority of the members elected to each house.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, Nathan Clifford. District Judge, J. R. Bullock. District Attorney, Wingate Hayes. Marshal, Robert Sherman. Clerk of Circuit and District Courts, Henry Pitman.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, George A. Brayton, Warwick. Associate Justices, Elisha R. Potter, South Kingston; Walter S. Burges, Cranston; Thomas Durfee, Providence. Clerks of the Supreme Court-Newport County, Thomas W. Wood; Providence County, Charles Blake; Bristol County, Charles A. Waldron; Kent County, Samuel L. Tillinghast; Washington County, John G. Clarke. The same are Clerks of the Court of Common Pleas except in Providence county, Daniel R. Ballou, and in Washington county, John Henry Wells, are Clerks of the latter court. Salary of Chief Justice $3,000, of each Associate Justice $2,500.

TERMS OF SUPREME COURT.

Bristol County, 1st Monday in March, 2d Monday in September; Kent County, 2d Monday in March, 4th Monday in August; Newport County, 3d Monday in March and September; Provi dence County, 4th Monday in March, and 1st Monday in October; Washington County, 3d Monday in February and August.

TERMS OF COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

Bristol County, 1st Monday in May, and last Monday in October; Kent County, 2d Monday in October and April; Newport County, 3d Monday in May and November; Providence County, 1st Monday in June and December for civil business, and in March and September for criminal business; Washington County, 2d Monday in May, 1st Monday in November.

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There was no State debt in 1860. The debt created on account of the war amounted to $4,000,000 in 1865, but in 1868 it had been reduced to $3,141,500.

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