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ascribed this power of the living body to the influence of the brain. He destroyed the brain of a rabbit, and kept up the respiration by artificial means; but the heat of the animal regularly diminished.

ANIMAL MAGNETISM. (See Magnetism.) ANIMAL MATTER is the protection, the residence and the visible form of animal life. The simple elementary substances are combined by the powers of life, according to the objects for which it was destined, into various animal substances, falling naturally under certain divisions, which all, however, in some respects, comprehend each other. These divisions are as follows:-a. FLUIDS. These have no distinct form or organization, and yet possess properties, by means of which, when acted upon by the vital powers, they are capable of forming all the various organs of the body; and it is surely a most unnatural view of them to regard them as destitute of life. In the following list of animal fluids, which, in the processes of life, pass constantly the one into the other, we find all the fluid parts or kinds of animal matter: they are chyme, chyle, lymph, venous and arterial blood, and the various secreted and excreted fluids. b. SOLIDS. These comprehend all the solid parts of the animal frame, both hard and soft, and are of nearly the same essential structure in all animals, although variously arranged, according to their species. A minute description of all these belongs to anatomy; we shall merely enumerate them. They appear in the form of, 1, bones, constituting the basis, the frame, of the animal, and found in all animals till we come to shell-fish (whose shells may be even regarded as external bones), and to still inferior animals, possessing no substitute for bones; 2, ligaments and fibrous membranes, connecting and covering them; 3, muscles, which move them, and place the body and its limbs at the command of the animal; 4, fat and marrow, which soften and lubricate all the various parts of the body; 5, nervous or medullary matter, constituting the brain and nerves, in which the vital power seems more particularly to reside; 6, the cellular substance, or membrane, which pervades all parts of the frame, and serves to connect them, and to furnish with the fat, which fills its cells, a soft bed for the vessels, nerves, &c; 7, the mucous membranes, lining the whole body, from the nose and mouth to the parts at which all evacuations take place, and thus coating the mouth, throat, lungs, stomach and bowels,

in which the important functions of digestion and respiration are performed; 8, the serous membranes, which line all the large cavities, and which, by the soft fluid that always moistens their surface, render easy the motion of all the internal organs upon each other; 9, the vascular system, or vessels of all descriptions, conveying the blood to all the organs of the body, and returning it from them to the heart and lungs; and, 10, the glandular system, by means of which various fluids important to life are separated from the blood, or rather formed from it by a new composition of its original elements. These various classes of animal matter comprehend all the various forms, in which it appears in all animals of all kinds; the heart of a frog and of a philosopher being composed of similar muscular fibres, and their brains of similar nervous matter. These obvious component parts of animals are, however, separable by the art of the chemist into more simple and ultimate elements. The following are all that are at present known to exist, and of these some are peculiar to animals, while others enter, more or less, into the composition of all parts of the creation. They are, 1, iron, which is found chiefly in the blood, in the state of an oxyde; 2, lime, which enters largely into the composition of bones, shells, &c.; 3, silex, in the enamel of the teeth; 4, water, which gives their liquid character to all the animal fluids; 5, air is found, mixed with watery vapor, in the various cavities of the body; 6, soda, united with various acids, in all the various fluids of the body; 7, ammonia, in the sweat, urine, &c.; 8, sulphur; 9, phosphorus, in the bones, &c.; 10, carbon; 11, various acids, as the phosphoric, muriatic, uric, lactic, formic, &c., which are found, variously combined, in most of the solid and fluid parts of the body; 12, gelatin, or glue; 13, albumen, constituting the chief part of the transparent and colorless membranes, and the fluids which moisten them; 14, fibrine, constituting the basis of all the muscles, ligaments, &c., and the most important ingredient in the composition of the blood. Most of these substances are again susceptible of still farther analysis, by which they may be resolved into the simple gases, as azote, hydrogen, oxygen, &c.; so that it appears, that the ultimate elements of all parts of the visible world are nearly the same in their essential character. ANIMALCULE. (See Microscopical Animals.)

ANIME; a resin exuding from the trunk of a large American tree, called by Piso jetaiba, by the Indians, courbaril, a species of hymenaea. The tree is found particularly in New Spain and the Brazils. A superior kind is sometimes imported from the East.

ANISE-SEEDS are the production of an umbelliferous plant (pimpinella anesum), which grows wild in Egypt, Syria, and other eastern countries. They are roundish and striated, flatted on one side, and pointed at one end; and of a pale color, inclining to green. Attempts were made, more than 200 years ago, to cultivate anise in England, but the summers are seldom warm enough to bring the plant to perfection. It has, consequently, been found necessary to import the seed from Malta and Spain, where it is cultivated to a considerable extent. Anise-seeds have an aromatic smell, and pleasant, warm taste, accompanied with some degree of sweetness. They have long been employed in medicine, and have been considered useful in diseases of the lungs and complaints of the stomach. They give out all their virtue to rectified spirit; and a spirituous water is kept in the shops as a cordial, which is prepared from a mixture of equal parts of anise-seed and angelica.

ANJOU; an ancient province of France, 75 miles in length and 60 in breadth, now forming, with some of the late provinces in its neighborhood, several departments, viz., that of the two Sevres, of the Indre and Loire, the Sarthe, the Loire, but chiefly that of Mayenne and Loire, in which also the old capital is situated. The noble river Loire divided the old province. The entire district contains about 256 French square miles, and is watered by upwards of 40 rivers. A. is very fertile, producing all sorts of grain, fruits, hemp and flax; it contains excellent pastures and rich vineyards. Much brandy is sent from hence to Nantes and Paris. A. contains, also, coal, lead and tin. It manufactures much. The chief town is Angers, and the population was estimated, prior to the revolution, at upwards of 90,000 families. St. Louis bestowed this province on his brother, Charles, in 1246; but, in 1328, it again fell to the crown with Philip IV. John I. raised it to the rank of a ducal peerage, and gave it to his son, Louis I; but, in 1480, it reverted once more to the Different princes of the blood bore, subsequently, the title of Anjou, till Louis XV. conferred it, together with that of Provence, on his grandson, Louis

crown.

Stanislaus, count of Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII.__ (See the history of France in the article France.)

ANKERSTREM, John Jacob, the murderer of Gustavus III, was, at first, a page in the Swedish court, afterwards an inferior officer in the regiment of body guards, and, later, an ensign in the royal guards. His father was lieutenant-colonel, and knight of the order of the sword. He was of a passionate and gloomy character, and maintained a continual opposition to the measures of the king, particularly those for limiting the power of the senate and nobles. The loss of a suit aggravated his animosity against the king. In 1783, he received his dismission, married, and retired to the country; but, in 1790, returned to Stockholm. He here united himself with several of the nobility, particularly the counts Horn and Ribbing, barons Bielke and Pechlin, lieutenant-colonel Liljehorn and others, and they decided upon the death of the king. A. entreated that the murder might be left to him; but Ribbing and Horn putting in their claims, they cast lots, and it fell to A. The king had just assembled a diet in Gefle, 1792, and the conspirators went there. Here, however, they found no opportunity to execute their plan. The measures of the diet exasperated them still more. The king returned to Stockholm, and it was known that he would be present at a masquerade, March 15. Here A. discharged a pistol at him, and wounded him mortally. (See Gustavus III.) He was discovered, arrested, and confessed his crime, but refused to betray his accomplices. April 29, 1792, he was condemned to death, scourged during several days, and dragged upon a cart to the scaffold. Through the whole of his sufferings he showed the greatest calmness, boasted of his deed, and ended his life at the age of 31 years. The counts Horn and Ribbing, and colonel Liljehorn, were banished for life.

ANLACE; a falchion or sword, shaped like a sithe.

ANNA IVANOWNA, empress of Russia ; born in 1693; the daughter of Ivan, the elder brother of Peter the Great. She was married to the duke of Courland, was left a widow, and, in 1730, ascended the throne of the czars, under singular circumstances. Peter II, son of the unfortunate Alexis, died in his 16th year, and the young princes, Ivan and Basil Dolgorucky, administered the government, under the direction of the old chancellor Ostermann. As the latter flat

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terred himself that he should retain his authority under a princess to whom he had given the first instruction in reading, he used his whole influence to procure the crown for the duchess of Courland. He gained over the synod, and the nobles assembled at Moscow, and thus A. was preferred to both the daughters of Peter the Great, and the prince Basil Dolgorucky was appointed to inform her of the choice of the nation. When he entered her apartment, he found a poorly-dressed man in the room, to whom he made a sign to withdraw. The other showed no inclination to obey, and, when Dolgorucky took his arm to turn him out of the door, he was prevented by A.; it was Ernestus John von Biren, the favorite of his sovereign, whose influence was soon all-powerful in Russia. A., at first, promised to remove her favorite, and to limit the unrestrained powers of the czars, but had scarcely ascended the throne, when she refused to do either, and proclaimed herself autocrat of all the Russias. Biren now put no limits to his ambition. The Dolgoruckys were his first victims. Their friends experienced a similar fate, notwithstanding A.'s earnest remonstrances. (See Biren.) In 1737, she forced the Courlanders to choose him duke, and nominated him, at her death, regent of the empire during the minority of prince Ivan (of Brunswick). She died in 1740. ANNABERG; one of the most important manufacturing towns of the Erzgebirg. Mining is also carried on here, though to a less extent. The number of inhabitants is about 5000. It was, at first, only a mining place. Afterwards, manufactures were introduced, particularly those of various kinds of lace, of which a great part is exported to America. The mines are nearly exhausted. The population of the town was greatly increased by the addition of the Belgians who fled from the persecutions of duke Alva.

ANNALS; a historical account of the affairs of a state, digested in the order of time. The name comes from the first annual records of the Romans, which were called annales pontificum, or annales maximi, and the compilation of which was the business of the pontifex maximus. ANNAMABÖE; a town of Africa, on the Gold Coast, formerly a very considerable market for slaves. It is a strongly-fortified place, having a fort, where, in 1808, a British garrison of 30 men withstood the attacks of 20,000 Ashantees, who were compelled to raise the siege and retire. It is said to contain 10,000 inhabitants.

The fortifications are maintained by the African company at an expense of about 19007. per annum.

ANNAMOOKA, or ROTTERDAM; one of the Friendly islands in the Polynesian group of the South sea. Round the island, which is of a triangular form, and about 10 or 12 miles in circuit, lie scattered a number of small isles, sand-banks and breakers. These, together with Middleburg, or Eaoowee, and Pylstart, make a group occupying about 3 degrees of lat. and 2 of lon., named, by captain Cook, the Friendly islands or archipelago, as a firm alliance and friendship seemed to subsist among their inhabitants, whose courteous behavior entitled them to that appellation. Lon. 174° W.; lat. 20° S. The island was discovered by Tasman, a Dutch navigator, in 1643. Čook visited it in 1777.

ANNAPOLIS; city and port of entry, in the county of Ann Arundel, Maryland, on S. W. side of the Severn, 2 miles from its mouth; 28 miles S. S. E. Baltimore, 40 E. N. E. Washington. Lon. 76° 43' W.; lat. 39° N. Population, 2260. It is the seat of the state government, is a pleasant and healthy town, and contains a spacious and elegant state-house, a market-house, a theatre, and 2 houses of public worship. The streets converge to the state-house and to the Episcopal church, as two centres. The shipping owned here, in 1816, amounted to 2,553 tons.-There is another Annapolis, A. Royal, a city of Nova Scotia, on the bay of Fundy; lon. 65° 50′ W.; lat. 44° 47′ N. The harbor is large and safe.

ANNATES; a year's income due to the pope, on the death of any bishop, abbot, or parish-priest, to be paid by his successor. The concordata Germaniæ, in 1448, restored to the pope the right of raising the annates, which had been forbidden by the council of Bâle, in 1434. They were made perpetual, by Boniface IX, in 1399. In France, they were finally abolished in 1789. In England, they were at first paid to the archbishop of Canterbury, but afterwards appropriated by the popes. In 1532, the parliament gave them to the crown; but queen Anne restored them to the church, by applying them to the augmentation of poor livings.

ANNE, the last member of the family of Stuart (now extinct) who was seated upon the throne of Great Britain, was born at Twickenham, near London, 1664, 4 years after her uncle, Charles II, ascended the throne. She was the second daughter of James II, then duke of York, and

Anne, his wife, daughter of the renowned Clarendon. Her father had not then gone over to the Catholic church; A., was, therefore, educated according to the principles of the English church, and, in 1683, married to prince George, brother to king Christian V of Denmark. When, in 1688, the party which invited the prince of Orange to dethrone his father-in-law prevailed, A., the favorite daughter of James, wished to remain with her father. But she was, in some measure, forced by Churchill, afterwards duke of Marlborough, to join the triumphant party. After the death of her sister, Mary, in 1694, and that of William III, in 1702, without children, and after she herself, in 1699, had lost her only son, the young duke of Gloucester, she ascended the English throne. Her capacity was but moderate, and she was governed by Marlborough and his wife. The tories were satisfied to know that the sceptre was in the hands of a daughter of James II, and hoped to see the old royal house revived in her male descendants. The whigs rejoiced, at least, that the queen, faithful to the triple alliance, opposed the domineering spirit of Louis XIV, in order to defend the liberty of Europe, and to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns in one house. She, therefore, took part in the war of the Spanish succession, in which England captured Gibraltar, the only important acquisition of this 11 years' war. During the reign of queen A., England and Scotland were united under the name of Great Britain, and, notwithstanding the wishes of the queen for the restoration of her own house to the line of succession, it was settled in the house of Hanover. James in vain attempted a landing in Scotland, and the queen, A., was obliged to sign a proclamation setting a price on his head. Of her 17 children, all died young; and, when left a widow, she would not listen to the entreaties of the parliament (although but 44 years old at the time) to conclude a new marriage, which might throw new obstacles in the way of the restoration of her own family. She now intended to put all power into the hands of the tories, who were then the majority in the three kingdoms. The duchess of Marlborough lost her influence; Godolphin, Sunderland, Somers, Devonshire, Walpole, Cowper, were superseded by Harley, earl of Oxford, Bolingbroke, Rochester, Buckingham, George Grenville and sir Simon Harcourt, and the parliament was dissolved. Peace was resolved upon. Marlborough was accused, suspended

and banished. Meanwhile A., notwithstanding the measures which she publicly took against her brother, seems not to have given up the hope of securing to him the succession; but the irreconcilable enmity of Oxford and Bolingbroke, the former of whom accused the latter of favoring the pretender, was an insurmountable obstacle. Grieved at the disappointment of her secret wishes, she fell into a state of weakness and lethargy, and died July 20, 1714. The words, "O, my dear brother, how I pity thee!" which she pronounced on her death-bed, unveiled the secret of her whole life. The reign of A. was distinguished not only by the brilliant successes of the British arms, but also as the golden age of English literature, on account of the number of admirable and excellent writers who flourished at this time, among whom were Pope and Addison. It may be considered the triumph of the English high-church party, owing to her strong predilection for the principles by which it has always been actuated. Her private character was amiable, but her good sense was rendered ineffectual by want of energy. The goodness of her disposition obtained for her the title of the good queen Anne. She was an excellent wife and mother, and a kind mistress.

ANNE of Austria, queen of France, was the daughter of Philip III, king of Spain, and, in 1615, married Louis XIII. On her cousin's death, his son being under age, she became sole regent of France during the minority. She, however, brought upon herself the hatred of the nation, by her boundless confidence in cardinal Mazarin, and was forced to flee from Paris. In a little time, matters were accommodated; and, when her son took the reins of government into his own hands, in 1661, she gave up all concern with public affairs, and spent the remainder of her life in retirement. She died in 1666.

ANNE of Cleves, the wife of Henry VIII, king of England, was the daughter of John III, duke of Cleves. The king asked her in marriage after having seen a portrait of her, drawn by Holbein; but it was not long before he was disgusted with the Flanders mare, as he called her, and a divorce ensued; when Anne, without seeming disconcerted, returned to her own country, where she died in 1557.

ANNEALING, or NEALING, as it is called by the workmen, is a process particularly employed in the glass-houses, and consists in putting the glass vessels, as soon

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as they are formed, and while they are yet hot, into a furnace or oven, not so hot as to remelt them, in which they are suffered to cool gradually. This is found to prevent their breaking so easily as they otherwise would, particularly on exposure to heat. Unannealed glass, when broken, often flies into powder, with great violence, and, in general, it is in more danger of breaking from a very slight stroke than from one of considerable force. An unannealed glass vessel will often resist the effect of a pistol-bullet dropped into it; yet a grain of sand, falling into it, will make it burst into small fragments, and, which is very curious, it will often not burst until several minutes after being struck. The same phenomena are still more strikingly seen in glass-drops or tears: they are globular at one end, and taper to a small tail at the other: they are the drops which fall from the melted mass of glass on the rods, on which the bottles are made, into the tubs of water, which are used in the work. Those which remain entire, after having fallen into the water, show the properties of unannealed glass in the highest degree. They will bear a smart stroke on the thick end, but, if the small tail is broken, they burst into powder, with a loud explosion. The reason of this singular fact is differently given. A similar process is used for rendering cast-iron vessels less brittle.

ANNIUS of Viterbo, or JOHN NANNI, a Dominican friar, was born at Viterbo, in 1432. He was distinguished for his learning, and was made master of the sacred palace by pope Alexander VI. He died, as was suspected, of poison, administered at the instigation of Cæsar Borgia, in 1502. He employed his leisure in the construction of fragments, which he palmed on the world as the remains of several ancient writers, in "Seventeen Books of Antiquities." The first edition of this work, dedicated to Ferdinand and Isabella, was printed at Rome, in 1498, and, in 1552, republished in 8vo. at Antwerp. The imposition passed for some time; and, when discovered, the Dominicans, anxious to save the credit of their order, pretended that Annius copied his inventions from a manuscript which he found in the Colbertine library; but, as this manuscript was never produced, the dishonor was ineffaceable. The success and magnitude of the forgery render it exceedingly remarkable, as an instance of great but unprincipled ability.

ANNO, archbishop of Cologne, died in 1075. The Hymn which celebrates his

praises was composed not long after his death. The last edition of it was published by doctor Goldmann, Leipsic, 1816. The political importance of St. A., as chancellor of the emperor Henry III, and afterwards as administrator of the empire during the minority of Henry IV; his bold spirit of government, as well as the dignity of his holy life; his paternal care for his archbishopric; the zeal with which he labored for the reformation of the monasteries, and established new ones, as well as churches,-gained him the character of a saint. The Hymn of St. Anno begins with the popular traditions of Germany, goes over to the history of the archiepiscopal seat at Cologne, of its 33 bishops before A., among whom were 7 saints, and of their residence in the city of Cologne, on the Rhine. The poet then describes the secular and spiritual government of the saints, and his grief on account of the madness of his countrymen, continually at war, and mutually destroying each other by internal discord. In despair at not being able to change this state of things, the German patriot becomes weary of life, and dies of grief at the ingratitude of his contemporaries, whom he had zealously striven to benefit. This Hymn is the only poetical monument, of importance, of the German national literature of the 11th century.

ANNUITIES are periodical payments of money, amounting to a certain annual sum, and continuing either a certain number of years, as 10, 20 or 100, or for an uncertain period, to be determined by a particular event, as the death of the annuitant, or that of the party liable to pay the annuity, or of some other person, or indefinitely; and these last are called perpetual annuities. The payments are made at the end of each year, or semi-annually, or at the end of every quarter, or at other periods, according to the agreement upon which the annuity arises; and, where it is liable to cease upon the happening of an event, the time of the occurrence of which is uncertain (e. g., the death of a person), and such event happens after the expiration of a part of the time between one payment and another, neither the annuitant nor his heirs will be entitled to any proportional part of a payment for such time, unless some express provision is made for this purpose in the contract. The probability of the loss of such fractional part is to be taken into consideration in estimating the present value of the annuity; e. g., if the life in question is, according to the tables of longevity, good