merals, leaving out an a or a v, or an i, or more than one, or interchanging one for the ot her, made so many errors, that we can never place any trust in them, and our safest evidence as to the site of a Roman town arises from finding traces on its line of road which answers to it. Such is the case with Cambodunum, which antiquaries have agreed generally in placing at Slack, in the parish of Huddersfield and township of Longwood, in Yorkshire, about four miles from Halifax. All the country round appears to be covered with traces of Roman settlements. Among the discoveries of this kind recorded, we learn that in 1743 the foundations of a Roman temple were found at Huddersfield, and, among other antiquities on the site, an altar dedicated to the goddess Fortuna, by a soldier of the sixth legion, named Antonius Modestus, which of course establishes a relationship with Eboracum, or York, which was the head quarters of this legion during the whole Roman period. In 1824, accidental discoveries were made at Slack, above mentioned, of considerable remains of Roman buildings, consisting of hypocausts, and foundations of walls. One of the tiles bore the inscription, stamped into it, COH-IIII-BRE. Camden states that not uncommonly the same inscription was found not uncommonly upon Roman bricks at Grimescar, near Huddersfield. It was assumed, rather hastily, by inconsiderate antiquaries, that it referred to a cohort of Britons, or even to a British legion, which is quite inadmissible. Mr. Roach Smith, in his very valuable and already very rare volume, Roman London, page 116, has suggested that this inscription should be read, Cohors quarta Breucorum. The Breuci were a people of Pannonia and we know that there were Pannonian auxiliaries in Britain; and then there were no doubt many people within the extent of the Roman Empire who sent bodies of auxiliary troops to Britain, of which we have at present no memorial. Since this last date there have been many discoveries of Roman antiquities over the district we are describing.

66

Huddersfield Archæological Association, which, under the directon of the Rev. George Lloyd, the incumbent of Thurstonland, has employed a number of men to excavate on the spot. These researches have brought to light a building sixty-eight feet in length, by sixty-four in breadth, the outer walls of which are of the usual Roman thickness of about three feet, a measure which was preserved by the medieval builders in the walls of their houses within towns. Several internal walls were traced, inclosing a paved court. In the space between the inner paved court and the front wall of the building-we are quoting the printed description-a gold ring was found, described as very much worn." In what appears to have been the central inner chamber, a silver coin of the Emperor Vespasian was turned up, and next day a coin of Nerva, both stated to be in a good state of preservation. Heaps of Roman pottery and bricks and tiles were collected, and among the latter some with the already well-known inscription, COH IIII BRE, or the fourth cohort of the Breuci, which seems to show that there was here, or in the neighbourhood, a military garrison, or, at least, a villa de pendent upon one, and perhaps inhabited by its chief officer. Hypocausts were also found, and in them, among other relics, a fibula, a stone axe, and human bones. Here we have, of course, a stone implement belonging to the Roman period. In a corner of one of the bypocausts was found a large mass of metal, enveloped in wood, which at first was supposed to be silver, but, on examination, it proved to be the rich ore of lead known by the name of galena. It is stated that this mass weighs about 230 pounds. It would show some relationship to lead-mines or leadworks By the side of it were found the remains of a human skeleton, and not far from it were those of a child. Whether these remains mark the site of the Roman Cambodunum, or merely those of a villa in its neighbourhood, they show that it was a military station of some importance, and that there were connected with it mining operations.

In the first number of the New Series of the Gentleman's Magazine for January, 1866, the learned author of "Illustrations of Roman London," C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., makes the following remarks on the same subject:

"SLACK, YORKSHIRE.--It appears that excavations are being made, by a local Society, at Slack, the supposed site of the Cambodunum of the Itinerary of Antoninus.

A building of Considerable extent has been laid open, the rooms of which were heated by means of a hypocaust. The tiles discovered are not unfrequently stamped with the name of a cohort of soldiers asserted to have been Britons. The inscriptions read coн. 1111 BRE. There are reasons against this interpretation of the BRE. Inscriptions recording the Britons or Brittones have been met with in the north of England; and many examples of tile stamps evidently indicating the same people, have been discovered in London In all of these, the letters BRI, and not BRE, occur. The latter seems peculiar to Slack, unless it be authenticated that such are also found at Eland, in Yorkshire. I have long since suggested that these tiles, instead of referring to the Britons, denote that the fourth cohort of the Breuci was stationed at the locality now known as Slack. It is true no lapidary inscriptions have been recorded as found in England confirming this reading; but the Breuci, a people of Pannonia, contributed several cohorts to the Roman auxiliary forces (as many, indeed, as eight); and of these, three at least were, for some length of time, in Germany, on the Rhine; so it is probable that the fourth passed over into Britair. The Roman legions and cohorts, when permanently stationed, usually stamped the tiles they manufactured for building with their respective names; and thus these humble records are often of great use in aiding towards a knowledge of the disposition of the military forces; and by them their movements can frequently be traced. Gale places Cambodunum at Almondbury; Horsland, near Gretland and Stainland. In the Itinerary of Antoninus, it stands about midway between Calcaria (Tadcaster), and Mancunium (Manchester); so that it is to be hoped the present exploratione may serve to decide the question as to the correct location. It must be borne in mind that Camden states similar tiles (COH. IIII BRE) to have been found at Grimscar, near Eland Bridge."

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This curious story in the history of our good old town, has furnished the subject for a poem by a Leeds poet, named James Wardell. It was published in 1855, in a little book entitled "NATIVE PRODUCTIONS; OR A GLANCE AT THE LEEDS POETS. By John Clarke. Leeds; printed for the Author by Cooke and Clarke. (pp 84.)

THE EARL OF NEWCASTLE'S VISION. The shades of night began to fall

Enveloping with sable pall
The precincts of old Bowling Hall,

Where proud Newcastle lay.

His angry eye and brow of gloom,
Told plainly of poor Bradford's doom,
As he pass'd to his lonely room,

To wait the coming day.

A day that should to sword and fire
Give that fair town; both son and sire,
He vow'd should midst the flames expire
For arming 'gainst their king.

His plumed helm a table graced,
His trusty sword was near him placed,
The cuirass that his bosom braced

Upon the floor was flung.

Then on the couch he threw him down,
His thoughts were on that doomed town,
And on his dearly bought renown,

When Fairfax lost the day.
A day that saw midst seas of gore,
The Royal Standard proudly soar,
Triumphant on Adwalton Moor,

That long contested field.

The night was still, serene, and clear,
He dreams, or surely does he hear,-
When a soft voice, low whispering near,
Said "Pity poor Bradford.'
Upstarting with a sudden bound,
He cast a sudden glance around,
And with astonishment he found

A female near him stand.
Mournful she seem'd, tho' young and fair,
She clasp'd her hands as if in prayer,
And sighing said "In pity spare

Our poor, devoted town."
Newcastle was as brave a knight
As e'er spurred charger into fight;
But who can say that solemn night

He was devoid of fear?

The ranks of war he oft had led-
Had seen the field with slaughter spread,
Yet never felt he so much dread,

As at that lonely hour.

To call for aid he vainly tries,
His tongue its wonted use denies,
And when again he rais'd his eyes,
The visitant had fled.

And whither fled, no one could say,
The guards had watch'd till dawn of day,
But no one ever crossed their way,

They all and each declared.
But changed was Newcastle's vow,
The gloom had vanish'd from his brow,
He spoke in mercy's accents now,

"Let Bradford town be spar'd!"

BRADFORD IN "THE OLDEN TIME."

BY THE REV. JOSHUA FAWCETT, M.A.

CONTENTS.

Origin of the Name of Bradford Antiquity Roman Roads Bradford during the Roman occupation of Britain-The Working of Iron-Bradford in the Domesday Book-The Lacies-Gallow Close-The Manor Court-The Piece Hall-Soke Corn Mill-Bradford CastleBoldshay-Singular Land Tenure-First Siege of Bradford-Dead Lane-The Woollen and Worsted Trade - First Mill in Bradford-Peculiar Localities-Old Market Place-The Prison-"Holy Wells "-Hellywell, and Lady's Well-Pins cast into Wells-Tumbril or Ducking Stool-Bradford Castle-Goodman's End-Piper's Grave ---Skinner Lane-Ivegate-Silsbridge Lane -Barker End-Black Abbey-White Abbey-Burnet Fields-The Hall Ings-Tollbooth The Old Cockpit - Tyrrel― St. Sitha's Chapel-The Pack Horse Inn-Back Lane-First Bank-Bradford Copper Tokens -Rise of Wesleyanism-Sun Bridge-The Parish Church-Travelling-The Bradford Canal-Railway Project-Turnpike Roads -The Bradford Gas Light Company-The Grammar School-The Paper Hall-The Manor House in Kirkgate-Earliest Post Office-Earliest Workhouse in Bradford.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF BRADFORD.— The origin of the name Bradford has given rise to much curious and interesting speculation. There can be no question that the last syllable in the name, ford, refers to the brook which runs through the town, beginning amongst the moorlands above Thornton, and following the course of the valley, and emptying itself into the river Aire at ShipHOLROYD'S COLLECTANEA, No. 3.

ley. But it is not so easy to decide the meaning of the former syllable, "Broad." If it refers to the breadth of the brook, it would lead us to the opinion that the brook has in former days been much more considerable than at present, which, however, is far from unlikely, inasmuch as its bed has been narrowed by the erection of houses and other buildings on its margin, and the waters have been diminished by reason of the sinking of coal pits in the district, which have tended to lessen and drain off the springs thereabouts.

Dr. Whitaker has suggested that "Brad" may be derived from " brae, a hill; and thus Bradford mean the ford at the foot of the brae or Church Hill. Domesday book is evidence against this: for in that book, written A.D. 1085, the name is always spelt Bradeford, or Bradford. There is an exception to this spelling, viz., in a charter for a fair granted to Edmund de Lacy, about A.D. 1250, in which the name is spelt " Brafford." Some old inhabitants call it Brafforth, or Bradforth, but this is a mere corruption of no very old date. The earliest use of this corruption is in Saxton's map, published in 1577. Mr. James, in a note to. his "History of Bradford, "" says, "I have received some observations on the subject from an eminent antiquarian etymologist. He derives Brad from some one of the following terms:-Gaelic, Braid, Braidh, or Brath, all having reference to a hill or acclivity. The Islandic Brad, Swedish Bratt, and several other similar words found in the northern languages, denote acclivities. the former part of the name of our tow! came from any of these, or from the sam root, then we may assign to 'Bradford" the probable signification of the Hill Ford, or Ford at the bottom of the hill; and in this case the name of the place would most likely be given before the settlement of the Saxon here." I leave my hearers to accept this de rivation or not; it is as probable a one as has been offered, and accords with the lo cality of ancient ford. It also agrees in th sense, with the derivation of Braeford hinted at by Dr. Whitaker, and removes the objection to it as to the spelling and pronunciation.

ANTIQUITY.--It is very probable that Bradford stands upon the site of an old Brigantian town, and that the Brigantes wer the aboriginal inhabitants of the paris.

The tribe called the Brigantes was the largest and most powerful of the ancient British or Celtic tribes. Of these tribes there were nineteen. The Brigantes included three smaller bodies. The Voluntii, inhabiting Cumberland and Westmoreland; the Sistantii, inhabiting Lancaster, Durham, West Riding of the county of York; and the Parisii, inhabiting the East and North Ridings.

Mr. James, in his "History of Bradford " and the parish, says, "the whole tract of country about here possesses very few British, Roman, or Saxon remains; and its his. tory, in consequence, is remarkably barren during this period. In this parish there are no unequivocal vestiges of Druidism; no coins, or British earthworks of any moment. There seems never to have been a Roman station in the parish. Few coins or other tokens of the Roman sojourn here have been found. I know of no British remains in the parish that are not equivocal, unless a sinall earthwork lying to the westward of Cullingworth may be considered of that class. It is situated on a gentle slope about 200 yards from a place called Flappit Springs, on the left hand side of the road leading thence to Halifax. The form has been circular. The greater part of it to the south has been destroyed by the plough. I estimate the diameter to have been about 50 yards. The ditch to the westward is very perfect. It is about two yards deep, and three wide; with the earth thrown up in the form of a rampart on the inner side. The remain is less perfect to theeastward. "

But though we have had apparently no Roman station in the parish, it is more than probable that we have had a Roman road running through it, viz. the Roman road running from the Roman Mancunium, Manchester, to the Roman Olicana, Ilkley. This road, Dr. Whitaker says, ran over Blackstone Edge, left Halifax to the right, passing Denholme, and leaving Cullingworth to the west. Dr. Whitaker says, that betwixt Cullingworth and Hainsworth the road was in his time visible and paved with neatly-set stones of the country, more than 12 feet broad. It was found in several places upon Harden Moor, also above Thornton, and on Rumbles Moor, and thence it pointed directly to Ilkley. This road was laid down upon the Roman map in Drake's Eboracum, as a Deva ad Vallum."

I would here, by the way, point out the generally supposed misnomer, "Rumbles Moor." It is Romald's Moor,"

There seems to have been a Román road from Wakefield to Bradford by Gildersome Street and Dudley Hill. The word street, which applies to the road between Dudley Hill and Gildersome, is supposed to have been derived from stratum, a word denoting a Roman way. It is thought to have been part of the road from Legeolium (Castleford) to Colunio (or Colne). Whilst upon this subject, it will not be out of place to mention a few facts in connection with the formation of the ancient Roman roads. These roads seem to have been mainly of the four following kinds.

1. The first kind, during conquest, was the "via militaris." This was elevated three feet and upwards above the surface of the ground. It was paved, its direction generally a straight line, hence such roads were called via strate, whence our word street. From their elevation, they were called highways. The average width was 21 feet.

2. The second kind was the "via publica,' or public road. This was not paved, nor elevated above the surface of the ground. It was covered with "glarea," or gravel, and about 14 fect wide.

3. The private roads, called viæ privatæ, or viæ vicinales, were narrow, not more than seven feet wide, with wider spaces here and there, for carriages, &c., to meet and pass.

4. In addition to these, there were cross roads, called "diverticula."

The Romans had "way-books," called "Itineraries," which continue to this day. Thus there was the itinerary of Antonius. Also, there was the itinerary of Richard, a monk of Cirencester, &c.

Of all the magnificent works of the Romans, the formation and extent of their public roads, and the means adopted to maintain them, appear to be the most astonishing. To give an idea of their extent, I may mention that they formed a road from Solway Frith to Jerusalem, a distance of 3,740 English miles.

The first Roman road constructed was called "the Appian Way. It was constructed in 441, A.U., by Appius Claudius. Along this road the Apostle Paul was conducted a prisoner to Rome, after he had appealed to Cæsar.

The second was undertaken about 100 years after. Suetonius informs us that young men were stationed along them, to convey to the Emperor in the most speedy manner notice of whatever might be going on in the empire They were as straight as possible; often paved with regular blocks of stones, or

flints and cobbles; in some instances covered with layers of gravel, the substratum being carefully constructed, and in a substantial

manner.

In the construction and repair of them, four classes of persons were employed.

1. Legionary soldiers. 2. People of the provinces through which they passed. 3. Professed artisans of various descriptions, according to the nature of the labour required. 4. Criminals.

Posts were established at intervals, and runners or couriers were despatched with messages from post to post. Houses were erected generally at the distance of six Roman miles, and every house was provided with forty horses.

The four principal Roman roads in Britain were-1. The Watling Street, across the country from Dover to Cardigan, Anglesea, or Chester (authors are not agreed on this point, but this latter appears the most probable): passing through London, St. Alban's, Dunstable, Towcester, Atherstone, Wall, and Uttoxeter. Its etymology is uncertain, but it is thought to be derived from Vitelliamus, corrupted into Vilellian, or Watling Street.

2. The Foss Way (from fosse a ditch) extended from Totness, in Devonshire, through Cirencester and Lincoln to North Britain.

3. The Ikenild Street (from the Iceni) ran from Southampton, through York to Newcastle, &c.

4. The Ermin Street (from Hermann, a Saxon warrior, signifying that it was a military road), extended from St. David's to Southampton.

It is curious to observe that these four Roman roads were mainly in the direction of our present Trunk Railways, as any one may perceive who will compare an ancient map with one of Bradshaw's.

The Roman road connected with this county deserves to be noticed. The principle stations and road connected with the City of York was made by Agricola circa, A.D. 80. If you take York as a centre, proceeding northwards, the first station was Isurium, the present Aldborough; from Isurium they went to Cataractonium, Catterick Bridge; the last station in that direction was Lavatræ, the modern Bowes. Returning to York, and then proceeding south, the first station was Calcaria, Tadcaster, then Lagecio, Castleford, then Danum, Doncaster; passing west, the first station was Addleicum, Adel, then Olicana, Ilkley. Passing northeast, the first station was either Aldby or

Kexby Bridge, (this is doubtful) then Market Weighton, and thence to Pattrington and Brough.

There is no positive proof that Bradford was upon or near any Roman road, except the one near Denholme, to which reference has already been made, and the fact of a certain district of road being called "the street, i.e. the road leading from Dudley hill to Adwalton. The word "street" attached is presumptive proof in favour of its Roman origin; as for instance, Adwick le street, near Doncaster, Barton le street, near Malton, Chester le street, &c.

Respecting Bradford, the information we have relative to the Roman period, as I said before, is very slender. Nevertheless it is thought that the Romans both got and worked ironstone in this neighbourhood. Dr. Richardson, in a letter to Herne, says, "that iron was made in this neighbourhood (Bierley) in the time of the Romans, a late discovery which sufficiently convinced me. Upon removing a heap of cinders, to repair the roads with it, a quantity of copper Roman coins were discovered, some of which I have in my possession. They were of the period of Constantine, Diocletian, and the usu per Carausius. This country abounds with such heaps of cinders. though we have not so much as any tradition that ever iron was made here." Within late years, a few heaps of supposed Roman Scoria have been discovered in a field near Royd's Hall.

The parish of Bradford was within the kingdom of Deira, and afterwards in that of Northumbria, one of the kingdoms of the heptarchy. Deira, originally means a wild beast. The district of Deira was so called from the forests and warrens for which it was so remarkable. It included the south part of Northumberland, lying between the rivers Humber and Tweed. Northumberland, as its name imports, was the country north of the Humber Pope Gregory seeing some persons of the province of Deira put up to be sold as slaves in the open market, and admiring their beauty, he asked from what country they came. Being answered Angli, i.e. Englishmen, he said well they may be so called, as they were like Angeli, Angels; enquiring of what province, he was answered Deira; to which he answered De ira Dei sunt deliberandi! i.e., they are to be delivered from the wrath of God. Then inquiring the name of their king, which was Alle, how fitly, said he, may they sing hallelujahs! From that time, and owing to that circumstance, he endeavoured the conversion of the English nation.