OF

ent, shall constitute the BOARD SUPERINTENDENTS. They are appointed by the Board of Education.

There are forty-six LOCAL SCHOOL BOARDS, each board to consist of five persons, appointed by the Borough President, a member of the Board of Education and the District Superintendent assigned to duty in that district. The local board maintains discipline, etc. There is also BOARD to EXAMINE teachers trying to qualify for positions, consisting of the City Superintendent of Schools and four persons appointed by the Board of Education on the nomination of the Board of Superintendents.

a

The Board of Trustees of the COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK consists of nine residents of New York, who are appointed by the Mayor, and the President of the Board of Education, ex-officio, and the President of said college, ex-officio.

Members of the Board of Education, with the president, ex-officio, shall be trustees of the NORMAL COLLEGE, which teaches girls free, and prepares them to become school teachers. The Board of Education appoints three of its members a committee for the management of a NAUTICAL SCHOOL, to teach the science of navigation. The Chamber of Commerce appoints a committee of three persons from said board, who act as counsel and advisory board of the Nautical School.

Certain charitable institutions for children share in the City's school funds.

DEPARTMENT of CHARITIES.

The head of the Department of Charities is called the Commissioner of Charities. He appoints two deputies, to whom he may delegate his powers, except to make appointments and transfers. He has charge of the City's institutions for the care of poor and indigent persons and vagrants, inmates of which shall be classified according to their previous character. He may place out, or indenture, any child in such institutions, and, as far as possible, with persons of the same religious faith as the child.

Whenever DESTITUTE CHILD is about to be committed to any of the City's charitable institutions, the Charity Commissioner shall have the circumstances of such case inquired into and report his finding to the Magistrate who is committing the child until it is sixteen years old, or indentured out. The Commissioner may give outdoor relief to poor BLIND ADULTS who are residents of this city for two years, but not more than $100 a year to each one.

All BASTARDY PROCEEDINGS are conducted by and in the name of the Charity Commissioner, and the amount collected shall be paid him for the support of the child or the mother and child. He has power to compromise bastardy and abandonment cases. Any legal proceeding in a case where a bond has been given shall be in the name of the Commissioner, and any

money recovered on same shall be paid to him for the support of the abandoned family.

The ALLIED HOSPITALS are Harlem, Gouverneur and Emergency Hospital on 26th Street. BELLEVUE AND ALLIED HOSPITALS shall be separate from the Department of Charities, and shall be conducted by a board of seven trustees, residents of New York, with the Charity Commissioner as ex-officio. They shall serve terms of seven years. They are appointed by the Mayor from a list of names submitted by the heads of the following departments: United Hebrew Charities Society of New York City, Particular Counsel of New York Society of St. Vincent De Paul, the New York Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor. The board appoints and removes a superintendent, medical officers and other employees. The MORGUES are in charge of the Charity Department.

The POTTER'S FIELD is in charge of the Commissioner of Correction.

THE POLICE COMMISSIONER

is appointed by the Mayor and is the head of the Police Department. He makes rules and regulations for its government, and is responsible for its administration and discipline. His term of office is five years, but he may be removed at any time by the Mayor or Governor, in which case he is not eligible for reappointment. He appoints a 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Deputy Commissioner and during his absence he may delegate his powers, except the power of APPOINTMENT AND TRANSFER, to the First Deputy. When the Commissioner and First Deputy are absent this power is delegated to the Second Deputy, and SO on down to the Fifth Deputy. He is responsible for the enforcement of all laws and ordinances. He may appoint as many additional patrolmen as are necessary, provided the Board of Estimate and Apportionment has appropriated money to pay them.

The Commissioner, or any of his Deputies, may sit in judgment at the trial of any member of the force, issue subpoenas, and subpoena duces tecum (to produce documents, etc., which may be required in the prosecution of an inquiry), and compel the attendance of witnesses who have been subpoenaed. This might be called a JUDICIAL or quasi-judicial_FUNCTION.

The COMMISSIONER has POWER to reprimand, fine or dismiss any member of the force for a violation of its rules or neglect of duty, and to suspend without pay any member of the force. A copy of the MINUTES of any PROCEEDING of the Police Commissioner, when properly attested by the Chief Clerk, may be offered in any court with the same effect as the original. All suits for reinstatement must be commenced within four months after the cause of action shall have accrued. Members of the force cannot RESIGN without

the permission of the Commissioner, under penalty of forfeiture of their salary.

In cases of RIOT, INSURRECTION or other emergency, the Commissioner may appoint as many SPECIAL PATROLMEN from among citizens, without pay, as he deems desirable. They are subject to the same rules and possess the same power as regular patrolmen, but their employment may be discontinued at any time. He may also appoint Special Patrolmen for corporations or individuals who need them and who pay their salaries. They are governed by the rules of the Police Department.

The Commissioner may establish Station Houses, with the authority of the Sinking Fund Commission, and he shall provide accommodations for the detention of witnesses, as authorized by the Board of Aldermen.

He appoints a PROPERTY CLERK, who may be required to given a bond, and to whom all lost and stolen property (except animals, which must be sent to the Pound or other place of safe keeping) shall be sent as soon as practicable. When a prisoner is discharged in court, who has been arrested upon a charge of larceny or receiving stolen goods, the Magistrate shall direct how the stolen property shall be disposed of. If he orders it returned to the accused person, no other person can get it.

PROPERTY NOT CLAIMED within six months may be sold at auction, after being advertised ten days in the City Record. If PROPERTY in the possession of the Property Clerk is REQUIRED as evidence in COURT, it shall be produced therein by an order of such court; but it must be again returned to the Property Clerk when it is no longer needed as evidence.

POLICEMEN possess all the POWERS of Constables in any part of this State, and may execute warrants of arrest therein which are issued by Magistrates. When a policeman makes an ARREST he shall immediately make the same known to the officer in command of the precinct wherein the arrest is made, and, if court is open, immediately take the prisoner before a Magistrate. The commanding officer of the precinct will make a return of such prisoner to the Police Commissioner within twentyfour hours. When a woman is arrested she shall be taken to a station where there is a matron.

The Police Force is divided into two broad divisions, the Uniformed and the Ununiformed force. The ununiformed force consists of the Police Commissioner, five Deputy Police Commissioners, one Secretary, one Chief Clerk, and subordinate clerks, Bookkeeper and subordinates, Superintendent of Electrical Service and linemen, wiremen, etc.; Property Clerk and subordinates, Complaint Clerk and subordinates, Mechanics, Hostlers, Cleaners, etc.

The Uniformed force consists of one Chief Inspector, one Borough Inspector, Inspectors, Surgeons (with rank of Inspector), Chaplains (with rank of Inspector), Captains, Lieutenants, Sergeants, Patrolmen and Matrons.

The various kinds of duty to which members of the Uniformed force are assigned, in addition to ordinary patrol duty on foot, are: Detective Bureau, Harbor Patrol, Traffic Regulation, Magistrates' Courts, Municipal Departments and offices, Mounted Patrol, Bicycle Patrol and Motor Cycle Patrol, etc.

There is not more than one Captain, four Lieutenants and four Sergeants to each fifty Patrolmen.

Patrolmen are divided into six grades. The pay for grades ranges from $1,000 to $1,400 a year. A Patrolman's salary is increased at the rate of about $100 for each year's service, if his conduct be good, until he receives the maximum pay of $1,400 a year. The Board of Estimate and Apportionment may increase this salary.

Candidates for the position of Patrolmen shall be between 21 and 29 years, must be citizens and residents of New York State, of good character, never having been convicted of a felony, and be able to read and write the English language.

The ranks of Inspector, Detective-Sergeant and Roundsman were ABOLISHED April, 1907. The Police Commissioner may detail Captains to act as Inspectors, and while so acting they receive a salary of $3,500 a year and title of Inspector, but the Commissioner may reduce them at any time to the rank and pay of a Captain.

A Captain detailed to act as an Inspector for a period or periods aggregating five years will, upon retirement, be entitled to the pension of former Inspectors ($1,750). One of the Inspectors may be detailed to act as Chief Inspector and one as Borough Inspector. The Commissioner may detail any member of the force to duty in the DÉTECTIVE BUREAU, and he may designate not over 150 members of the force, attached to said bureau, as detectives of the first grade, who, while acting as detectives of the first grade, shall be paid the salary of Lieutenants of Police ($2,250 a year). Other members of the force doing duty in said bureau will receive the salary which they would ordinarily receive in their respective grades, as if attached to any other branch of the Police Department.

The PERSON who may be assigned by the Police Commissioner to command the Detective Bureau, while acting in such capacity, shall receive the same salary as a Captain of Police who is detailed as an Inspector. Members of the force attached to the Detective Bureau may be remanded back to their former rank at any time.

PROMOTIONS shall be made upon the basis of seniority, meritorious police service and superior capacity as judged by competitive examinations. Patrolmen have to serve five years, Sergeants two years, and Lieutenants three years, before they can be promoted to the next higher rank.

The principal DUTIES of the police are: To preserve the peace, prevent crime and arrest offenders, suppress lawlessness, protect life and property and to regulate, control and restrict all vehicular traffic. Members of the Police Force who have been

NOMINATED for PUBLIC OFFICE and who do not publicly decline the same within ten days thereafter shall be deemed to have vacated their office.

The Commissioner, his Deputies, the Chief Clerk and First Deputy Clerk may ADMINISTER OATHS in matters pertaining to the business of the Department, and Inspectors, Captains and Lieutenants may administer an oath to any citizen who makes a complaint that a crime has been committed, and may require the citizen to swear to his complaint.

Members of the force are prohibited from joining, or contributing money to, any political association. They cannot accept any REWARD or contribution in addition to their salary. But the Commissioner may give a Policeman permission to receive a reward for meritorious and extraordinary police service.

Two policemen shall be detailed to each POLLING PLACE ELECTION DAY, who shall prevent electioneering within 100 feet of the polls, and enforce the election laws.

The Police shall co-operate with the HEALTH DEPARTMENT for the promotion of public health, and safety of human life; and to this end the Commissioner shall detail to the Health Department from 50 to 100 Policemen of five years' experience, whose salaries the Health Department shall pay. While so detailed they are under jurisdiction of the Health Department, but the Board of Health may report back to the Police Department for discipline any policeman guilty of wrongdoing, and the Commissioner shall detail another man in his place.

The Board of Health may, with the consent of the Police Department, IMPOSE ANY OF THE DUTIES of a subordinate in the Health Department upon subordinates of the Police Department.

The Police possess powers of general supervision and inspection over all Pawnbrokers, Venders, Junkmen, Cartmen, Second-Hand Dealers and Auctioneers.

Any person acting by the order of the Police Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner, an Inspector within his district or a Captain within his precinct, has power to examine the books of any pawnbroker when in search of stolen property. Any person having a PAWNBROKER'S TICKET, when accompanied by a policeman, may examine the property represented by such ticket. Refusal of the pawnbroker or his agent to exhibit such property under these circumstances is a misdemeanor.

The Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Inspector within his district and Captain within his precinct, may, by authority in writing, empower any member of the force, when in search of stolen property, to examine the business premises of any Pawnbroker, Junk Shop Keeper, SecondHand Dealer, Intelligence Office Keeper, Auctioneer or Vender, and to EXAMINE THE PROPERTY alleged to be pawned, lost or stolen. But no property shall be

taken from the possession of any person without due process of law.

ARTICLES pawned shall not be SOLD until one year thereafter, and then only at public AUCTION.

If two or more householders shall report to the Police Commissioner that there are good grounds, and stating the same, for believing a DISORDERLY HOUSE OR A GAMBLING HOUSE to exist, the Commissioner or his Deputy may in writing authorize members of the force to enter same, and arrest all persons found violating the law therein, but none other.

It is a misdemeanor, punishable by two years' imprisonment and $250 fine, to falsely PERSONATE A POLICEMAN with fraudulent intent, or to display any insignia worn by policemen.

Only policemen, constables and duly appointed peace officers can serve WARRANTS OF ARREST.

Members of the Police Force are exempt from Military and Jury Duty; they are not liable to arrest on civil process, nor to service of subpoenas in civil cases, while actually on duty.

The COMMISSIONER may offer A REWARD for the arrest of a person guilty of any crime, provided the Board of Estimate and Apportionment has made appropriation therefor.

He is the Trustee and Treasurer of the PENSION FUND, of which he has entire charge, and for which he is held responsible. There is also an Auditing Committee, composed of two members of the uniformed force and one pensioner, who are appointed by the Mayor, and who make examinations of the condition of the Pension Fund, as to whether it is able to meet all obligations against it, etc. The PENSION FUND IS MAINTAINED from the fol

lowing sources: All fines imposed upon members of the Police Force; deductions made from rewards, fees and testimonials given to members of the Police Force; the proceeds of all lost or stolen property which remains in possession of the Police Department unclaimed for six months; a percentage of all moneys received for Excise licenses; money received for permission to carry Revolvers or Pistols; 2 per cent. of the salaries of all members of the Police Force; all money left over from appropriations for salaries for the preceding year; money received for masked ball permits, and no Masquerade Ball can be held without permission of the Police Commissioner. There are five grades of Masked Balls, the fees for which vary from $5 for a fifth-class permit to $100 for a first-class permit.

If the Pension Fund is not large enough to meet its obligations, appropriation shall be made therefor in the Annual Budget.

Every owner or agent of a steam boiler must report its location to the Police Department, so that it may be examined by the Sanitary Company. Such examination costs the owner $2.

It is unlawful to operate any steam boiler, except locomotive engines and boilers for

heating purposes (carrying not more than ten pounds of steam) without having a licensed engineer in charge of same; the license to be issued by the Police Commissioner, upon the report of two practical engineers who are detailed to the Sanitary Company, and who shall have examined the applicant and tested his fitness and competency, and reported favorably thereon.

When an engineer's license is revoked, he shall not receive another license for six months thereafter.

A record of all licensed steam boilers inspected, and the amount of pressure allowed on each one of such boilers, shall be kept by the Police Department.

The Police Department is empowered to take entire charge of any insecure or dangerous boiler until it is made safe.

The following named kinds of business are licensed by the Police Commissioner: Emigrant Boarding Houses, license fee $10 and a bond of $500; Brokers of Emigrant Passengers (persons who book emigrant passengers and their baggage to points inland from New York), license fee $25 a year; Runners (persons who solicit patronage for Hotels, Railroads, Steamboats, etc.), license fee $20 and $300 bond; Theatres and Concert Halls, fee $500 a year.

Intoxicants cannot be sold in Theatres or Concert Halls, except where only Vocal and Instrumental Musical Exhibitions are given, and then only at the discretion and under the direction and restrictions of the Police Department.

Women shall not be employed in furnishing refreshments in places of public amuse

The Mayor appoints Marshals, who hold office ten years. They must reside in the district where they work. They are Civil Officers. A City Marshal serves dispossess, etc., and is paid by fee as provided by law.

Permission to run Stage Coaches, etc., shall not be granted without approval of a majority of the property owners abounding its lines, nor to run on the same streets with surface cars without permission of the party owning such car line. When such permission is granted, application is then made to the Mayor for a FRANCHISE, who refers same to the Board of Estimate

and Apportionment. The head of any department, except Police and Law, shall FURNISH to any CITIZEN, on payment of 5 cents for every 100 words, a true COPY OF ANY BOOK or account, and such books shall be open at all times to the taxpayers.

No one shall tow garbage out to sea for the purpose of dumping it therein.

The powers and duties of the Commissioner of Lighting and Supplies relative to Armories devolve upon the President of the Board of Aldermen, who shall, by virtue of his office, be President of the Board of Armories. The other members of the Board of Armories are: The Mayor, President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, and a Brigadier Officer from each of the brigades.

The Mayor, Corporation Counsel and Comptroller constitute the BOARD of CITY RECORD, which publishes the official news of the various departments of the City Government.

No person holding a city office shall engage in any city contract.

THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION is composed of five members, who are appointed by the Governor. This Commissioner took the place of the old Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners, in New York City, and their principal duties are to adopt rules and regulations, and cause the same to be enforced, for the government of railroads and public transportation companies. They may compel any railroad company to install any kind of cars, or any number of cars or other improvements,, which they think proper for the public welfare.

This Commission exercises supervision over gas and electric light companies, and they may compel the above companies to adopt measures, rules and regulations for the benefit of the public.

The Public Service Commission is divided into two districts, with five members in each district. Greater New York is in the first district. The remaining portion of the State is in the second district. The part of the Board which has jurisdiction of the second district takes the place of the old State Railroad Commission.

Ques. 1:-What is Government?

ANS.:-Government is any set of conditions under which a nation or community or other body may be required to follow the directions of the recognized authority. In a despotic form of government the will of the ruler must be obeyed. In a constitutional form of government the ruler must act in accordance with the constitution.

Ques. 2: What is a constitution?

ANS.: A constitution is a set of fundamental laws prescribing what shall be the purposes for which a nation, community, society, club or other body shall exist; the rights and duties of the individual members; what officers there shall be and what shall be their powers and duties; how the laws are to be made and how changed; how peace is to be preserved, etc.

Ques. 3:-What is the difference between a law and a constitution?

ANS.-A law is a separate act for a single specific purpose and a law does not affect the constitution unless it is a constitutional amendment. Constitutional amendments can be made only under conditions provided for in the constitution itself, but laws may be passed at any time that the law making body is in session. No law is valid that conflicts with the constitution.

Ques. 4:-What is the difference between an act of Congress, an act of the State Legislature and an act of the Board of Aldermen?

ANS. :-An act of Congress affects the entire United States; an act of the State Legislature affects only the people of that State; an act of the Board of Aldermen affects only the people of the city.

Oues. 5: What is Congress?

ANS.: Congress is the national lawmaking body. It consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Members of the Senate are called Senators, and members of the House of Representatives are called Congressmen.

Ques. 6:-What is a Bill? What is a Law?

ANS.:-A bill is a proposed law. When it has been passed by the law-making body and approved by the chief executive, it becomes a law.

Ques. 7:-How are Congressmen (Representatives) and Senators chosen?

ANS. Each State is represented by two Senators, regardless of its population. U. S Senators until recently were elected by a majority vote of their respective State Legislatures, but under a recent amendment to the Constitution of the United States they are now chosen by direct vote of the

people.

Congressmen, that is, members of the House of Representatives, are elected by direct vote of the people. The number of Congressmen from a State is according to the population of that State. Under the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, Senators serve for six years, and Congressmen two years.

Ques. 8:-How is the President of the United States chosen?

ANS. He is elected by Electors, who are chosen by direct vote of the people. They in turn elect the President. He serves for four years.

Ques. 9:-What is meant by the President's "Cabinet," who compose it, and how are its members chosen?

ANS.: The President's "Cabinet" means a council composed of the heads of the ten departments of the Executive Department of the Government. These officials are: Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of Navy, Secretary of Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce and Secretary of Labor. All are appointed by the President, and each has charge of administering the affairs appropriate to that department as indicated by the title.

Ques. 10:-Into how many general

branches is the Government divided? Define each.

ANS.-Legislative, Executive and Judicial. The President and his Cabinet constitute the Executive branch. The Supreme Court and the subsidiary Federal Courts constitute the Judicial branch. The Senate and the House of Representatives-or Congress constitute the Legislative

branch.

Ques. 11:-State briefly the duties of the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Departments of the Federal Government.

ANS. It is the duty of Congress to make the laws. It is the duty of the President to enforce the laws. It is the duty of the Courts to interpret the laws.

Ques. 12: What is meant by "interpret" the laws?

ANS.-It means that where difference of opinion prevails as to the meaning of a law, the courts have power to declare its meaning, and thereupon the law must be so interpreted. It also means that if Congress passes a law which is believed to be in violation of the Constitution of the United States, the courts must decide the question, and if the courts declare that it is unconstitutional the law becomes void.