decline of the Western empire. In their descendants we can only hope to distinguish two groups; one collecting itself round the Gallo-Germanic type, a tall, fair and longhaired race, the other approaching to the more delicate Iberian people, with embrowned skin, and very dark hair and eyes. Such a Colonization of Britain could not materially alter the original aspect of the people, except by increasing the admixture and diminishing the peculiarities of the several varieties.

The British race presented to Tacitus three varieties; one, derived from Gaul, occupied the southern and south-eastern coasts; one, allied to Germany, formed the Caledonian people; and the third, exemplified by the Silurian, was compared to the Iberians, and believed to be their descendents. The localities of these tribes are clearly marked, but we are not compelled to suppose them strictly confined to these localities; doubtless they were much intermingled, as in later times, in the same regions, similar races have been. There is no word in history which defines the relation of the Brigantes to the three types of Tacitus, and there is no doubt all Britain spoke the same language.

If, without regard to any real or supposed evidence of their national origin, we attempt to class the actual population of Yorkshire in natural groups, we shall find, excluding Irish, and some Craven colonists; three main types frequently distinct, but as often confused by interchange of elementary features.

1. Tall, large boned, muscular persons; visage, long, angular; complexion fair, or florid; eyes blue, or grey; hair light, brown, or reddish. Such persons in all parts of the country form a considerable part of the popu lation. In the North Riding, from the eastern coast to the western mountains, they are plentiful. Blue-eyed families prevail very much about Lincoln.

2. Persons robust; visage oval, full and

rounded; nose often slightly aquiline; complexion somewhat embrowned, florid; eyes brown, or grey; hair brown, or reddish. In the West Riding, especially in the elevated districts, very powerful men have these characters.

3. Persons of lower stature and smaller proportions; visage short, rounded; complexion embrowned; eyes very dark, elongated; hair very dark (such eyes and hair are commonly called black). Individuals having these characters occur in the lower grounds of Yorkshire, as in the valley of the Aire below Leeds, in the vale of the Derwent, and the level regions south of York. They are still more frequent in Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire, and may be said to abound amidst the true Anglians of Norfolk and Suffolk. The physical characters here traced cannot be, as Dr. Prichard conjectures in a parellel in Germany, the effect of some centuries of residence in towns, for they are spread like an epidemic among the rural and secluded population as much as among the dwellers in towns. Unless we suppose such varieties of appearance to spring up among the blue-eyed races, we must regard them as a legacy from the Roman colonists and the older Britains, amongst whom, as already stated, the Iberian element was conjecturally admitted.

Adopting this latter view, there is no difficulty in regard to the other groups. They are of North German and Scandinavian origen, and the men of Yorkshire inherit the physical organization, and retain many of the peculiarities of their adventurous sires. In the words employed, in the vowel sounds, in the elisions, and the construction of sentences, the Yorkshire dialects offer interesting analogies to the old English of Shakspeare and Chaucer, the Anglo-Saxon of the Chronicle, and the Norse, as it is preserved to us by the Icelanders."

THE NORMAN INVASION.

WITH the defeat of Harold at the battle of Hastings, and the coronation of William Duke of Normandy as king of England, in the year 1066, a new era began in Britain. Several years of dire bloodshed inaugurated the new rule of the Norman plunderers and adventurers. In the year following William the Bastard's coronation, a revolt against his rule took place in Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham, etc., and the Conqueror swore by the splendour of God, his usual oath, that he would not leave a soul alive in these counties; and this threat was almost instantly carried literally into effect.

Thierry says in his account, that,-"leaving Lincoln, the invading army marched upon York, and at a place where the streams, whose Junction forms the great river Humber, approach each other, they encountered the confederated army of the Anglo-Saxons, and the Welsh. There as at the battle of Hastings, by their superiority in numbers and in armour, they drove the enemy from their position, which they vainly endeavoured to defend foot by foot. A great number of the English perished, the rest sought an asylum within the walls of York; but the conquerors, closely pursuing them, made a breach in the walls and entered into the town, massacreing all, say the chronicles, from infants to old men. Simeon of Durham, an old historian, relates,-" That the country between York and Durham was so devastated that it lay waste for nine years; and that the inhabitants who escaped, eat rats, mice, and other vermin to sustain life.'

But the sturdy spirit of the Anglo-Saxon could not be destroyed by cruelty or defeat, for "the Norman conquerors of England were rapidly absorbed by the conquered people; and the union of the two races took place at a period much earlier than has generally been stated by our historians. Though beaten in the field, after a long and stern struggle for their independence, and though perhaps decimated by seven years of HOLROYD'S COLLECTANEA, No. 2.

dreadful war and carnage, the Saxons remained incomparably more numerous than their invaders, and it was considered an easier and a wiser task to conciliate them than to exterminate them. From his first coming into England, and, indeed, before his arrival, William the Conqueror had a strong party among the Saxon and Dano-Saxon thanes; this party rejoiced at his coming, and grew in numbers and strength after the battle of Hastings. To keep it steady to his interests, William at a very early period began to give these great thanes Norman wives. Several of these wives were of the highest rank. Thus the Conqueror gave his own niece Judith in marriage to the great Saxon Earl Waltheof, whose warlike qualities, and great popularity with the Saxon people, might have made him formidable as an enemy many years after the catastrophe at Hastings. William even promised one of his own daughters to Edwin, Earl of Mercia, brother-inlaw to the late King Harold; and it would have taken place, if suspicions had not been excited by the conduct of Edwin, who soon after fled from the Conqueror's court to put himself at the head of a formidable insurrection in the north country. Other young maidens from beyond sea, sisters or daughters to some of the noblest of the Conqueror's followers, were affianced to the sons of rich Saxons who had hoped to preserve their wealth by remaining quiet. But the more frequent inter-marriages among the chiefs of the two nations were those in which Norman barons and knights espoused Saxon heiresses. The fathers and brothers of many noble thanes, and of many great holders of land, perished in battle at Hastings, or in the course of the seven years' war which followed that event; and by the ordinary dispositions of nature there was many a rich Saxon family that had daughters and no sons right of his feudal supremacy and kingly prerogative, William became guardian to all these Saxon orphans, and disposed of their lands and fortunes as be chose; and over such heiresses as were not orphans he could exercise a control through their peace-seeking fathers. It is mentioned by several of the chroniclers, who were either contemporary or lived near the time, that many of the Norman and foreign adventurers who made part of William's first army of in

By

vasion, made no other bargain with him than that they should be married to Saxon heiresses, or to other rich young women in England."

"But besides the real Normans, or the men of mixed race, who came over with the Conqueror from Norway and the shores of the North Sea, there were numerous adventurers from other parts of the continent, that came with the first expedition, or that repaired to his standard afterwards; for during the seven years' war he was frequently hard pressed by the Saxons, and compelled to bring over numerous bodies of recruits. In the first expedition there were men that came from Maine and Anjou, from Poictou and Bretagne, from central France and from southern France, from Burgundy and from Aquitaine; and to these were added volunteers and soldiers of fortune from the great plains of Italy at the foot of the Alps All this enlarged and varied-and no doubt advantageously-the new blood which was mixed with the Anglo-Saxon. Of these more southern adventurers, many who had brought little else with them than a suit of chain armour, a lance, and a few hungry and bold followers, attained to high rank and command, married Saxon women, and became the founders of noble families. "*

Prominent amongst these was Ilbert de Lacy, who was created Baron of Pontefract in the year 1070. Ilbert de Laci, or Lacy, was the first to enter on the conquest of the West Riding of Yorkshire, where he met and defeated the gallant but untrained Northumbrians. Here he destroyed the nationality and hopes of the Saxons, and subdued all the country between Pontefract and Blackburn in Lancashire. All this land afterwards became his barony, for William his royal master gave or granted to him the whole, which included nearly two hundred manors, berewicks, and sokes. This man whom the king delighted thus to honour, had been in his own country, Normandy, a baron of great importance. He was the owner of Bois l'Eveque, near Darnetal. To his retainers and followers he gave ample shares of the lands which he had won, some of whom he made tenants-in-chief, whilst others received free grants of the lands of which he had dispossessed and robbed the rightful owners. A long account of the Lacy's and the descendants of this Ilbert, might be given here, but it would serve no useful pur

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pose. Those who wish to know more may consult Whitaker's History of Whalley,' and Wilson's Yorkshire Pedigrees in the Leeds Old Library.

Below, I give a complete list of all the manors, berewicks and sokes, in Yorkshire, granted to Ilbert de Lacy by the Conqueror. This list has been kindly furnished to me by Mr. Charles Forrest, seur., of Lofthouse, near Wakefield, who possesses a copy of Bawden's translation of the Doomsday Book for Yorkshire. In a note he says-Some places occur twice, as a manor, a berewick, or from change of tenant some are indicated by the tenants name, for instance,-Seacroft is five manors in the hands of Ode, Nuieling, Temar, Stainulf and Ragenild; I have therefore given all the places by name, whether as a manor, berewick, or soke only. I have given both the ancient spelling and the modern name where the author has ascertained it, and where I have added anything of my own it is within brackets."

Another member of the ancient Saxon parish of Dewsbury. In Domesday it is thus surveyed

Manor. In Bradeford, with six Berewicks, Gamel had fifteen carucates of land to be taxed, where there may be eight ploughs. Ilbert has it, and it is waste. Value in King Edward's time, £4. Wood pasture half a mile long and half a mile broad.

Manor. In Bodeltone Archil had four carucates of Land to be taxed, where there may be two ploughs. Ilbert has it, and it is waste. Value in K. E. T. 10s. This Land belongs to this Manor. Celeslau (Chellow), Alretone, Torentone, Claitone, Wibetese (Wibsey). To be taxed together, 10 Carucates of Land, where there may be 6 ploughs. It is waste. Value in K. E. T. 40s. ; it is

now nothing. Manor. In Bolline Sindi had four carucat s of Land, which payeth to the geld, where there may be two ploughs. Ilbert has it, and it is waste. Value in King Edward's time 5s.