for 5 years, an annuity for such life is worth more than if it were good for only just 5 years, since the probability of its continuing 6 years is greater.—As an annuity is usually raised by the present payment of a certain sum, as a consideration whereby the party making the payment, or some other person named by him, becomes entitled to an annual, semi-annual, quarterly or other periodical payment of a certain sum, for a stipulated number of years, or for a period to be determined by the happening of a certain event; the rules and principles by which this present value is to be computed have been the subjects of much scientific investigation. The present value of a perpetual annuity is evidently a sum of money that will yield an interest equal to the annuity, and payable at the same periods; and an annuity of this description, payable quarterly, will evidently be of greater value than one of the same amount payable annually, since the annuitant has the additional advantage of the interest on 3 of the quarterly payments, until the expiration of the year; or, in other words, it requires a greater present capital to be put at interest, to yield a given sum per annum, payable quarterly, than to yield the same annual sum, payable at the end of each year. The present value of an annuity, for a limited period, is a sum which, if put at interest, will, at the end of that period, give an amount equal to the sum of all the payments of the annuity and interest; and, accordingly, if it be proposed to invest a certain sum of money in the purchase of an annuity, for a given number of years, the comparative value of the two may be precisely estimated, the rate of interest being given. But annuities for uncertain periods, and particularly life annuities, are more frequent, and the value of the annuity is computed according to the probable duration of the life by which it is limited. Many such annuities are granted for public services. Of this description are the pensions granted by the acts of the congress of the U. States to surviving officers and soldiers of the army of the American revolution. Many such are granted by every government, and, as these do not arise from a specific contract, and are not usually subjects of purchase (the acts of congress, especially, by which those of the U. States are created, contain provisions to prevent their sale and transfer from the original grantees), their precise value is not often a subject of investigation. But life annuities are often created

by contract, whereby the government or a private annuity office, agrees, for a certain sum advanced by the purchaser, to pay a certain sum annually, in yearly, quarterly or other periodical payments, to the person advancing the money, or some other annuitants named by him, during the life of the annuitant; or the annuity is granted to the annuitant, his heirs and assigns, during the life of some other person, or during two or more joint lives, or during the life of the longest liver or survivor among a number of persons named in the act or agreement whereby the annuity is raised. Such annuities are usually made transferable, and are sold and purchased in the market as a species of public stocks. When granted by a government, they are generally one mode of raising loans; when created by a contract with a private corporation or company, their object usually is, to give the annuitant the use, during his life, not only of the income of his capital, but of the capital itself. If a person, having a certain capital, and intending to spend this capital and the income of it during his own life, and leave no part to his heirs, could know precisely how long he should live, he might loan this capital at a certain rate during his life, and, by taking every year, besides the interest, a certain amount of the capital, he might secure the same annual amount for his support during his life, in such manner that he should have the same sum to spend every year, and consume precisely his whole capital during his life. But, since he does not know how long he is to live, he agrees with the government, or an annuity office, to take the risk of the duration of his life, and agree to pay him a certain annuity during his life, in exchange for the capital which he proposes to invest in this way. The probable duration of his life, therefore, becomes a subject of computation; and, for the pur pose of making this calculation, tables of longevity are made, by noting the proportions of deaths, at certain ages, in the same country or district. A table of this sort was made by professor Wigglesworth, of Cambridge university, and published in the Transactions of the American Academy, vol. ii, p. 133, and republished in the Massachusetts Reports, vol. x, p. 313. This table is very much used in estimating the value of life-estates and annuities in the U. States. The value of an annuity will depend, also, in some degree, upon the responsibility of the government or company agreeing to pay it. An annuity guarantied by a pledge of

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real estate is worth more than one of the same amount resting upon the mere promise of a government or private company. Accordingly, for the purpose of raising money upon better terms, that is, of selling the annuity for a greater present value, some of the governments of Europe have occasionally pledged their domains or the income of certain taxes, to secure the payment of the annuities. (For another species of life annuities, see Tontine.) ANNUNCIATION; the declaration of the angel Gabriel to the virgin Mary of the incarnation of Christ in her womb.-Luke 1. 26-38.

ANNUNCIATION DAY; a feast of the church, in honor of the annunciation, celebrated in the western churches March 25. The institution of this festival is generally assigned to the 7th century.

ANODYNES (from the Greek ¿dórn, pain, and the privative «); means for soothing pain. As the pain may arise from very different causes, the means for counteracting it must be very different. Thus, for instance, a pain may be produced by inflammation; and, in this case, cooling means, lukewarm poultices, sometimes even bleeding or purging, will be the proper anodynes. At other times they should be of an inflammatory kind; for instance, in debility of the nerves, cramps, or spasms. In the stricter sense, we understand by anodynes such remedies as lessen the susceptibility to painful impressions, by diminishing the sensibility of the nerves. In early times, when the doctrine of poisons and antidotes was more attended to than any other part of medicine, the soothing quality of many simples was also more closely observed, and a particular class was formed in this way. As this property existed to a high degree in opium, then already in use, it not only obtained the first place in this class of simples, but the name anodyne was given to all mixtures containing it. The use of anodynes is proper only when the cause of pain cannot be removed, or not so soon as its violence requires, or where the pain itself is more injurious than the cause which produces it; e. g., when it prevents a favorable crisis, by rendering the patient unable to sleep.

ANOINTING. From time immemorial, the nations of the East have been in the habit of anointing themselves for the sake of health and beauty; and to anoint a guest, was to show him one of the highest marks of respect. In the Mosaic law, and several ancient religions, a sacred character was attached to the anointing of the

garments of the priests, and things belong. ing to the ceremonial of worship. This could be done only with oil made for the purpose, and signified a consecration of the articles to the service of religion. The Jewish priests and kings were anointed when inducted into office, and were called the anointed of the Lord, to show that their persons were sacred, and their office from God. In the Old Testament, also, the prophecies respecting the Redeemer style him, on account of his royal descent and his dignity, Messias, that is, the Anointed. The custom of anointing priests still exists in the Roman Catholic church, and that of anointing kings in Christian monarchies. In the Catholic church, the ordaining bishop anoints with the holy oil called chrism (q. v.) the palm of both hands, the thumb and the forefinger (by which the priests hold the host), of the person to be ordained; and thus, according to the expression of the ritual of ordination, the hands receive power to bless, to consecrate, and to make holy. If a clergyman is excommunicated, these spots are rubbed off. (For the ceremony of anointing kings, see Coronation.) The Greeks and Romans, particularly the former, anointed themselves after the bath, and thus gave a yellow color to the body. Perhaps in order to imitate this color, perhaps to make the figure look softer, and to deprive it of the harsh white color, they often oiled their statues. The remains of the oily matter used are still sometimes to be seen. Athletæ anointed themselves, in order to render it more difficult for their antagonists to get hold of them.

ANOMALY; the deviation from a rule. That which deviates is called anomalous We use this expression in this signification in grammar, where it is opposed to analogy. It is also used in astronomy, to denote the deviation of the planets from the aphelion (or, rather, according to the modern usage, from the perihelion), which is owing to their unequal velocity.

ANOMEANS; the name by which the stricter Arians were called in the 4th century, in contradistinction to the SemiArians.

ANONYMOUS (from the Greek); literally without name; also, a person whose name is unknown, or who keeps his name a secret, e. g., the author of an anonymous writing. Pseudo is an epithet applied to an assumed name. Writers often conceal themselves under a pseudo or false name, which they retain as authors, even when their true name has long been known. It was some time since decided

by a legal tribunal at Stuttgard in Germany, that it was not lawful for a third person to put the pseudo name of another known writer before his own work. The knowledge of the anonymous and pseudonymous authors is indispensable to the bibliographer. (See Barbier's Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes, composés, traduits ou publiés en Français et en Latin, with historical and critical notes, 2d ed., Paris, 1822-1824, 3 vols.) Authors often keep their names secret from political motives, e. g., Junius. (q. v.)—In history, we call pseudo, impostors who act a political part under a feigned name; for instance, the pseudo Sebastians in Portugal, the pseudo Demetri in Russia, pseudo Woldmar in Brandenburg, the pseudo Smerdis in Persia.

ANQUETIL DU PERRON, Abraham Hyacinthe; one of the most distinguished Orientalists of the 18th century; born in Paris, Dec. 7, 1731; studied theology at the university there, and afterwards at Auxerre and Amersfort; devoted himself with ardor to the Hebrew, Arabian and Persian languages, and returned to Paris in order to study them with more advantage. Here his assiduous attendance at the library excited the attention of the abbé Sallier, keeper of the manuscripts, who introduced him to some of his friends, by whose means the young A. obtained a small salary, under the title of a student of the Oriental languages: Having accidentally laid his hands on some fragments of a manuscript of the ZendAvesta, India became the object of his thoughts, and he cherished the hope of discovering there the holy books of the Parsees. In the harbor of l'Orient, an expedition was preparing for the East Indies, but the endeavors of his protectors to procure a passage for him were fruitless. A. immediately went to the recruit ing captain, enlisted as a private soldier, and set out from Paris, with his knapsack on his back, in 1754. Struck with such extraordinary zeal for science, the government allowed him a free passage and a salary. Arrived at Pondicherry, he learned the modern Persian, and then went to Chandernagore, where he hoped to study the Sanscrit. But sickness and the war between France and England frustrated his hopes. Chandernagore was captured, and A., not to lose the whole object of his voyage, returned on foot to Pondicherry, and embarked for Surat. But in order to explore the interior, as well as the coast of Coromandel, he landed at Mahé, and journeyed on foot to Surat. Here he succeed23

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ed, by perseverance and address, in overcoming the scruples of some priests of the Parsees (Destour). They instructed him so far in the Zend and Pehlwi, that he was able to translate the Dictionary and some other works from this language. He then resolved to go to Benares, to study the languages, the antiquities, and the sacred laws of the Hindoos, when the capture of Pondicherry forced him to return to Europe. He visited London and Oxford, and returned to Paris in 1762, with 180 manuscripts, and other curiosities. The abbé Barthélemy and his other friends obtained for him a salary, with the office of interpreter of the Oriental languages, at the royal library. In · 1763, he was made member of the academy of belles-lettres. A. then commenced the arrangement of the materials which he had collected with so much toil; he published in succession, the Zend-Avesta, the Spirit of Oriental Legislation, his historical and geographical researches in India, and his work on commerce. Afterwards, the revolution disturbed his literary labors. To withdraw himself from its horrors, he broke off all connexion with society, and shut himself up in his chamber, with no friend but his books, no recreation but the recollection of his dear Brahmins and Parsees. The fruits of this retirement were his work, l'Inde en Rapport avec l'Europe, and the Unrevealable Mysteries (Oupnek'hat), 2 vols., 4to, 1804; the latter, a translation into Latin of a Persian extract from the Vedas. When the national institute had taken the place of the former academies, A. was elected a member. Exhausted by continued labors, and a very abstemious diet, he died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1805. Immense learning, acquaintance with almost all the European languages, and a restless activity, were united, in A., with the purest love of truth, with sound philosophy, rare disinterestedness and an excellent heart.

ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Aosta, in Piedmont, 1034; became a monk in 1060; some years later, a prior; and, in 1078, abbot of the monastery of Bec, in Normandy, whither the fame of the renowned Lanfranc had attracted him. In 1093, he succeeded Lánfranc as archbishop of Canterbury, in England, which place he held till his death. Intelligence and piety distinguish his writings. He endeavored to discover some conclusive proofs of the existence of God, which he thought he had finally effected in the ontological method, as it is

called, of which he is falsely styled the inventor. He inferred the existence of a Supreme and Perfect Being by arguments drawn from the abstract idea of such a Being. Notwithstanding the insufficiency of this proof, which found an early opponent in Gaunilo, a monk at Marmontier, the labors of A. were of great importance. Though the influence of the church, and the fathers of St. Augustin in particular, is obvious, he deserves the praise of having developed the principles of his system of philosophical religion in a decidedly logical form, with acuteness and energy, and of having laid, at the same time, the foundation of the scholastic philosophy. He died in 1099, and will be remembered by his writings, De Veritate, De Libertate Arbitrii, by his Monologium and Prologium; in the latter of which his argument in proof of the existence of a Supreme Being is set forth.

ANSGAR, OF ANSHAR; called the apostle of the North, because he introduced Christianity into Denmark and Sweden. Born in 800, in Picardy, and educated in the monastery of Corvey, he became, in 813, a Benedictine. At the instigation of the emperor, Louis le Débonnaire, he went to Denmark in the suite of some baptized Danish princes, in 826, and, after many disappointments and persecutions, converted the king, and the greater part of the nation, in 830. After his return, 831, he founded a metropolitan church at Hamburg, and became first archbishop in that place. In 847, he transferred his residence to Bremen. At this time, he undertook a new mission into Denmark, in order to convert king Eric I, and went, with recommendations from him, to Sweden, where he baptized many converts, with the permission of king Ölaus. He also baptized the successor of Eric, in 858. He died 865, with the reputation of having undertaken, if not the first, the most successful attempts for the propagation of Christianity in the North. His prudence, the purity and warmth of his religious zeal, and the integrity of his life, are equally praised by all his contemporaries. The Catholic church has placed him among the saints.

ANSON, George, lord, whose name shines in the annals of English navigation, was born in 1697, at Shugborough manor, in Staffordshire, and entered early into the navy. In 1716, he served, as second lieutenant, under sir John Norris, in the Baltic, and in 1717 and 1718, under sir George Byng, against the Spaniards. In his 27th year, he was raised to the rank

of post-captain, and was, for a long time, on the South Carolina station. When, in 1739, the ministry considered a rupture with Spain as unavoidable, he was made commander of a fleet in the South sea, directed against the trade and the colonies of that nation. The expedition consisted of 5 men-of-war, and 3 smaller vessels, which carried 1400 men. A. left England, with this squadron, Sept. 18, 1740, and was attacked, on leaving the straits of le Maire, by terrible storms, which prevented him from doubling cape Horn for 3 months. Separated from the rest of his squadron, he reached the island of Juan Fernandez, where 3 of his vessels rejoined him in a very miserable condition. After his men had rested, he proceeded to the coast of Peru, without waiting for the missing ships, made several prizes, and captured and burnt the city of Paita. After a fruitless attempt to intercept the annual Manilla galleon, he found himself obliged to burn, not only a great part of his booty, but all except one of his vessels, in order to equip that one, the Centurion, with which he made his retreat to Tinian, one of the Ladrones. Here the Centurion was blown out to sea while the commander was on shore. Upon this, much exertion was made to enlarge and fit out a small vessel, found in the island. The return of his ship relieved him from this difficulty, and, after some weeks of rest, he sailed for Macao, where he formed a bold plan for taking the galleon of Acapulco. For this purpose, he spread the report of his having returned to Europe, but, in fact, directed his course to the Philippines, and cruised near the promontory Spiritu Santo. After a month, the expected galleon appeared, which, trusting to its superiority, commenced the fight. But the valor of the English prevailed, and the galleon, worth £400,000, was taken; the booty gained on the former occasion amounted to more than £600,000. With these acquisitions, A. returned to Macao, sold his prize, and maintained with energy the rights of his flag against the Chinese government at Canton. From this place he sailed for England, and, passing undiscovered through the French fleet in the channel, arrived at Spithead, June 15, 1744, after an absence of 3 years and 9 months. This perilous voyage through unexplored seas added much to geography and navigation. His adventures and discoveries are described in Anson's Voyage. A few days after his return, he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and, not

long after, rear-admiral of the white; he was also elected member of parliament. His victory over the French admiral Jonquière, near cape Finisterre, in 1747, raised him to the peerage, with the title of lord Anson, baron of Soberton. Two of the prizes taken on this occasion were called l'Invincible and la Gloire, which induced the captain of the former to say, on giving up his sword, "Monsieur, vous avez vaincu l'Invincible, et la Gloire vous suit." 4 years afterwards, he was made first lord of the admiralty. In 1758, he commanded the fleet before Brest, protected the landing of the English at St. Malo, Cherbourg, &c., and received the repulsed troops into his vessels. Finally, in 1761, he was appointed to convey the queen of George III to England. He died in 1762, on his estate at Moor-park, leaving no children.

ANSPACH (Onolzbach); formerly the residence of the margraves of AnspachBaireuth, now the chief town of the Bavarian district of the Rezat; contains 1016 houses, and 16,370 inhabitants, with a fine palace, a royal school, and some manufactures. In the garden of the palace stands the monument of the poet Uz, who was born at A., and died there in 1796. The last margrave ceded the marquisate or principality of A. to Frederic William II, king of Prussia, Dec. 2, 1791. His wife was lady Craven. (q. v.) Frederic William III ceded A., in 1806, to France, and she exchanged it with Bavaria for Juliers and Berg. Prussia gave up, also, Baireuth, in 1807, at the peace of Tilsit, to France, and France transferred it to Bavaria. In the time when Anspach and Baircuth were under the French government, Bernadotte, the present king of Sweden, was their governor, and gained the love of all the inhabitants, by his strict justice, even where French soldiers were concerned, and by his endeavors to alleviate, as much as possible, the evils of war. His conduct presented a striking contrast to that of several other French governors of conquered provinces under Napoleon. (See Charles XIV.)

ANSTEY, Christopher, an ingenious poet of the 18th century, was the son of the reverend Christopher Anstey, D. D., and born in 1724. He was educated at Bury St. Edmund's, whence he removed to Eton. In 1754, he succeeded to his patrimonial property, when he married Ann, daughter of Felix Calvert, esq., of Albury-hall, Herts, by whom he had 13 children, 8 of whom survived him. He then resided, for the most part, at Bath.

He had long cultivated poetry, but most of his early productions were Latin translations of English popular poems, one of which was Gray's Elegy. It was not until 1766, that his humorous production, the New Bath Guide, was published, which at once became highly popular for its pointed and original humor, and, as usual, led to numerous imitations. He also wrote several other works. He died in 1805, in his 81st year.

ANT (formica, L.), a genus of hymenopterous or membranous-winged insects, belongs to Cuvier's second section, aculeata ; family, heterogyna.-This race of insects, celebrated from all antiquity for singular instincts, industry and foresight, would require a volume for the enumeration of all the curious and interesting circumstances observed by various naturalists, who have devoted themselves to their investigation. But as such amplitude and minuteness of detail are inconsistent with the present work, our remarks will be confined to essentials. To the works of Swammerdam, Réaumur, and, most especially, Huber, we must refer those who desire to be particularly informed on the subject: the last-named author has, in his work on ants, rivalled his father's justlycelebrated treatise on bees, and bestowed upon lovers of natural science a gift as precious as it is rare.-Most of the species live in large companies or societies, composed of three sorts of individuals,-males, females and neuters. The males and females have long wings, not so much veined as in other insects of the same section, which are very temporary; the neuters, which are actually females with imperfect ovaries, are destitute of wings. The males and females are found in the vicinity of their habitation but a short time, as they speedily mount into the air, where their sexual connexion is consummated, after which the males perish, and return no more to their former dwelling; while the impregnated females, alighting on the ground, detach their wings by the aid of their feet, and commence the great work of their existence,the deposition of their eggs for the continuance of the species. Some of the females, which couple in the vicinity of the ant-hill, are frequently seized upon by the numerous neuters, carried back into the galleries of their dwelling, and detained until they destroy their wings, and force them to lay their eggs; after which they cease to be of consequence, and are driven forth. The males are much sinaller than the females, and have larger eyes,