sacre of the Huguenots. The prince of Condé and the king of Navarre saved their lives by going to mass, and pretending to embrace the Catholic religion. By the king's orders, the massacre was extended through the whole kingdom; and if, in some provinces, the officers had honor and humanity enough to disobey the orders to butcher their innocent fellow-citizens, yet instruments were always found to continue the massacre. This horrible slaughter continued for 30 days, in almost all the provinces: the victims are calculated at 30,000. At Rome, the cannons were discharged, the pope ordered a jubilee and a procession to the church of St. Louis, and caused Te Deum to be chanted. Those of the Huguenots who escaped fled into the mountains and to Rochelle. The duke of Anjou laid siege to that city, but, during the siege, received the news, that the Poles had elected him their king. He concluded a treaty, July 6, 1573, and the king granted to the Huguenots the exercise of their religion in certain towns. The court gained nothing by the massacre of St. Bartholomew (called, in French ultra papers, in 1824, une rigueur salutaire). The Huguenots were afterwards more on their guard, and armed themselves against new attacks. (See Hist. de la Ste. Barthélémi d'après les Chroniques, les Mémoires et les Manuscrits du Tems, Paris, 1826. The massacre of St. Bartholomew is, in this work, attributed to Catharine of Medicis. See, also, Schiller's History of the Troubles in France, until the Death of Charles IX, complete works, vol. xvi.)

BARTLETT, Josiah, M. D., governor of New Hampshire, was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, in 1729. He early made considerable proficiency in the Latin and Greek languages, and, at the age of 16, commenced the study of medicine.-He commenced the practice of his profession in 1750, at Kingston, in New Hampshire, at the age of 21. Two years afterwards, he was near losing his life by a fever, in consequence of the injudicious management of his physician, who, at the approach of a crisis, had almost exhausted his strength by a warm and stimulating regimen, and seclusion from the air. But the patient procured, during the night, a quart of cider, which he took by half a teacup-full at a time: in the morning, a copious perspiration ensued, and the fever was effectually checked. Ever after this event, B. was a strict observer of nature in all diseases, rejecting all arbitrary medical rules. He soon acquired popularity,

and an extensive practice. B. established his fame by his manner of treating the throat distemper (angina maligna), which had originated in Kingston, and carried off great numbers, principally children. The physicians, considering it to be of an inflammatory nature, had adopted the depleting and antiphlogistic course of practice, which had been almost invariably followed by death. When the distemper made its appearance again, in 1754, B. believed it to be of a highly putrid character, and, in consequence, determined to employ antiseptic remedies, and pursued this treatment with general success.-He was appointed, by governor John Wentworth, to the command of a regiment of militia; and, in 1765, was chosen representative of the town of Kingston, in the provincial legislature, where he united with a small minority in opposition to what they thought unjust violations of right. In 1774, he was elected a delegate to the general congress, who were to meet at Philadelphia, but declined the office on account of the recent loss of his house by fire. In 1775, the governor deprived him of his commission in the army, and also of that of justice of the peace, which he had formerly conferred on him with the hope of procuring his support; but, some months after, B. received command of a regiment from the provincial congress. Being soon chosen again a delegate to the continental congress, he was the first who voted for, and the first, after the president, who signed, the declaration of independence, his name being first called, as representative of the most easterly province. He performed his duties, which were extremely arduous and fatiguing, whilst in Congress, with zeal and fidelity.—In 1780, he was appointed a judge of the superior court of New Hampshire, in which office he continued until his elevation to the chief-justiceship, in 1790. He was an active member of the convention for adopting the confederation, in 1788. In 1790, he became president of New Hampshire, and, in 1793, was chosen the first governor of the state under the new form of government. In all these offices, his duties were ably and faithfully discharged. In 1794, he retired from the chief magistracy of the state, and from all public employment. He died May 19, 1795, leaving the reputation of ability and integrity.

BARTOLOZZI, Francesco; a distinguished engraver, born at Florence, in 1730, where he learned the art of drawing from Hugfort, Feretti and others. In Venice,

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in Florence and Milan, he etched several pieces on sacred subjects, and then went to London, where he received great encouragement, and accommodated himself entirely to the national taste, so as even to work in the popular red dotted manner. His pieces were so universally sought for, that a complete collection of them was valued at £1000. He was elected a member of the royal academy of arts, in London. After 40 years' residence in London, he went to Lisbon, to engrave, on copper, the portrait of the regent, where he received, in 1807, the order of Christ. He died there in April, 1815.—With accuracy of design, he united great delicacy of execution. One of his most exquisite engravings is the Death of Lord Chatham, after Copley; a good copy of which was, many years ago, sold for $112. One of his most charming pieces is the Lady and Child. His works, among which are imitations in etching of drawings of the great masters, amount to more than 2000. An English gentleman, Mark Sykes, was in possession of all of B.'s engravings, including the rough sketches and proofs. They cost him 5000 louis-d'ors, and were sold, with his library and collection of manuscripts, in London, 1824.

BARTON, Benjamin S., M. D., professor in the university of Pennsylvania, was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1766. His mother was the sister of the celebrated Rittenhouse. The death of his parents occasioned his removal, in 1782, to the family of a brother in Philadelphia, where he spent several years in the study of literature, the sciences, and medicine. In 1786, he went to Great Britain, and prosecuted his medical studies at Edinburgh and London. He afterwards visited Göttingen, and there obtained the degree of doctor in medicine. On returning to Philadelphia, in 1789, he established himself as a physician in that city, and his superior talents and education soon procured him extensive employment. Shortly after, he was elected a member of the American philosophical society, in that city, and contributed to their transactions many papers on various subjects in natural science. He was also, in 1789, appointed professor of natural history and botany in the college of Philadelphia, and continued in the office on the incorporation of the college with the university, in 1791. He was appointed professor of materia medica, in 1795, on the resignation of doctor Griffiths, and, on the death of doctor Rush, succeeded him in the department of the theory and practice of

medicine. He died Dec. 19, 1815.-B. was highly distinguished by his talents and professional attainments, and contrib uted much, by his lectures and writings, to the progress of natural science in the U. States. His chief publication is Elements of Zoology and Botany. In 1805, he commenced the Medical and Physical Journal, to which he contributed many valuable articles.

BARTON, Elizabeth; a country girl of Aldington, in Kent (therefore called the holy maid of Kent), of whom English Protestants give this account: She was used as an instrument, by the Catholics and adherents of queen Catharine, to excite the English nation against the proposed divorce of Henry VIII from his first wife, and the apprehended separation of the English church from Rome, with which the king then threatened the pope. Her delirium, in a violent nervous illness, was made use of by the parson of Aldington, Richard Masters, and by a canon of Canterbury named Bocking, to persuade her that she was a prophetess inspired by God, and destined to prevent this undertaking of the king. During her paroxysms, she cried out against this divorce, and against the prevailing sins and heresies, and brought the image of the Virgin at Aldington, where she was cured, according to her own prophecy, into great respect, much to the profit of the parson. Bocking, already suspected of an illicit intercourse with her, persuaded her to become a nun; and the approbation of archbishop Warham of Canterbury and bishop Fisher of Rochester encouraged her to continue her revelations, which she pretended were communicated to her by a letter from heaven. By the prophecy, that Henry, if he persisted in his purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king for one month longer, and would die a shameful death, she excited many monks and nuns to violence against the king. Her revelations, published and distributed by the monk Deering, produced such a fermentation among the people, that Henry ordered the apprehension and examination of Elizabeth and her accomplices before the star-chamber. After they had there confessed the imposture, they were condemned to make a public confession and to imprisonment; and, when it was found that the party of the queen were laboring to make them retract their confession, they were adjudged guilty of high treason, for a conspiracy against the king, and executed, April 30, 1534. Warham was already

introduced into military language by Henry von Bülow, who labored to reduce war to mathematical principles, and to give more certain rules to the commander. By basis, he understands a tract of country well protected by fortresses, and from which the operations of the army proceed. The line upon which these operations are executed he calls line of operation; the fortresses from which the operations begin, the subject; the point to be first carried, the object. Thus, in an of fensive war of France against the south of Germany, supposing Prussia and Switzerland to be neutral, the Rhine, from Basle to Carlsruhe, would be the basis; Strasburg, the subject; Ulm or Ratisbon, the object; and the road from Strasburg to these places, the line of operation. As Bülow thought magazines indispensable, the security of the line of operation against all attacks from the side seemed to him likewise indispensable, and he laid down the principle, that both the lines, drawn from the ends of the basis to the object, ought to meet there in a right or an obtuse angle, the last being preferable. The novelty and importance of the subject, and the severity with which Bülow criticised his opponents, gave rise to a violent dispute. În 1814, the subject was discussed in the Fragmente aus den Grundsäzen der Strategie, erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs in Deutschland, 1796; a most valuable work, composed by the archduke Charles of Austria. He adopts many of the ideas of Bülow, and rejects others; and, on the whole, establishes the theory of the basis on such grounds, that every unprejudiced military man will be disposed to admit it. He also maintains, that the basis (according to his definition, a straight line, which unites several points at which the stores of the army are collected) must be covered. It ought, since the operation on one road would be dangerous, to include, if possible, several fortified places, connected by easy communications, and to run parallel with the basis of the enemy. If the troops have moved too far from the basis, a new one should be formed. The archduke explains his principles on a supposed theatre of war in the south of Germany, and by the war which actually took place in that country in 1796, in which he distinguished himself so much. The last wars in Europe have shown the correctness of this theory, which has been acted on, more or less, by generals in all ages, and the neglect of which has generally been attended with suffering and defeat. Thus

the Prussians, in 1792, advanced, without paying regard to the fortresses of Metz, Thionville, Landau, &c., on one line of operation, and were nearly destroyed at Valmy; and, for the same reason, the army of Jourdan, in 1796, was almost entirely ruined, after some unfortunate engagements. So the army of Napoleon perished in Russia, because he had not formed, before advancing to Moscow, a new basis on the Dnieper. The war in Spain, also, westward of Madrid, consisted only of detached movements of large columns, which were ineffectual, on account of the want of a proper communication. The allies also were enabled to march from all sides against Napoleon, at Leipsic, in consequence of his having neglected to form a basis at Dresden; and they themselves were several times exposed to the greatest danger in France, from a similar neglect, when nothing but the boldness of Blücher, and the spirit of the troops, saved them. It may be objected, that Napoleon owed his greatest glory to campaigns in which he entirely disregarded the basis; as those of 1805 and 1809, against Austria, and his previous campaigns in Italy; but one single great and decisive battle lost would have punished severely his neglect of this principle. And, moreover, there is one rule still more important than those of tactics— to act according to the circumstances and the character of the enemy, and to bring on decisive results by energetic measures, rather than to moulder away in inaction. We may remark, also, that the conquest of the capital of a large state is always a most important object, and should be aimed at as speedily as the rules of tactics will allow.

BASEDOW, John Bernard; often called, by himself, Bernard of Northalbingen; born Sept. 11, 1723, died July 25, 1790; one of the most famous of the German teachers, who, in the latter half of the last century, wrote so much on education. He had in Dessau an institution for education, called Philanthropinon, which the prince of this territory favored. The chief features of B.'s system are the cosmopolitan character, which he endeavored to instil into his pupils, and the full developement of the faculties of the young, at which he aspired, in pursuance of the notions of Locke and Rousseau. With Salzmann, Campe, &c., he established some good institutions, and particularly deserves credit on account of his efforts for the education of the lower classes. He has written much.