248 ANGLING-ANGLO-SAXON. tion, it gave way to the High German, for It shag up enen Pinkste-dag, and many other fowles, with their brodes, whych me seemyth better than alle the noyse of houndys, the blastes of hornys, and the scrye of fowles, that hunters, fawkeners and foulers can make. And if angler take fysshe, surely thenne is there noo man merier than he is in his spyryte." Walton's inimitable discourse on angling was first printed in 1653, in an elegant duodecimo, with plates of the most considerable fish cut in steel. This edition and three subsequent ones consisted wholly of what is now called part the first of the Complete Angler, being Walton's individual portion of the work. In a rude state of society, angling was resorted to from necessity. This occupation soon became an ainusement for those who had leisure enough to spend time in it, as it affords to most people much pleasure. We find occasional allusions to this pursuit among the Greek writers, and throughout the most ancient books of the Bible. Plutarch mentions an amusing anecdote of Antony's unsuccessful angling in the presence of Cleopatra, and a fine trick which she played him. ANGLO-SAXON History. (See the article England, and, for further information, Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, London, 1807; also the article Anglo-Saxon in the American edition of the New The difference between the Low and Edinburgh Encyclopædia.)-Anglo-Saxon the High German is, in many respects, Language; that language which, in the middle of the 5th century, was transplanted by the Angles, Saxons and some other German tribes, into England, and continues, though much altered, to form the basis of the modern English dialect. The German language was early divided into two principal dialects, the Upper and Lower German, both derived from the Gothic, as we find it in Ulphilas' translation of the Gospels. To the Lower German belonged the idiom which was spoken by the Saxons, a numerous and valiant German tribe, who inhabited almost all the north of Germany, where this idiom prevailed, and branched out, at a later period than the migration of the AngloSaxons and Goths, or Jutes, into various dialects, of which the Frisian was the earlier, the Dutch the more recent, formation. It remained the prevailing language, even after the subjugation of the Saxons in Germany by Charlemagne, and continued, down to the period of the reformation, not only the dialect of conversation, but also of several valuable literary works, in prose and verse, many of which, from the period of the middle ages, are still preserved. At the reforma striking. It is found in the words, the grammar, the pronunciation, and in the whole style of expression; and it is very interesting to see how many of these deviations from the High German are common to the Low German with the English: for instance, it has not the augment ge of the participle; it often cuts off the ends of words which do not belong to the radix; and has many more monosyllables than the High German; it makes no distinction between the accusative and dative; the masculine, feminine and neuter articles are the same; the pronunciation of a is, in many cases, mixed with the sound of o, as in the English all, and often inclines strongly to the English sound a in case; it has often an s, where the High German has sch (pronounced sh), preceding a consonant; in some parts of Low Germany, sch (pronounced, generally, sh), before a vowel, takes the sound of the English sk; instead of ch at the end of words, it takes a k or c; in all which particulars it is nearer to the English than to the High German. A deeper investigation would show the close connexion even of the Saxon, as it now forms a part of English, with the Low German; to say nothing of the innumerable words which are almost the same in both languages. (Among other works on this subject, see A Letter from Germany to the Princess royal of England on the English and German Languages; by Herbert Croft; London and Leipsic, 1797.) The remarkable English pronunciation of the i is less common in the dialects we have just spoken of, than in the German dialect spoken in Dantzic and Prussia Proper. In this dialect, the German ei (pronounced i) and the German i (pronounced ee) are uttered more in the English way than in the other German dialects. Probably this pronunciation, when the Saxon conquerors left Germany, was common to all the dialects of the north of Germany.-After the conquest of England by the Angles and Saxons, the Saxon became the prevalent tongue of that country, borrowing words, indeed, from the aborigines, and from the Roman conquerors, but these were only single and detached parts, and did not constitute an integral portion of the language. From this time to the conquest of the Normans, the Saxon idiom made very considerable advances, as appears from the relics of the Saxon literature. The Saxon language of that time, moreover, seems to have been more sonorous and finer-sounding than its remains in the present English tongue, in the same manner as the modern German is of a less open sound, and is poorer in vowels, than the ancient Who does not think the words noma, eortho, urna, willa, finer than their successors, name, earth, our, will? It is strange to see how both the German and English languages have lost many of their vowels and finer sounds, whilst, at the same time, the Italian language has always had a decided tendency to soften and euphonize all the materials left from the Latin. After the conquest by the Normans, the English language exhibits the peculiar case, where languages of two different stocks are blended into one idiom, which, by the cultivation of a free and active nation and highly-gifted minds, has grown to a powerful, organized whole. It cannot be doubted, on the one hand, that the English language has derived great advantages from the addition of the French stock, and the closer connexion with Latin, and all the languages of Latin origin, thus effected; but, on the other hand, this addition could not fail to prove injurious in some respects, of which we will here mention only two;-1, that the power of formation, of composi was. tion and decomposition, in which all the German idioms nearly resemble the Greek, has been, in a considerable degree, lost, so that we now very often find a word common to both languages, German and English, but in the former putting forth many branches, and giving birth to a whole family of words for the different shades of one idea or many connected ideas, whilst in the latter it has remained like a stump with no foliage; and, 2, that the English language has acquired too great a readiness to receive foreign words, without seeking, in its own store, the means of supplying the new want. In no period, perhaps, has this disadvantage appeared more strikingly than at the present, when a greater intercourse between England and France exists than ever, and fashionable works appear full of French intruders. If we consider the Saxon stock in the present English idiom the following circumstances appear the most striking:-1. By far the greater part of the language is of Saxon or (to include the Danish) of Teutonic origin; almost all the verbs, particles and other words, which form the frame of our speech, being of Teutonic descent. Mr. Turner has shown this very strikingly at the end of his History of the Anglo-Saxons, where he gives many passages of the most eminent writers, both in poetry and prose, of different ages, with the words of Saxon origin printed in italics. Mr. Duponceau, in the article Anglo-Saxon, in the American edition of the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, says, "So far as we are able to judge from a superficial investigation of the subject, we are apt to believe that the English words of northern derivation are to those derived from the ancient, as well as the modern languages of southern Europe, in the proportion of something more than three, but not quite as much as four, to one." 2. The structure of the verb and the greater part of the grammar is, fundamentally, Saxon. 3. A large quantity of Saxon words have disappeared, which were used before the Norman conquest. Mr. Turner, in the work already mentioned, says, "I found, in three pages of Alfred's Orosius, 78 words which have become obsolete, out of 548, or about one seventh. In three pages of his Bede, I found 230 obsolete, out of 969, or about one fifth." 4. In many cases, the Saxon word denotes the raw material, or the thing before it is changed by human art; e. g., ox, swine, sheep: the English word of Latin or French origin signifies the same thing after changes have been 250 ANGLO-SAXON-ANGOSTURA. made in it by human labor; e. g., beef, pork, mutton. 5. If there exist two synonymous words, one of Saxon, the other of Latin origin, the former, on account of its greater antiquity (as far as regards the English language), is, generally, more expressive and poetical, though the latter is frequently considered more elegant; e. g., fatherly and paternal, motherly and maternal, happiness and felicity, faithfulness and fidelity, kindred and relations, bereave and deprive, to dwell and to lodge, &c. If the reader will take any fine passage of Shakspeare or the Bible, and change all the Saxon words for which he finds synonymes of French origin, the thoughts will appear deprived of their proper dress. This is also the reason why passages of German writers on common subjects often sound to Englishmen, who begin the study of this kindred language, as if poetically expressed, because the German words correspond to the Saxon and more poetical words of their own language. 6. In the English Bible, the Saxon stock prevails more than in any other English work, not only in respect to the words (many a long passage being wholly composed of Saxon words), but also in respect to the construction.-We may be allowed to close this article with the remarks of Mr. Duponceau in the Encyclopædia above mentioned. "The peculiar structure of the English language," he says, "is far from having been investigated as yet with that degree of attention and accuracy that it deserves. Among other things, we do not find that any grammarian has been at the pains to take a full comparative view of its two great component parts; by which we mean, on the one hand, those words that are derived from the Saxon, Danish and other northern languages, and, on the other hand, those from the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and other idioms of the south of Europe. These two sets of vocables are so dissimilar from each other, that they appear at first view incapable of being amalgamated together, so as to form a harmonious whole; yet who is there that can read, feel and understand, and does not admire the sublime harmony which Milton, Dryden, Pope, Shakspeare, Bolingbroke, and the other immortal poets and prose-writers of Great Britain, have produced out of those discordant elements? To analyze, therefore, those elements, from which have resulted such inconceivable effects, is well worth the trouble of the grammarian and philologer; and the interesting discoveries, to which such an inquiry will lead, will amply repay their learned labors." We will only add, that not only would such an inquiry lead to interesting and beneficial results, but the trouble of the student would be well repaid, if he would investigate the tendency of the language at different periods, and observe how, in some, an inclination to the Saxon stock, in others, to the Latin and its derivative languages, is apparent. At present, the Saxon stock is undoubtedly most in favor, as may be seen by any one who will look into the writings of Byron, sir Walter Scott, and other eminent writers of our time, although a disposition to make free use of French and Italian words is very observable in the intercourse of society and among secondary writers in the departments of light literature. (See Low German.) ANGOLA (formerly called Abonda, or Dongo); a country of Western Africa, S. of Congo. In mercantile language, it includes all the coast from cape Lopez Gonsalvo to St. Phelipe de Benguela, from about lat. 1° to 12° S. The principal object for which this coast is visited is the trade in slaves, of which the number annually obtained is estimated, at least, at 40,000. Loanda, or St. Paul de Loanda, is the principal Portuguese establishment for obtaining Negroes. The Portuguese settled there in the middle ages. A remarkable range of mountains commences at the southern limits of Angola, now cape Negro, and runs up the interior in a N. E. direction. Large herds of wild cattle and mules adorn the plains, whilst lions, tigers, elephants, &c., infest the surrounding country. Vegetation is extremely luxuriant in A. ANGOSTURA, a town of South America, within the republic of Colombia, situated on the south side of the river Oronoco, about 90 leagues from its mouth; well known by the congress held here. The second congress of Venezuela, commonly called the congress of Angostura, was installed in this city on the 15th of Feb. 1819, being the 9th year of the independence of Venezuela. 26 deputies assembled at that time, being 4 short of the number of which it was intended to consist, but sufficient to constitute a quorum. There were 5 from the province of Caraccas; 4 from the province of Varinas; 5 from the province of Barcelona; 4 from the province of Guiana; 4 from the province of Cumana; and 4 from the province of Margarita. The session of this congress was opened with an elaborate address from the supreme chief, Bol ivar; after which, the deputy Francisco Antonio Zea was elected president. This congress had the honor, eventually, of proposing and effecting the union of New Grenada and Venezuela into one government, under the name of Colombia, by the fundamental law of the republic, dated Dec. 17, 1819. Its sessions terminated Jan. 15, 1820, arrangements being previously made for assembling the first general congress of Colombia at Rosario de Cúcuta, on the 1st of Jan., 1821. (See Colombia, Rosario de Cúcuta.) ANGOULÊME; a city of France, the capital of the department of Charente, 60 miles from Bordeaux. The inhab itants are about 14,000, and carry on a considerable trade in paper. Lon. 9° 14′ E.; lat. 45° 39 N. Before the revolution, it was the capital of Angoumois. Balzac and Ravaillac were born here. ANGOULÊME, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duke of; dauphin since 1824, nephew of Louis XVIII, and eldest son of the present king of France, and of Maria Theresa of Savoy; born at Versailles, Aug. 6, 1775. He emigrated, with his father, in 1789, and spent his time at his grandfather's, in Turin, with the duke de Berri, his brother, chiefly in the study of gunnery. In Aug., 1792, he placed himself at the head of a corps of emigrants in Germany. The bad success of the war induced him to settle with his father at Edinburgh. He went, however, some time afterwards, to Blankenburg, in the duchy of Brunswick, and finally to Mittau, in Russia. There he married the only daughter of Louis XVI. In 1801, he left Mittau, and went, with his wife and Louis XVIII, to Warsaw, under the protection of the king of Prussia. But the political system of the cabinet of Berlin obliged them, in 1805, to go a second time to Russia, where they met with the kindest reception from Alexander. Thence he went to England, where the count d'Artois and the whole Bourbon family resided together, at a retired country-seat, near London. When the allied armies invaded France, in 1814, the duke of A. Feb. 2, 1814, repaired to the head-quarters of the British army, at St. Jean de Luz, and immediately wrote that famous proclamation to the French army (J'arrive, je suis en France, dans cette France qui m'est si chère.) The inhabitants of Bordeaux had already declared themselves against Napoleon, and the most zealous royalists hastened daily to the frontiers to offer their services to the duke. At length, under the protection of the English army, he made his entry into Bordeaux. The duke solemnly promised to the mayor, before the assembled citizens, oblivion of the past, and happiness for the future. Three days afterwards, he issued a proclamation, in which, in the name of the king, he promised the abolition of the conscription and of unpopular taxes, encouragement of commerce, and complete religious liberty; but, at the same time, demanded of the French quietness and order, without any party spirit. Indefatigable in his zeal for the king, he hastened from city to city, in order to gain the favor of the citizens and soldiers, and arrived in Paris in May, where he found the whole royal family united. He was made colonel-general of the cuirassiers and dragoons, and admiral of France. In Feb., 1815, he made a journey into the southern provinces, with the duchess. But in Bordeaux, March 9, he received from Paris the news of the landing of Napoleon, and, at the same time, his appointment as lieutenant-general of the kingdom, with unlimited authority. He left the city immediately, confiding the duchess to the fidelity of Bordeaux, and established a new government in Toulon, at the head of which he placed count Damas and the baron de Vitrolles. After this, he advanced, with some troops of the line and national guards, towards Montelimart, where he beat the Bonapartists, March 30. He then marched from Moutelimart to Valence, in order to take possession of Lyons, and, near Loriol, upon the heights of Livron, and at the bridge over the Drome, defeated the enemy a second time, but was attacked, April 6, near St. Jacques, driven back to Valence, and deserted by his troops. Bordeaux and Toulouse fell off, and he himself was arrested near Port St. Esprit, and imprisoned. After 6 days, he was released, and, with his followers, put on board of the Swedish vessel Scandinavia, at Cette. He landed at Barcelona, and went to Madrid, to Ferdinand VII. Soon after, he returned to the French frontier, to organize a new opposition to Napoleon. In Puycerda, July 10th, he learned that Marseilles had revolted from Napoleon. He wrote immediately to the royal committee in this city, and made the lieutenant-general, marquis de Rivière, governor. He himself collected all the French who had fled to Spain, and was about to pass the frontiers, when the events in the Netherlands opened anew to Louis XVIII the gates of the capital. The duke immediately hastened from Bordeaux to 252 ANGOULEME-ANGUILLA. Toulouse, where he restored the royal government, and in a short time organized several battalions of royal volunteers, who enlisted for 4 years, and garrisoned the fortresses in the Pyrenees, in the Alps, and along the coasts. After his return to Paris, he was made president of the electoral college in the department of the Gironde, and set out with his wife, Aug. 15, for Bordeaux, where he opened the sittings of the electoral body with a speech, and had the pleasure of seeing the elections result according to his wish. Oct. 12, he was made president of the 5th bureau of the chamber of peers, but appeared there as seldom as the other princes of the blood. Political quarrels, and, still more, the violent religious disputes between Catholics and Protestants, soon obliged the king to send this prince into the southern provinces, where, after some ebullitions of party spirit, he succeeded in restoring tranquillity. In the campaign of 1823, in Spain, he was commander-in-chief, and is said to have carried on the war in a spirit of mild ness. 66 ANGOULÊME, Maria Theresa Charlotte, duchess of, dauphiness, daughter of Louis XVI, born Dec. 19, 1778, at Versailles, displayed, in early youth, a penetrating understanding, an energetic character, and the tenderest feeling for the misfortunes of others. The grand-prince czar Paul, who travelled through France as comte du Nord, at his departure, took the little princess, then 4 years of age, in his arms, and kissed her, with the words, "Farewell; I shall never see you again." "Dear count,” replied the child, "I shall come to you."-The revolution broke out, and, Aug. 10, 1792, the whole royal family was imprisoned in one of the towers of the temple. The princess, in Dec., 1795, was exchanged for the deputies whom Dumouriez had surrendered to the Austrians, and was carried to Vienna. Her income, at this time, consisted of the interest of a capital of 400,000 francs, which the archduchess Christina, of Austria, had bequeathed to her. During her residence at Vienna, Louis XVIII concluded to marry her to the duke of Angoulême; this was done, June 10, 1799, in Mittau. The emperor of Russia signed the contract. But the political situation of Russia obliged all the Bourbons, in the year 1801, to fly to Warsaw. Here they lived till 1805, when they returned, with the permission of the emperor Alexander, to Mittau. Towards the end of 1806, they were obliged, by the successes of Na poleon, to fly to England. The princess left her retired seat at Hartwell, for the first time, at the invitation of the prince regent, June 4, 1811, on the birth-day of George III. In April, 1814, she heard the news of the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne of France, and, May 4th, she made her entrance into Paris with the king. On the return of Napoleon to France, she was at Bordeaux with her husband. Her endeavors to preserve this city for the king being ineffectual, she embarked for England, went to Ghent, and returned thence to Paris, on the new change of things. ANGORA, ANGYRA, or ANGOURA; a populous city of Natolia, 212 miles from Constantinople, and one of the neatest and most polished towns of Asia Minor. The inhabitants, the number of whom is not ascertained, are composed of Turks and Christians. It formerly was much more extensive, and its population, perhaps, double that of recent times, having been reckoned at 80,000 souls. The town stands on an eminence, and is surrounded by hills covered with fine gardens. It is fortified, but the walls of the city are suffered to go to decay. A. was, at one time, a place of great trade, and the inhabitants still maintain a considerable manufacture of yarn, Angora stuffs and shawls. It is supposed that not less than 15,000 pieces of these latter articles are yearly made in the city. The shawls are peculiarly fine, rivalling even those of Cashmere, and fabricated from the hair of the Angora goat. The surrounding country is chiefly devoted to the raising of wheat. Opium, however, is cultivated in the district, and large quantities of honey and wax are obtained from the extensive bee-hives in and near the city. A. stands on the very site of the ancient Ancyra, in E. lon. 33° 18', N. lat. 40° 4. Numerous caravans continually pass through this city. ANGRA; a seaport on the S. side of Terceira, one of the Azores, of which A. is the capital; lon. 27° 14′ W.; lat. 38° 38′ N.; pop. 11,000. The town is well built, and has 5 parishes, a cathedral, 4 monasteries, and as many nunneries. It is defended by a strong castle and deep ditch. King Alphonso VI was imprisoned in this castle by his brother, Peter II, in 1668. The town derives its name from angra, a creek, bay, or station for shipping; this bay being the only convenient harbor in all the Azores. The English, French and Dutch have consuls residing here. ANGUILLA; the most northerly of the |