ants; and the whole of the acquisitions have been estimated at about 4450 square miles, with 750,000 inhabitants; among which, however, some seigniories seem not to be comprehended. The grandduchy contained, in 1819, eight seigniories, comprising 1315 square miles and 196,000 inhabitants, and a taxable capital of 139,306,000 florins, besides 81 independent proprietors, with 635 square miles, 120,000 inhabitants and 99,043,000 florins taxable capital. Setting these aside, there remain under the exclusive control of the sovereign, about 3800 square miles, with 690,000 inhabitants, and 535,531,000 florins taxable capital. The finance regulations for 1825, 1826 and 1827, fixed the revenue of the state at 9,320,280 florins, from which are to be deducted the expenses of the administration, 2,110,465 florins. According to the budget of 1820, Baden had but 14,605,100 florins of debts. After the battle of Leipsic, the grand-duke of Baden left the confederation of the Rhine, and, in 1815, joined the German confederation, in the diet of which he has the seventh place, and in the general assembly (plenum)

three votes.

The country of Baden, one of the most fertile in Germany, extends to a great length, but with little width, along the Rhine, from its outlet from lake Constance to the confluence of the Neckar, and consists mostly of a fertile plain, with excellent corn-fields and vineyards, washed on the west by the Rhine, and bordered on the east by the Oden-wald and the Black Forest, of both which mountains considerable parts belong to this grand-duchy, and contribute to its beautiful scenery, among which the charming Bergstrasse and the picturesque valley of the Murg are distinguished. The chief productions are grain, which is abundant, in particular, spelt, a great plenty of fruit (in the warm regions of the Bergstrasse, almonds, chestnuts and walnuts are found), of which a great deal is exported, tobacco, madder, excellent hemp and good wines, many kinds of which are esteemed in foreign countries. The forests are likewise in an excellent condition, as the former grand-duke was careful to preserve them, whilst other princes of Germany wasted their woods. By means of mercantile societies, and the easy communication afforded by the rivers Murg, Kenzig and Rhine, considerable commerce in wood has been carried on between Baden, France and Holland. The raising of cattle is extensively pursued in

the regions of the Black Forest. In the mountains, minerals of various kinds are found, but there is a deficiency of salt. From the sands of the Rhine gold is washed, of which Baden, in former times, coined ducats, bearing the inscription, Sic fulgent litora Rheni. The manufactures are limited. They employ about 10,000 persons. Most of them are in Manheim, Pforzheim and Carlsruhe. The manufactures of jewelry, of toys and trinkets, at Pforzheim, of which there are, at present, 21, producing annually wares to the amount of 600,000 florins, are generally known. A peculiar branch of industry, among the inhabitants of the Black Forest, is the making of wooden clocks. This business employs about 700 workmen, who furnish annually above 100,000 clocks, which are sold all over Europe and in America. The exports of the country, however, consist rather of its natural productions than of its manufactures, and are easily transported along its good roads, and the navigable rivers Rhine, Neckar and Maine. On account of its situation between Germany, France and Switzerland, Baden derives much advantage from its carrying trade. The majority of the inhabitants are of the Catholic church, though the grand-duke is a Lutheran. For the instruction of the Protestant youth, and for the country schools, which are every where estab lished, teachers are educated in the sem inary at Carlsruhe. Provision is made for the promotion of learning by the Latin schools, academies and gymnasiums, and by the universities of Heidelberg and Freiberg. On the 3d of May, 1819, the grand-duke established the following division of the state: the capital, Carlsruhe belongs to no circle, but is immediately subject to the minister of the interior; the rest of the state is divided into six circles. Since that time, in consequence of the convention with Bavaria and Austria (Frankfort, July 10, 1819), the Austrian county Hohengeroldseck (near the Black Forest, containing 52 square miles and 4500 inhabitants, and yielding a revenue of 34,000 florins) has been incorporated with Baden, for which she gave up to Austria a proportional part of Wertheim. The grand-duchy of Baden anciently enjoyed, like almost all the countries of Europe, a constitution in which the estates were represented. This was, however, finally lost, like the constitutions of most of the other states. After the middle of the 17th century, the dukes of Baden were absolute, till the reigning grand

duke, in 1818, bestowed on his subjects a constitution, proceeding, like the French, from the prince alone (constitution octroyé), and not consisting of a compact between the people and the prince, like the English constitution, or that of Würtemberg. The legislature of Baden now consists of two chambers. To the first one belong, besides the peers, eight deputies of the nobility, one deputy of each of the universities of Baden, the Catholic bishop and a Protestant prelate; and the grandduke can besides nominate eight members, without reference to their birth or station. Accordingly, the first chamber may consist of 28 members. The second chamber consists of 63 deputies; one for about 16,000 souls. Every citizen and officer of government may partake in the elections. A deputy must possess either a taxable property of 10,000 florins, or some office which gives him an income of at least 1500 florins. In 1819, the chambers assembled for the first time, but were dissolved July 28, because they could not agree either with each other or with the ministry. In 1820, they were assembled again, and, though the dissensions had by no means subsided, they agreed on some important measures-the abolition of the remains of bond-service, the responsibility of ministers, &c. The discussions have been published by each of the chambers, at Carlsruhe.

BADEN (a German word signifying bathing); the name of three cities famous for their baths-Baden in Suabia, with 418 houses and 3200 inhabitants (Civitas Aurelia aquensis of the Romans), in later times, during 600 years, the residence of the margrave of Baden, situated in a charming vale, about two leagues from the river Rhine. The castle affords, from all sides, the most splendid prospects. It contains a number of subterranean vaults, which, according to tradition, served as a seat of the secret court of criminal justice, called the Feme. They were probably made by the Romans. The hall of antiquities (museum palæo-technicum) contains Roman monuments, which have been found in the vicinity. The college church of the Jesuits is distinguished by the sepulchres of the margraves. It has six altar-pieces, painted by Lill, after Guido Reni. Baden has 26 mineral springs, the principal of which has a temperature of 133° Fahrenheit, and affords, in 24 hours, 7,345,440 cubic inches of water. The rock from which it issues is even now covered in part with marble of Carrara, and was probably a Roman bath.

In the former bath for the poor, there are also remains of Roman baths. In the Höllenquelle (hell-spring), of 144° Fahrenheit, meat is cooked. There is a bath for the poor kept in good order before the Geresbach gate.-Baden in Lower Austria, with 400 houses and 2400 inhabitants. Its situation, on rocky hills of limestone, is beautiful. Near the park of the bath of Theresa, with its beautiful alleys, is the lime-rock from which the medicinal spring bubbles out. The temperature of the baths is 92°-97° Fahrenheit. The hottest of them are the Ursprung, the Ladies' bath and Joseph's bath. There are 12 in all. They are built in such a way, that each of them can contain from 40 to 150 persons. Whoever wishes to bathe in private, can do so at a particular hour. The common bath, however, is preferred. On mount Calvary there are vapor-baths. The cave at the Ursprung is noted for a salt deposited on its base, which is called salt of Baden. The number of foreigners, who annually visit Baden, is estimated to be from 7000 to 8000.-Baden in Switzerland, in the canton Aargau, on the Limmat, in a very pleasant country. The Romans here founded a city, on account of the medicinal waters, and built a castle at a place where now stands the city. In later times, the assemblies of the representatives of the Swiss federation were held here till 1712.

BADEN, peace of, concluded between Germany and France, Sept. 7, 1714. (See Rastadt.)

BADEN-BADEN (Louis William I), margrave of; grandson of the margrave William I, of Baden-Baden; born at Paris, April 8, 1655, where Louis XIV was his godfather. The princess of Carignano, his mother, wished to educate him at Paris, but his father and grandfather secretly took him away, when he was but three months old, that he might pass his childhood among the people whom he was destined to govern. He served his first campaign under Montecuculi, against Turenne, in Alsace, where this great general fell. The prince of Baden was ordered to harass the retreat of the French army, which he did with success, until Condé took the command. Montecuculi gave in his resignation, and the duke of Lorraine succeeded him. Louis served under this general until the peace of Nimeguen, when he returned, in 1678, to his margraviate. When the war between Austria and Turkey broke out, he threw himself, with a body of troops, into Vi

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enna, which was besieged by the Turks. The duke of Lorraine, and the king of Poland, Sobieski, came to the relief of this capital, and Louis effected a junction with them by a vigorous sally. The city was relieved, the Turks retired in disorder, and Louis gained several victories. He subsequently received the command in chief of the imperial army on the Danube, and defeated the Turks, Sept. 24, 1689, at Nissa, and Aug. 19, 1691, at Salenkemen. In 1693, he was intrusted with the command of the imperial army in Germany, against the French; he retook Heidelberg, and afterwards visited England to concert with king William the plan of operations against France. He opened the campaign in the spring of 1694, invaded Alsace, baffled the vigilance of the duke of Lorges, and showed the greatest activity, though he suffered violently from the gout. When the throne of Poland was vacant, by the death of Sobieski, in 1697, he was among the competitors for the crown; but Frederic Augustus II, elector of Saxony, gained the prize, and the margrave returned, after the peace of Ryswick, into his own country. When the Spanish war of succession broke out, he commanded the imperial army, and, in 1702, took Landau, notwithstanding its valiant resistance. In 1703, he showed his talents in the art of fortification, by laying out the famous lines of Stollhofen, which extended from the Black Forest, through Bühl, to Stollhofen and the Rhine. Yet the fortune of war proved, at last, less favorable to him, of which his excessive caution, owing to his bad health, and the poor condition of the army of the empire, were the causes. He was one of the greatest generals of his time, and was never really defeated. After having made 26 campaigns, commanded at 25 sieges, and fought 13 battles, he died at Rastadt, Jan. 4, 1707.

BADENS, Francis; a historical and portrait painter, born at Antwerp in 1751. He was highly esteemed. The news of his brother's having been assassinated caused his death in 1803.

BADGER (meles, Briss.); a genus of mammiferous quadrupeds, belonging to the plantigrade tribe, which place the soles of the hinder feet on the ground in walking. The head of the animals pertaining to this genus is very similar to some of the smaller varieties of dogs, having a moderately elongated snout, small eyes, and short, rounded ears. The teeth bear a considerable resemblance, in figure and

arrangement, to those of the bear, to which genus that of the badger is closely allied. The body is large, supported on short, stout legs, the digits of which are enveloped by the integument so as to leave but a small part free, and are provided with long, curved claws, especially adapted for burrowing. The motions of the badger are slow, and the belly appears to be trailed along the ground, although the length of hair on the inferior part of the body makes this trailing appear greater than it really is. Possessing a considerable strength of limb, and claws especially suited for the purpose, the badger excavates a long and winding cavern, at the extremity of which it sleeps securely during the day-time. At night, it comes out to seek for its food, which consists either of vegetables, insects, or small birds, &c.-a regimen which shows the similarity of this genus to the bear as much as its general resemblance of structure. When attacked by dogs or other enemies, the badger defends itself with great resolution, and inflicts many severe wounds on the aggressors before it is finally vanquished. It is, therefore, hunted with eagerness by such as call themselves sportsmen, whose greatest amusement is derived from seeing two poor beasts trying to destroy each other. Foxes often drive out the badger from his den, and enlarge it for their own use. On the whole, the badger is a harmless creature, seldom seen unless hunted for, and doing very little injury, except when greatly multiplied. The female brings forth three or four at a litter.-Only two species of badger are known, the European (M. vulgaris) and American (M. labradoria). The European badger has a broad, white stripe from its forehead down to the nose; and a longitudinal black stripe begins between the eye and snout, on each side, dilating as it goes backward, until it includes the eye and ear, behind which it terminates. The hair covering the body is harsh, long, scattered, and of three colors, white, black and red, differing in the proportion of these tints in different parts. Black is the predominant color on the inferior parts of the body.-The American badger is only found in the remote western territories of the U. States and in some parts of the British possessions in America. It is very different from the European in physiognomy, having a forehead projecting considerably above the root of the nose, which, in the European species, forms a continuous line with the forehead, and in having a longer tail, covered with

long hair, reaching almost to the ground when the animal is walking. The tail of the European badger is not more than half the length of the legs. The color of the American badger is chiefly grayish, and lighter than that of the European. The weight of the American species is from 14 to 18 pounds.

BADIA, Domingo; a Spanish traveller, who, under singular circumstances, visited, in 1803 and the four following years, the Mohammedan countries bordering on the Mediterranean. During the whole of his tour, he professed to be a Mussulman, which character he had qualified himself to support, by submitting to circumcision. He travelled under the denomination of Ali Bey el Abbassi, which style he also assumed in his Travels, published in French, at Paris, by Didot, in 1814, 2 vols., 8vo.; and about the same time in English, at London. It is now admitted that he was employed as a political agent by the prince of peace, at the instigation of Napoleon. His peculiar situation and religious profession gave him opportunities for making many observations which could not occur to other travellers; and his volumes are curious and interesting, though rather tinctured with an air of exaggeration, somewhat excusable in a person placed in such extraordinary circumstances. Burckhardt, another Oriental traveller, who heard of Ali Bey at Aleppo, gives the following account of him: "He called himself Ali Bey, and professed to be born of Tunisian parents in Spain, and to have received his education in that country. Spanish appears to be his native language, besides which he spoke French, a little Italian, and the Moggrabeyan dialect of Arabic, but badly. He came to Aleppo by the way of Cairo, Yaffa and Damascus, with the strongest letters of recommendation from the Spanish government to all its agents, and an open credit upon them. He seemed to be a particular friend of the prince of peace, for whom he was collecting antiques; and, from the manner in which it was known that he was afterwards received by the Spanish ambassador, at his arrival in Constantinople, he must have been a man of distinction. The description of his figure, and what is related of his travels, called to my recollection the Spaniard Badia, and his miniature in your library. He was a man of middling size, long, thin head, black eyes, large nose, long, black beard, and feet that indicated the former wearing of tight shoes. He professed to have travelled in Barbary, to have crossed

the Lybian desert, between Barbary and Egypt, and, from Cairo, to have gone to Mecca and back. He travelled with Eastern magnificence, but here he was rather shy of showing himself out of doors: he never walked out but on Fridays, to the prayers of noon in the great mosque. One of the before-mentioned dervishes told me that there had been a great deal of talking about this Ali Bey at Damascus and Hamar: they suspected him of being a Christian; but his great liberality, and the pressing letters which he brought to all people of consequence, stopped all further inquiry. He was busily employed in arranging and putting in order his journal during the two months of his stay at Aleppo." This traveller died in his native country, some time after his return to Europe.

BAERT, Jean; also BARTH; born at Dunkirk, 1651; the son of a poor fisherman; according to some, a native of the parish of Corban, in the district of Munster, and the canton of Berne, where his family lives at present. He raised himself, under Louis XIV, to the rank of commodore. The Dutch, English and Spanish called him the French devil. The marine of Louis XIV owed principally to this rough mariner the respect which it enjoyed from other nations. B. happening to be at Versailles, the monarch said to him, "Jean Baert, I have made you a commodore." "Sire, then you have done well," answered the mariner. The courtiers laughed ; but Louis told them, "This is the answer of a man who feels his own worth." B. brought into port a number of Dutch and English vessels, burned others, landed at Newcastle, and laid waste the neighboring country. In 1692, with a fleet of three sail, he met the Dutch fleet, loaded with corn from the Baltic, put to flight the escort, and took 16 merchantmen. In 1694, when there was a scarcity of corn in France, he succeeded several times, notwithstanding the watchfulness of the English, in bringing into the harbor of Dunkirk ships loaded with this article. Once he delivered a number of such vessels, in the boldest manner, from the Dutch, into whose hands they had fallen, and received, in consequence, letters of nobility. After having passed the English, in 1696, who blockaded the harbor with a fleet three times as strong as his own, he met the Dutch fleet, from the Baltic, consisting of 110 sail, and convoyed by five frigates. The escort, with 40 ships, soon fell into the hands of the French; but, on his return to Dunkirk,

13 Dutch ships of the line appeared, and, to avoid a very unequal combat, he was obliged to burn the greatest part of his captures. The peace of Ryswick put a stop to the deeds of this valiant officer. He spent the last years of his life at Dunkirk, and died there in 1702.

BAFFIN'S BAY; the largest and most northern gulf on the eastern coast of North America; between 70° and 80° N. lat.; discovered by Baffin, in 1616. This gulf flows through Baffin's and Davis's straits, between cape Chidley, on the coast of Labrador, and cape Farewell, on the coast of West Greenland, into the Atlantic. On the south-west side of Davis's strait, Baffin's bay is separated by a mass of islands from Hudson's bay, which abounds with whales. From Baffin's bay captain Parry started, in 1819, in search of the north-west passage. (See North Pole, expeditions to.)

BAGDAD; capital of a Turkish pachalic of the same name, the southern part of Mesopotamia, or Al-Dschezira, now Irak Arabi, containing about 70,000 square miles, and 650,000 inhabitants; 44° 25′ E. lon., and 33° 20′ N. lat. The greatest part of it lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, which is crossed by a bridge of boats, 620 feet long. The old B., the residence of the caliphs, with 2,000,000 inhabitants, now in ruins, was situated on the western bank of the river. The modern city is surrounded with a brick wall, about six miles in circuit, and with a ditch from five to six fathoms deep, which may be filled with water from the Tigris; but the cannon on the numerous towers are old, and unfit for use. The castle commands the Tigris, and contains an arsenal, but is untenable. The houses, mostly built of brick, are but one story high, the streets unpaved, and so narrow, that two horsemen can scarcely ride abreast. The houses of the wealthy are distinguished by a better architecture. The palace of the governor is spacious, and magnificently furnished. The public baths and the coffee-houses of the city, though in a bad condition, are much frequented. The markets afford an abundance of provisions, at a low price. B. is an important mart for Arabian, Indian and Persian productions, as well as for European manufactures. A splendid view is afforded by the bazars, with their 1200 shops filled with all kinds of Oriental goods. The chief manufactures of the city are, red and yellow leather, much esteemed, and silk, cotton and woollen cloths. With the aid of the English and Persians, the pacha

has established a cannon foundery. B. supplies Asia Minor, Syria, and part of Europe, with East Indian goods, which are imported to Bassora, ascend the Tigris in boats, and are carried by caravans to Tokat, Constantinople, Aleppo, Damascus, and the western parts of Persia. There is also some trade in jewels. An English packet runs between Bagdad and Bassora. A multitude of strangers assemble at B., partly on mercantile business, partly to visit the sepulchres of the saints, among which is that of the prophet Ezekiel. The heat of the summer obliges the inhabitants to shelter themselves in subterranean chambers; but the winter is cold enough to make a fire necessary. The city is, nevertheless, agreeable, healthy, and free from pestilential diseases; but the inhabitants frequently suffer from cutaneous disorders. B. is inhabited by Turks, Persians, Armenians, Jews, and a small number of Christians. The Turks compose three fourths of the whole population. The Jews are confined to a secluded district of the city, and are in a very oppressed condition. Inclusive of the Arabs, Hindoos, Afghans and Egyptians, who are accustomed to reside here, the population may amount to 80,000. The Persians, under the particular protection of the government, enjoy a very extensive trade, and are renowned for hotesty, prudence and integrity. The high-r classes are more civil and attentive to strangers than is usually the case with Mohammedans. On the other hand, the lower classes are infected with the prevailing vices of the East. The people are bold, enterprising and turbulent. B. was begun, in 762, by the caliph Abu Giafar-Almanzor, finished in four years, and raised to a high degree of splendor, in the ninth century, by Haroun Alraschid; but, 100 years after, it was destroyed by the Turks. In the 13th century, it was stormed by Holagou, grandson of Zingis-Khan, who caused the reigning caliph to be slain, and destroyed the caliphate. The descendants of the conqueror were expelled, in 1392, by Tamerlane (q. v.), and, in 1412, by Kara-Yusef. In the following century, Shah Ismael, the first sovereign of Persia of the house of Sofi, took possession of the city. From that time it was a perpetual subject of contest in the wars between the Turks and Persians. After a memorable siege, in 1638, it was conquered by the Turkish emperor Amurath IV, and Nadir Shalt endeavored in vain, in the 18th century, to wrest it from the Turks.