Olymp. U. C. B. C. 3 608 146 P. Emilianus Scipio finishes the third Punic war, by the destruction of Carthage. The Achæan league dissolved by L. Mummius, who destroys Corinth, and thence transports the first fine paintings seen at Rome. 4569 3859 4 609 145 4570 3860 159-1 610 144 4571 3861 4572 3862 4573 3863 The Romans overrun all Greece, and nearly desolate the country. Jonathan Maccabæus, and 1000 of his companions, treacherously slain by Tryphon, the Syrian. 2 611 143 A great earthquake in China.-Hipparchus observes the autumnal equinox on Wednesday, the 26th of September, about sun-set; and, from the new moon on the 28th of the same month, he begins his lunar cycle. 3 612 142 Simon Maccabæus takes the castle of Jerusalem by famine, after a long blockade; repairs it, and rescues Judea from all the remains of Syrian servitude. 4 613 141 The war between the Romans and Numantines, in Spain, begins, and continues eight years. 4576 3866 160-3 616 138 The Roman army, 30,000 strong, under Mancinus, ignominiously defeated by 4000 Numantines. 4577 3867 4 617 137 Ptolemy Physcon, having desolated Alexandria by his cruelties, endeavours to replenish it by inviting thither the most ingenious foreigners in all arts and sciences; which commences a new era of learning. 4578 3868 161-1 618 136 Scipio Africanus, with Sp. Mummius and Lucius Metellus, attended by Panatius, the Stoic philosopher, make their celebrated embassy into Egypt, Syria, and Greece. 4759 3869 2 619 135 The history of the Apocrypha ends about this time. The Servile war begins in Sicily, and continues three years.-Hipparchus observed the vernal equinox, on Wednesday, the 24th of March, a little after midnight. 4581 3871 4 621 133 Numantia, in Spain, destroyed by Scipio.-Tiberius Gracchus slain in a tumult at Rome, in attempting to restore the Agrarian laws.—Attalus, king of Pergamus, bequeaths his dominions to the Romans. 4584 3874 162-3 624 130 Antiochus Sidetes, king of Syria, defeated and slain by the Parthians, under Phraates II.-Aristonicus, a natural son of the late king Attalus, having made himself tyrant of Pergamus, is this year defeated and taken prisoner by M. Perpenna, the Roman general.-Learning revived in China. 4585 3875 162-4 625 129 4586 3876 163-1 626 4591 3881 128 The Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim destroyed by John Hyrcanus I.; who also defeats the Idumæans, and obliges them to be circumcised. Hipparchus observed the vernal equinox on Thursday, March 23, about sunset. 164-2 631 123 Carthage rebuilt, by order of the Roman senate.-Mithridates the Great begins to reign in Pontus.-The Romans declare war against the inhabitants of the Balearic Isles (Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica), on account of their piracies. 4593 3883 2 633 121 Caius Gracchus killed in attempting to establish an Agrarian law at 4595 3885 165-2 635 119 Caius Marius, as tribune of the people, imprisons the consul Metellus, for opposing a law that he had proposed relative to the bridges at Rome. 4596 3886 3 636 118 4598 3888 166-1 638 116 The Romans settle a colony at Narbonne, and defeat the Gauls near the Cleopatra, widow of Ptolemy Physcon, and daughter of his first wife of 4602 3892 167-1 642 112 Antiochus Cyzicenus defeats his half-brother Grypus, and takes possession of Syria; but, next year, divides it with Grypus, and calls his own part Colo-Syria, of which the capital was Damascus; Antioch being the metropolis of the portion of Grypus. Julian 4604 3894 4605 3895 Olymp. U. C. B. C. 2 643 111 The Jugurthine war between the Romans and Jugurtha, king of Numidia, begins, and continues five years. 3 644 110 The famous sumptuary law, called Lex Licinia, made at Rome, for regulating each day's expense in eating. 4 645 109 John Hyrcanus besieges and takes Samaria, and defeats the army of Ptolemy. The Teutones and Cimbri, from Germany, invade the Roman territories, during eight years. Metellus defeats Jugurtha in two battles. 4607 3897 168-2 647 107 Cicero born on the 3d of the nones of January (which agrees with the beginning of November of the Julian year); he was put to death B. C. 43, aged sixty-four. Aristobulus succeeds Hyrcanus as highpriest, and assumes the title of king of the Jews; being the first highpriest that wore a crown. 4608 3898 3 648 106 Cleopatra dethrones Ptolemy, and raises her youngest son, Alexander, king of Cyprus, to the government of Egypt.-Jugurtha, defeated by the Romans, and betrayed by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, into the hands of Marius. 4609 3899 4 649 105 Cæpio and Manlius defeated by the Teutones and Cimbri, on the banks of the Rhone, with the loss of 80,000 Romans. 4611 3901 169-2 651 4612 3902 4613 3903 103 The Roman people obtain the power of electing the prætors, which had hitherto been confined to the senate. 3 652 102 Marius defeats the Teutones in two battles, at Aqua Sextiæ (Aix, in Provence), where 200,000 of the enemy are killed, and 70,000 made prisoners, about the end of the year. 4 653 101 The Cimbri, endeavouring to penetrate into Italy by Noricum (the Tyrol) are defeated by Marius and Catullus: 120,000 are slain, and 60,000 taken. 4614 3904 170-1 654 100 Julius Cæsar born on the 4th of the ides (or 12th) of the month Quirinalis, afterwards, from him, called July.-Saturninus revives the Agrarian law at Rome. 4615 3905 4617 3907 2 655 99 4618 3908 171-1 4620 3910 97 96 658 4621 3911 4 661 4623 3913 172-2 663 Lusitania (Portugal) conquered by the Romans, under Dolabella. Mithridates Pacorus, king of the Parthians, sends an embassy to China. 93 Seleucus, defeated by Antiochus Pius, or Eusebes, son of Cyzicenus, retires to Mopsuestia, in Cilicia, and is there burned to death by the inhabitants; soon afterwards, Philip and Antiochus, brothers of Seleucus, destroy the city of Mopsuestia, and put all the inhabitants to the sword. 91 The Social or Marsic war, between the Romans and the Marci and their allies, begins, and continues three years.—Antiochus Pius, defeated by Philip and Demetrius, retires among the Parthians, leaving the conquerors joint sovereigns of Syria. 89 The beginning of the war between the Romans and Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, is generally placed in this year; but Mr. Playfair prefers the year 94 B. C. 88 Sylla finishes the Marsic war; and the allies, submitting, are admitted to the privileges of Roman citizens.-The civil war between Sylla and Marius breaks out, and continues six years.-Sylla takes possession of Rome. 4627 3917 173-2 667 87 Rome, besieged by the armies of Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, is taken during the absence of Sylla, and many of the most eminent citizens are put to death. 86 Sylla takes Athens on the 1st of March, according to the Roman calendar, and sends Apellicon's library to Rome, in which was the original MS. of Aristotle's works.-Sylla also cuts to pieces the army of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. Julian 2 671 83 Sylla arrives at Rome, burns the capitol, and commits great cruelties upon all who had favoured the cause of Marius.-The Syrians expel the family of the Seleucidæ, and invite Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, to accept the vacant throne. 4632 3922 3 672 82 Sylla plunders the temple of Delphi, to reward his troops; defeats Carbo and the younger Marius, at Prænestè and the Porta Collina of Rome; and, after proscribing 40 senators, 1600 equites, and about 7000 citizens, is created dictator, which he holds for three years. 4633 3923 4 673 81 Cicero begins to plead, in his 26th year; his first oration being in favour of Quintius. 4634 3924 175-1 674 80 4635 3925 2 675 79 4639 3929 176-2 679 75 4640 3930 3 680 74 4641 3931 Mithridates makes his son Machares king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Nicodemes, king of Bithynia, bequeaths his dominions to the Romans. 4 681 73 The servile war, under Spartacus, Enomaus, and Crixius, the gladiators, begins. 4643 3933 177-2 683 71 Spartacus defeated and slain, together with 40,000 of his companions, by Crassus and Pompey, which ends the servile war. 3 684 70 The censorship, which had been discontinued for 16 years, revived at 4644 3934 4645 3935 4 685 Rome. 69 The Roman capitol rebuilt.-Lucullus defeats Mithridates and Tigranes, in a great battle in Armenia, and takes the city of Tigranocerta, with all the royal treasures.-Antiochus Asiaticus, of the race of the Seleucidæ, seizes a part of Syria, and reigns four years.—A census at Rome: 450,000 citizens. 4647 3937 178-2 687 67 Battle of Jericho, in which Hyrcanus, high-priest and king of the Jews, 4648 3938 3 688 4649 3939 is defeated, and soon afterwards dethroned, by his brother Aristobulus. -The war against the pirates, begun in the spring, and ended by Pompey about midsummer. 66 Crete conquered by Metellus, and made a Roman province, after a war of two years.-Pompey defeats Mithridates in a night battle in the Upper Armenia, and dethrones his son Machares, king of Bosphorus. 4 689 65 Pompey dethrones Antiochus Asiaticus, and makes Syria a province of Rome. 4651 3941 179-2 691 63 The Cataline conspiracy at Rome discovered and announced in the senate 4654 3944 180-1 4656 3946 by Cicero; the conspirators are defeated by Caius Anthony, the consul, and his lieutenant, Petreius, about the middle of December. Mithridates, having lost a battle against his son Pharnaces, who had rebelled against him, kills himself, and Pontus becomes subject to Rome; Pharnaces seizes the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pompey takes Jerusalem, and restores Hyrcanus. 694 60 Julius Cæsar, returning to Rome from the conquest of Lusitania, divides the republic with Pompey and Crassus, about the end of autumn, which forms the First Triumvirate. 3 696 58 Cicero, banished Rome at the instigation of Claudius the tribune, retires to Thessalonica, whence he is recalled the following year, through the interest of Milo.-J. Cæsar begins to attack the Helvetii, on the 1st of April, having the year before obtained the government of Cisalpine Gaul for five years, by the Lex Vatinia. 4659 3949 181-2 699 55 J. Cæsar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and makes his first 3 700 54 4660 3950 4661 3951 4 701 53 4662 3952 expedition into Britain, whence he returns in September.-Pompey builds a stone theatre at Rome. Cæsar makes a second expedition to Britain. Crassus killed, and his army destroyed, by the Parthians, under Surenas, at Sinnaca, in Mesopotamia. 182-1 702 52 Clodius, the tribune, with his friends and servants, assassinated by T. Aunius Milo, for having refused him the consulship. 4664 3954 U. C. B. C. 51 Gaul made a Roman province. 4665 3955 The civil war between Cæsar and Pompey begins on the 22nd of October, when the senate ordered Cæsar to disband his army, and keep within the bounds of his government in Gaul; instead of which he crossed the Rubicon, and besieged Pompey in Brundusium. 4 705 49 Pompey sails from Brundusium on the 3rd of January, and Cæsar enters it on the 4th; whence he goes to Rome about the 9th; besieges Marseilles in the spring; defeats Pompey's lieutenants in Spain, in the summer; returns to Rome, where he is created perpetual dictator, in September; and passes into Epirus on the 15th of October. Antipater, the Idumæan, made intendant of Judea, by J. Cæsar. 4666 3956 183-1 706 48 At the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey is totally routed by his rival, J. Cæsar, and afterwards assassinated by order of Ptolemy Dionysius, king of Egypt. This battle was fought about the 20th of July of the erroneous calendar, or about the 12th of May of the Julian year. 4667 3957 2 707 47 A domestic war between Ptolemy Dionysius and his sister, the famous Cleopatra; Alexandria besieged and taken by Caesar; during which the celebrated library is nearly destroyed by fire. 4668 3958 3 708 46 Ptolemy, defeated by Cæsar, is drowned in endeavouring to swim across the Nile; Cæsar makes Ptolemy the Younger, nine years of age, king of Egypt, under the regency of Cleopatra. The civil war spreads into Africa, where the friends of Pompey fortify themselves in Utica: and Cato, on the approach of Cæsar, indignantly stabs himself, on the 5th of February. This year, the calendar being corrected by Sosigenes, of Alexandria, the mathematician, under the patronage of Julius Cæsar, consisted of fifteen months, or 445 days, and is therefore called the Year of Confusion. 4669 3959 4670 3960 184-1 710 44 Cæsar stabbed in the senate-house, by Brutus, Cassius, Casca, &c., on 4 709 45 Battle of Munda, in Spain, gained over Pompey's son and lieutenants, on the 17th of March, and Cæsar returns to Rome in October. 4671 3961 the 15th of March, aged 56; having, it is said, conquered 300 nations, ́taken 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, of whom one million fell in the field of battle.-His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after it, a large comet made its appearance over Rome, which was also seen in China. 2 711 43 Marc Antony, who had been master of the horse to Julius Cæsar, having taken up arms against the conspirators, is defeated in two battles at Mutina, in Cisalpine Gaul, by Octavius Cæsar, nephew of Julius, who had, with the consuls, been sent by the senate against him.—Antony unites his interest to those of Lepidus, and, the consuls soon afterwards both dying, Octavius joins them, and the second triumvirate for the division of the commonwealth is thus formed, on the 27th of November. -A proscription at Rome, and, among many others, Cicero is put to death, on the 7th of December.-Cleopatra poisons her brother, and assumes the sole government of Egypt. 4672 3962 3 712 42 Brutus and Cassius, defeated at Philippi by the forces of the triumvirate, kill themselves, about the end of October. 4674 3964 185-1 714 40 The Parthians make an incursion into Syria and Judea, cut off the ears of Hyrcanus the high-priest, whom they send into captivity, and assist his nephew, Antigonus, in seizing the crown.-Herod, son of Antipater, the Idumæan, goes to Rome, to implore the assistance of the senate.-Marc Antony marries Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. 4675 3965 2 715 39 Ventidius, the Roman, defeats the Parthians, whose general, Pacorus, is slain in battle, and recovers Syria and Palestine, on the 9th of June. The Roman senate creates 67 new prætors.-The era of Spain begins. Jerusalem taken by Sosius and Herod, on the first of January; Antigonus is soon afterwards put to death, with whom ends the Asmonean family, 126 years after Judas Maccabæus: Herod, having received the title of king of the Jews from the Roman senate, begins to reign under their protection. The younger Pompey is master of the seas. 4678 3968 186-1 718 36 Octavius and Lepidus defeat Sextius Pompey, in Sicily; Lepidus is soon after degraded from the triumvirate, and banished to Circeii. 4680 3970 3 720 34 Antony subjugates Armenia, and takes Artabazus, alias Artaxias II. prisoner. 4682 3972 187-1 722 32 After a long misunderstanding, Octavius and Antony openly prepare for war; the former in Italy, the latter in Egypt. 4683 3973 2 723 31 The battle of Actium, in which Antony and Cleopatra are defeated by Octavius, on the 2d of September; from which period the Roman emperors properly begin.-An earthquake in Judea. 4684 3974 4685 3975 3 724 30 Alexandria taken by Octavius, on the first of August, whereupon Antony and Cleopatra put themselves to death, and Egypt becomes a Roman province. 4 725 29 Octavius triumphs three days at Rome, and the temple of Janus is shut.— A census at Rome: 4,101,017 citizens. 4687 3977 181-2 727 27 The Roman senate confer the title of Augustus on Octavius Cæsar, January 13; then the power of Imperator, for ten years, next the censorship, then the tribuneship, and lastly an absolute exemption from the laws. The pantheon at Rome built.—A great famine in Palestine. 4689 3979 4 729 25 The Egyptians adopt the Julian year, and fix their Thoth to begin always on the 29th of August. 4690 3980 189-1 730 24 The senate, by a solemn oath, on the first of January, confirm to Octavius (henceforward to be called Augustus) the tribuneship, with an exemp tion from the laws.-Elius Gallus makes an unsuccessful expedition into Arabia. 4691 3981 189-2 731 23 Marcus Agrippa retires to Mitylene, from a pique between him and Marcellus, where he continues two years, till Augustus sends for him, and gives him his daughter Julia in marriage. 4692 3982 4693 3983 3 732 22 A conspiracy, by Muræna and others, against Augustus, discovered and suppressed. A great pestilence in Italy. 4 733 21 Augustus, going upon his travels into Greece and Asia, recalls Agrippa, makes him his son-in-law, and intrusts him with the government during his absence. 4691 3984 190-1 734 20 Tiberius, son of the empress Livia, recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians, which had been taken from Crassus, B. C. 53.-Porus, king of India, solicits an alliance with Augustus. 4695 3985 2 735 19 Rome at the meridian of her glory; all the known world being either subject to her, or bound by treaties. Agrippa constructs the magnificent aqueducts of Rome.-Herod repairs, or rather rebuilds, the temple at Jerusalem. 3 736 18 Augustus reduces the senators to 300; but this being complained of, he afterwards limits them to 600.-Celibacy discouraged at Rome. 4696 3986 4697 3987 4737 17 4698 3988 191-1 738 16 The Secular games revived at Rome. 4699 3989 M. Lollius defeated by the Germans, in Gaul, on which account Augustus goes thither for three years, and thereby covers his intrigue with Terentia, the wife of his friend and minister Mæcenas.-Agrippa goes into Syria and Judea for four years. 2 739 15 Drusus conquers the inhabitants of Rhætia and Vindilicia, on the first of August, being exactly three lustra, or 15 years, from the taking of Alexandria, by Augustus. 4700 3990 3 740 14 A great conflagration at Rome.-Polemon, whom the Romans had made king of Pontus and Armenia, by marrying Dinamis, queen of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, unites the three kingdoms. 4701 3991 4 741 13 Augustus, on his return from Gaul, assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus, and burns all the pontifical books, about 2000 in number, reserving only the Sibyline oracles. 4702 3992 192-1 742 12 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius.-Agrippa, returning from Pannonia, dies in Campania.-Many prodigies said to have appeared in China. Drusus conquers several German nations, as the Sicambri, Chauci, &c. Herod builds the city of Cesarea. 4703 3993 4704 3994 4705 3995 2 743 11 3 744 10 4 745 9 Drusus goes upon an expedition into Germany, against the Chatti and |