returned; whilst, at this day, the house of the persecutor is written in the dust.

MARKET PLACES.-The market was originally held in or near the Churchyard. Afterwards at the bottom of Westgate. It was removed about 45 years ago to a more convenient site in New Street or Market Street, and in 1824 to its present site in Darley Street.

Of HOLY WELLS we have two.

In Manningham Lane there is a fine well, in old deeds called Hellywell, ie. Holywell, in a field now called Halliwell Ash, now a stone quarry. For instance there is the

"LADY'S WELL," in the Roughs, on the west side of Dudley Hill, near Mr. Berry's mill. Near the one in Manningham Lane is the ancient PIN STONE. The following interesting account of the custom of throwing pins into wells, &c., is from the pen of a valued antiquarian friend :

:

"In answer to your inquiries about pins cast into wells, there is a note in the 2nd vol. of 'Brande's Antiquities,' 4to edition, p. 268. 'The custom of placing pins or a piece of rag is of the same origin as that of placing pictures or other matters as 'ex votos' in Roman Catholic countries-an offering for benefits received. In the case of wells it was generally used where the water had medicinal qualities, real or supposed, for the cure of eyes. Some few weeks ago I saw rags on the branches of a tree over a well called St. Helen's Well near the ford through the Wharfe a little below Thorpe Arch. Abroad I have seen er votos of all imaginable variety placed in churches as offerings to the saint to whom the church is dedicated, and by whose assistance cures for diseases are supposed to be obtained. For its origin you must refer to Pagan times. It is neither more or less than the offering made to the deity of a certain place. In early times the Christian clergy did not absolutely forbid processions to wells or other places, as they would have met with direct opposition as a great innovation on old ways. So they engrafted them on Christian manners, and hence the practice and custom. At Tissington, in Derbyshire, there is one day in the year whereon it is the custom for the people, headed by the clergy, to proceed to the wells, and there decorate them with garlands and saying prayers. An account is given in the Gentleman's Magazine, and the custom is still kept up.

There was formerly in Bradford Beck, to the north-west of the Parish Church, about two centuries ago, the Tumbril or Ducking

Stool. When the Canal was formed, this stool was removed, but not far from its old post. This has been seen by persons now living.

:

In the London Evening Post, April 27-30, 1765, appeared the following paragraph:"Last week, a woman that keeps the Queen's Head alehouse at Kingston, in Surrey, was ordered by the court to be ducked for scolding, and was accordingly placed in the chair, and ducked in the river Thames under Kingston Bridge, in the presence of 2,000 or 3,000 persons.

In the Museum at Scarborough may be seen the ancient ducking-stool belonging to that town, which was formerly placed on the old pier.

BRADFORD CASTLE was thought by some to have stood not far from the north-west of the church; but more probably on or near the site of the present Bermondsey Hotel, School Street, Cheapside.

It will not be uninteresting to give the historical origin of the names of certain localities in and near Bradford.

For instance," GOODMAN'S END may have been derived," says Mr. James, "from having been the residence of the ancient vicars standing there." The Vicar's residence was

near the Messrs. Walker's mill. "PIPER'S GRAVE," according to tradition, is the place where a piper was buried who had committed felo-de-se. This is very

apocryphal.

"SKINNER LANE" explains itself.

"IVEGATE" means a steep gate. There are many names compounded of the word IVE and another syllable, ex. gr. IVELET, IVEGILL, &c.

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"SILSBRIDGE LANE," .e. Low BRIDGE LANE, in former days the old road to Halifax. "BARKER END" was so called from there having been a Tanhouse there. Tanners being anciently called Barkers. "BLACK ABBEY," reason of the name unknown.

"WHITE ABBEY," ditto.

"BURNET FIELDS," in Horton, supposed to have belonged to Kirkstall Abbey, and the property to have been burnt down.

The "HALL INGS" were in ancient times the first and only meadow land in the town.

The ancient TOLLBOOTH stood at the junction of Ivegate, Westgate, and Kirkgate. The entrance from Ivegate still remains. The cell under it yet remains, and it is so deep that there is a cellar over it.

The old Cockpit was to the rear of the shop now occupied by Messrs. Morrell and Isitt.

The name TYRREL, which gives the name to a street, was anciently "Turles "—a word perhaps derived from the Danish Thur, signifying a brook or rivulet; and the Leys, the Saxon for fields. The Turles or Tyrrels seem to have been formerly a noted place for the diversions of the inhabitants, by the oldest of whom a cockpit and bowling-green are remembered to have been there. diately on the south side of the Sun Bridge (about 200 years ago called "Ivebridge"), stood about 40 years ago the Town's Prison. We find in the records of the county in the reign of Queen Elizabeth an order of the justices to repair the Sunbridge, which had been greatly damaged by a flood.

Imme.

The premises immediately adjoining the Beehive Inn, in Westgate, were probably the site of St. Sitha's Chapel, or the Chapel of St. Osyth. There is an old doorway in the open passage near the inn which is supposed to have been a part of the building; but there is no proof of this.

The PACK HORSE Inn, in Westgate, leads us back to former days, and contains something to interest the antiquarian. The frontage to the street is modern; but there is a curious and in some respects beautiful old door and doorway leading from the lane on the south of it into the court yard. This yard has been evidently built on the principle of most of the ancient hostels, viz, with open gallery supported by columns, which gallery led to the different upstairs apartments. The pillars supporting the gallery still remain, as also an old door into a room on the ground floor. This inn no doubt derived its name from its having been the house of call for the drivers of pack horses, it having been on the leading way out of the town. It is said that this is almost a copy of the famous Tabard Inn in Southwark, London, whence Chaucer's pilgrims started for Canterbury.

Whilst in this neighbourhood, the visitor should not omit to take a look at Back Lane, a few yards distant, which probably gives the best idea of what a Bradford street was in olden time of any now remaining. Some few of the old houses still exist, and the street was not much more than 3 yards wide.

An old inhabitant of the town relates that, in the memory of persons now living, large groups of spinsters might be seen on a fine summer's morning plying their spinning wheels in the open air in this lane.

The earliest notice of a bank in Bradford is probably that of Messrs. Leach, Pollard,

and Hardcastle, 1769. About 1802 the present bank of Messrs. Harris was established.

Most persons who hear me will remember to have seen what are called tradesmen's tokens, or copper coins. In the year 1649 they began to be used, when, very little copper money being coined by authority, tradesmen were obliged to devise some substitute for it. In 1672 they were cried down by proclamation. Bradford had its token. Thus, in 1812, Messrs. Laycock, of Bradford, spirit merchants and grocers, used a silver shilling-token: they were called "Laycock's shillings." On the obverse is Bradford arms, with the inscript "James Laycock, Bradford." On the reverse, a figure of Justice holding the scales, &c., on her left a puncheon or hogshead, bearing the words, "Wine and Spirits," and a bale of merchandise on her right, and the inscript, "One Shilling Silver Token, 1812."

It would appear that Wesleyanism took early root in this town and neighbourhood. Tradition says that Mr. Wesley preached in the summer of 1744, at Little Horton Lane, the residence of the Sharps, and now of Edward Hailstone, Esq. Mr. Wesley in his Journal thus writes, " Thursday, June 17, (being at Birstal) I preached at 5, on Matt. x.; about at noon at Little Horton, near Bradford; about 3 in the afternoon, at Sticker Lane; and at Birstal in the evening." the following year Mr. Wesley preached for the first time in Bradford. He thus writes, "Thursday, April 25, 1745.-I preached at Horton and Bradford." The connection between Horton Hall and Mr. Wesley's preaching there is this: it is stated that one of the family of the Sharps was a fellow collegian with Mr. Wesley at Oxford.

In

The first place of Worship used by the Methodists in Bradford was the second floor of a large building near the Cockpit. This was in the year 1756. This room had been vacated by the Baptists, who in 1755 removed to the present house in Westgate. The minister of the Baptist church was a Mr. William Crabtree, one of the early seals of the ministry of the late Mr. Grimshaw, of Haworth.

In course of time, this room not being considered safe, Mr. James Garnett, of the Paper Hall, in High Street, offered the Wesleyan Society the use of his "laith" or barn. In 1765 land was purchased for the erection of a chapel in Horton Lane, now Horton Road. The site was commonly known by the name of the "Hilly Close."

The purchase money was £20. Mr. Wesley thus writes respecting it: "1776, Sunday, July 17.-At Bradford there was so large a multitude, and the rain so damped my voice, that many in the skirts of the congregation could not hear distinctly. They have just built a preaching house, 54 feet square, the largest octagon we have in England, and it is the first of the kind where the roof is built with common sense, rising only a third of the breadth yet it is as firm as any in England, nor does it at all hurt the wall. Why then does any roof rise higher? Only through want of skill, or want of honesty in the builder.'

About 100 years ago, Bradford consisted of little more than Kirkgate, Westgate, Ivegate, two or three straggling houses south of Sun Bridge, Barkerend, and Goodmansend. To these must be added Back Lane and the Leys, which were south of Westgate. The cloth market for woollens was in the Leys 150 years ago.

The two bridges over the beck or ford were the Sun Bridge and the one near the foot of Kirkgate. I think it very probable that prior to the erection of these, the water was crossed by stepping stones, and that the name Broadstones was derived from the fact of there being a ford across the water at this place.

On the site of the present Sun Bridge buildings. occupied by Messrs. Maud and Wilson, Dixon and Masser, and others, there stood an old prison, two stories in height. The bridge over the beck there was very narrow, the east side of which still exists.

THE PARISH CHURCH.--Tradition says Bradford was called "The Chapel i' th' Wood," and no wonder, for all the hill side to Windhill was probably natural wood. It is not improbable that Paulinus, A.D. 620, may have preached here, for Bede mentions that he preached in the Wood of Elmete, which wood extended from Sherburn to Addingham at least. The church or chapel would be of wood. A stone church would probably be built about 1100. At first the place was poor, and the rector would perform the service; when it increased in value, a vicar would be appointed.

The parish of Bradford was a part of the old Saxon parish of Dewsbury, which might be estimated at an area of 400 miles. The present church was erected in the reign of King Henry VI., and was finished about the 36th year of that King, A.D. 1458. The steeple was built in the reign of King Henry VII., and took 15 years in building, being

finished about the 23rd year of his reign, A. D. 1508. It is very probable that the present church may stand upon the site of a much earlier one, as in the taking down of the south wall of the nave in 1832, the remains of an ancient cross and other materials of an old building, were discovered.

The ecclesiastical history of Bradford is very meagre in materials of interest. I can only trace the mention of St. Peter's (the present parish church), and the chapel of St. Sitha, or St. Osyth.

TRAVELLING.-I cannot omit a brief mention of the striking contrast between the facilities of travelling in the present day and in former times. It is almost within the recollection of persons now living, that a journey from Bradford to London would occupy four days; and that such a journey was considered quite an event. Whereas now the journey can be completed with ease in six hours. I well remember when there were only four coaches passing through Bradford, in and out, in one day: viz. the Highflyer, Defiance, and Royal Mail from Leeds to Manchester, and coach to Skipton. Now, according to the railway time tables for this month there are twenty-two trains leave the Midland station every day; twentytwo trains leave the Lancashire and Yorkshire, and twelve trains leave the Great Northern. As these return, the total aggregate is 112 trains daily. Supposing each train to consist of four carriages, and each carriage of three bodies, and each body to carry three persons, we shall find the number of 4,032 persons entering and departing from Bradford daily.

By the old coach system, taking the four coaches, and allowing each coach to carry ten passengers, we should have eighty persons travelling in and out of Bradford every day: that is, forty each way. The contrast is remarkable.

The BBADFORD CANAL was commenced A.D. 1776. It would be a great blessing to this town if this canal could be dried up. The amount of mephitic and noxious vapour which arises from it is enough to breed pestilence and death amongst the population. I have heard of the gas, in dry weather, being set on fire with a lucifer match. There may be some truth in the common saying, "Set the Thames on fire."

So early as the year 1830, application was made to parliament for an Act to form a railway from Bradford to Leeds. It was intended that the railway should commenee near the Bowling coal staith, in Leeds road,

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and proceeding by Quarry Gap, Stanningley, Wortley, and Holbeck, join the Leeds and Selby line. The money necessary to construct this railway was calculated at £191,000. This application, as you well know, failed. The present Short Line, as it is called, or the Leeds, Bradford, and Halifax Junction, nearly follows the course of the one intended by that previous Act.

The earliest TURNPIKE ROAD was made about 1770. This excited great opposition, so much so, that a gate at Calverley Moor was destroyed by a furious mob, and a Mr. Thornton, of Shipley, the chief promoter of it, burnt in effigy. Prior to these roads, it would appear from the Court Rolls of 1687, or thereabouts, that every person was bound to repair the street opposite to his house, and the narrow pack horse highway contiguous to his land, and heavy fines were inflicted for defaults. There seem to have been gates hung in all the highways around the town, and the others within the leet, similar to those which we still see adjacent to villages. Within a very short time, the gate-posts and gates were remaining at the two ends of the Hall Ings.

The

Prior to 1822, the town was lighted with oil lamps, the light being just sufficient to make darkness visible. In that year an Act was obtained for lighting it with gas. company was entitled "The Bradford Gas Light Company, " and was empowered to raise in shares of £25 each a capital of £45,000. This Act rendered it imperative upon the company to supply the gas lamps of the town with gas, of such quality as should at all times afford a cheaper and better light than could be obtained from oil. So little was the merit of gas understood in those days.

Bradford became a Borough, with power to return two members to Parliament, in 1832. Leeds and Halifax had had the pri vilege granted them, in the time of the Interregnum, of sending each one member to Parliament. Mr. James, in his History, supposes that one great reason of this favour being withheld from this town, probably arose from the fact of its being reduced by the war from a third-rate town to an insignificant place; whereas Leeds and Halifax (especially the latter), suffered little from it!

THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL.-The Bradford Free Grammar School is stated to have been founded in the reign of King Edward VI. Mr. James, in his History, says "it can plainly enough be proved, that it dates its commencement in times anterior to that

reign." Its original site was on the west side of, and immediately adjoining to the parish church burial-ground. Having become ruinous, it was sold, and the present school-house in North Parade erected in 1820. We are told that before the Reformation there was a singing school connected with the Free Grammar School, and that the singing boys were probably the church choristers.

The PAPER HALL is an old house, and has been one of considerable importance. The origin of the name I have not been able to trace.

The MANOR HOUSE, in Kirkgate, was erected in 1763. The thing most deserving of notice in it is the staircase, which was painted in the early part of last century by Parmentin, a French artist. This will amply repay a visit. The house was built upon the site of one called Bradford Hall, probably in the reign of King Henry VII., the period when the Rawsons settled here, having previously lived at Ferrybridge. It is a curious fact, that in the year 1699, a grant was made from Thomas Frankland, of Thirkleby, near Thirsk, and the celebrated John Evelyn, Her Majesty's (Queen Anne) postmasters, to the William Rawson who built the present Manor House, in 1765, and Samuel Wainwright, of Ferrybridge, of the conveyance of all letters and parcels to and from London and Ferrybridge and Tadcaster, and the several towns and villages formerly belonging to the post of those towns; and also the towns of Settle and Kirkby Lonsdale, with the towns and villages adjoining, not exceeding halfway to any other post-town in either of the northern or Chester roads. The grant was for three years at £1,470 a year.

The earliest post-office of which we have any trace may be seen in the Mill Bank, in the third house on the left hand side. The opening in the door for letters still remains. This was removed into Kirkgate, to a house now occupied by Mr. Nicholson,-then to the Bowling Green, to an old house formerly belonging to the Rev. W. Atkinson,-and now to Post Office Passage.

The earliest WORKHOUSE in Bradford was built in 1738, the cost of which was said to be £360. This was replaced by the present one, erected in 1852.

THE SUBSTANCE OF A LECTURE DELIVERED AT THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, Bradford, ON THE 30TH OCTOBER, 1855.

At the close of the above very valuable

lecture, Mr. Fawcett spoke in continuation as follows:

"In drawing to a close these my "Notes on Bradford in the Olden Time," I would remark that I fear I may have almost exhausted your patience, whilst I have far from exhausted my subject. If I have thrown any light upon ancient customs, or given any additional interests to scenes and circumstances of bye-gone days, my labour will have been amply rewarded, and I trust the time occupied not altogether thrown away. To one like myself, not a new-comer foreigner, but a neighbour's son, the subject before us is one of thrilling interest, and it seemed to me that in these days of constant changes, both of localities and inhabitants, the subject would neither be uninteresting nor unprofitable.

or a

But I would not willingly leave you with this cursory remark. I would rather remind you, yea, press upon you the consideration, that with the march of improvement which we have seen in Bradford from its earliest days under the Britons to the present time, there ought to be a corresponding improvement in ourselves in all that constitutes true advancement,-I mean in mind and morals. Our advantages are far greater than those of our forefathers, our responsibilities are therefore correspondingly increased. We have clearer light, and vastly extended means of getting good and doing good, let it be seen that we are not unmindful of our privileges in these respects. Our early forefathes lived in the veriest twilight of civilization; we walk in the broad day of civilization and progress. Let it not then be said that these our superior advantages are not productive of an adequate return. I would be far from throwing out the slightest insinuation that you are indifferent to the improvement of which I speak, and yet you will do well to be reminded of this, though you know it, as a stimulous to greater diligence in the course of which you are labouring to pursue. It is a fact which cannot be denied, as the last census proved, that great as have been the efforts to promote the education of the people, those efforts have as yet fallen short of their proper end and aim. We have not yet overtaken the population of the country, so greatly has it increased, notwithstanding all that has been done. It behoves us, then, to labour on with daily growing zeal and industry, assured that we shall in the end reap a rich and plenteous reward.

One word more and I have done. Let me especially advise the young to use well the

opportunities of improvement with which they are so richly blessed. Life is too short to fritter away in the round of mere innocent enjoyments, to say nothing of those pleasures which debase and dishonour the dignity of man. Be it yours to fix a high and noble standard of intellectual attainment; and above and beyond all, and without which all human attainment will be of little real value to you; remember, that "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of true wisdom." As to the importance of a diligent use of the leisure and opportunity which early life affords, I cannot do better than cite the words of the immortal Young,

"Youth is not rich in time; it may be poor; Part with it as with money, sparing; pay No moment but in purchase of its worth; And what its worth, ask Death-beds, they can tell."

A GENUINE ACCOUNT OF THE SORE CALAMITIES THAT BEFEL BRADFORD IN THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WAR.

BY JOSEPH LISTER.

IN the year 1642, one Lord's-day I went to Pudsey to hear the Rev. Mr. Wales* preach, and while divine service was performing, a man whose name was Sugden, came hastily up to the chapel door, and with a lamentable voice cried out, Friends, we are all as good as dead men, for the Irish rebels are gotten to Rochdale, and

*The Rev. Mr. Elkana Wales, of Trinity College, Cambridge, the second of seven sons of Mr. John Wales, of Idle, was an eminent preacher in those days; multitudes from all the country round flocked to hear him: he was courted by the grandees of that age, with whom he might easily have made his own terms, but no offers of preferment could prevail with him to leave his people; Lord Fairfax in particular had a singular esteem for him. He was minister at Pudsey above fifty years, until the five-mile act came forth, which caused him to remove to Leeds, and there was an assistant to the Rev. Mr. Todd, where he died in an advanced age. His motto was, "Less than the least of all Saints."

+ Previous to this there had been an insurrection in Ireland, wherein the Irish