The two first sorts appear like large, fleshy, green melons, with deep ribs, set all over with strong, sharp thorns, setting close to the surface of the earth, and differing in height, from a foot to a yard. When these plants are cut through the middle, their inside is found to be a soft, pale-green, fleshy substance, very full of moisture, the taste of which is agreeably acid. The fruits are frequently eaten in the West Indies. One of the most remarkable species of cactus is the C. grandiflorus, or night-flowering creeping cereus, belonging to the third class. The flower of this species, though very shortlived, is a splendid production. It begins to open in the evening, between seven and eight o'clock, is fully blown by eleven, and by three or four in the morning begins to fade; soon after which, it hangs down in a state of irrecoverable decay. When the plants are large, several flowers will open in the same night, and there will be a succession of them for several nights together. The calyx, when expanded, is about six inches, sometimes nearly a foot, in diameter, yellow within, and dark-brown without. The petals are many, and of a pure white, and the great number of recurved stamina surrounding the style in the centre of the flower make a grand appearance. It generally flowers in July.

CACUS, a robber in Italy, the terror of the Aventine wood, of the surrounding inhabitants and of strangers, a monstrous giant, according to some, vomiting fire, of enormous strength and terrible appearance, was a son of Vulcan. A deep, winding cavern was his residence, over the entrance of which hung the heads and arms of those whom he had slain. This cave he closed with a stone, which 20 pair of oxen could not remove. When Hercules was driving the herds of Geryon through Italy, C. robbed him of some of them, and, to conceal their tracks, dragged them backwards into his cave. But their lowing betrayed them; upon which Hercules attacked the robber, and, after a terrible conflict (see Virgil's Eneid, b. 8), killed him with his club. To express his gratitude for his victory, Hercules erected the ara maxima, and Evander, with his Arcadians, performed divine honors to Hercules as their benefactor.

CADALSO, José, a man of very respectable standing among the later writers of Spain, was born at Cadiz, in 1741, of an ancient and noble family, and educated in Paris, where he made himself master of Greek and Latin, and the principal

languages of modern Europe. He afterwards travelled through England, France, Portugal, Germany and Italy. At the age of 20, he returned home, and joined the Spanish forces then employed against Portugal. He remained in the army till his death, in 1782, attentive to his military duties, though devoted to literature. He was the friend of the most distinguished writers then living in Spain, and, by his advice and example, contributed much to bring out the talent of several among them. He was killed by a shell at the siege of Gibraltar, in 1782. He is the author of Cartas Marruecas, a series of letters written in the character of a Moorish traveller in Spain, and containing reflections upon Spanish institutions and manners. It is a work of much merit. C. also wrote a satire called Eruditos á la Violeta, in ridicule of sciolists; also a tragedy, and several poetical pieces under the title of Ocios de mi Juventud.

CADA MOSTO, or CA DA MOSTO, Louis da, born at Venice, about 1432, devoted himself to commerce, after receiving a careful education, and made many voyages into the Mediterranean sea and Atlantic ocean. In 1454, he sailed in the ship of his countryman, Marco Zeno, for Flanders. Contrary winds stopped the progress of the vessel in the straits of Gibraltar, and she was compelled to lie to near cape St. Vincent, where prince Henry had retired to devote himself to his studies, and to promote discoveries along the coast of Africa. C., a young man full of the spirit of enterprise, offered his services to the prince, and obtained a ship of 90 tons. In 1455, he departed from Lagos, sailed into the river Senegal, which had been discovered five years before, proceeded yet farther along the coast, and visited prince Damel, whose states extended from the Senegal to cape Verd. After trading in slaves and gold, he steered for cape Verd, where he joined two other discovery-ships of the prince, and visited, in company with them, the mouths of the Gambia, the riches of which had been greatly extolled. As they were attacked by the inhabitants, and the mariners, weary of their long voyage, had become discouraged, the commanders were compelled to return to Portugal. In 1456, C., in company with two other ships, made a second voyage to the Gambia. On the way thither, they discovered the cape Verd islands. When they entered into the Gambia this time, they were well received; but the quantity of gold which they obtained did not

answer their expectations. The three ships continued their course as far as the river Casamansa and the Rio Grande, and returned to Portugal. C. remained there till 1463, in which year prince Henry died. The description of his travels, Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle Terre de' Negri della Bassa Etiopia, di Luigi Cada Mosto (Vicenza, 1507, and Milan, 1519), the oldest of the voyages of the moderns, is a master-piece. The arrangement is admirable, the narrative interesting, the descriptions clear and accu

rate.

CADE, John (better known as Jack Cade); a man of low birth, who had been obliged to fly into France for his crimes. Observing the discontents of the people on his return to England (1450), in the reign of Henry VI (q. v.), he took the name of John Mortimer, published complaints against the abuses of government, and soon found himself at the head of 20,000 men, common people of Kent. Having defeated a force sent against him, he advanced to London, which opened its gates; but the riotous disposition of his followers alarmed the citizens. They drove out and defeated the rebels, who soon dispersed, and Cade was killed by one Iden, a gentleman of Kent.

CADENCE, OF REPRISE; a pause or suspension at the end of an air, to afford the performer an opportunity of introducing a graceful extempore close. The word cadence is also frequently applied to the embellishment itself.

CADER IDRIS; a mountain of Wales; the commencement of a chain running north-easterly. There are here several small lakes, abounding in fish. The height of the mountain is 3550 feet above the level of the sea. It is three miles south of Dolgelly, Merionethshire.

CADET (French); 1. a younger brother. -2. In the French service, a cadet was a gentleman who served in the ranks with out pay, for the purpose of learning the art of war.-3. It is now applied, in England and the North American U. States, to the pupils of a military academy. (q. v.)

CADET DE VAUX, Antoine Alexis, a chemist, member of the French collège de pharmacie, and of many learned German societies, born in Paris, 1743, was at first an apothecary, but for many years has been a successful practical agriculturalist, and active, even in his old age, in improving the soil and the manufactures of his country. He has discussed the effect of the destruction of mountain forests in diminishing the

copiousness of the springs in the valleys, the improvement of vineyards, the cultvation of foreign plants, and the providing of substitutes for the usual articles of food in times of scarcity. He is one of the principal editors of the Journal d'Économie rurale et domestique, and of the Cours complet d'Agriculture pratique. He has also been engaged in politics.

CADI, in Arabic; a judge or jurist. Among the Turks, cadi signifies an inferior judge, in distinction from the molla, or superior judge. They belong to the higher clergy, as the Turks derive their law from their prophet.

CADIZ, the principal port, and one of the handsomest cities of Spain, is situated at the extremity of a long tongue of land projecting from the island of Leon. The narrowness of the land communication prevents its capture by a military force, while the garrison is master of the sea. This was exemplified in the long blockade of 1810, 11, 12. It is walled, with trenches and bastions on the land side, and, the population being large (70,000), the houses have been built high, and the streets are narrow. It has been much extended, and adorned with handsome buildings, since 1786. The chief buildings are the great hospital, the customhouse, the churches, and 13 monasteries. From the harbor, the town has a fine appearance. The bay of C. is a very fine one. It is a large basin enclosed by the main land on one side, and the projecting tongue of land on the other. It is from 10 to 12 leagues in circumference, with good anchorage, and protected by the neighboring hills. It has 4 forts, 2 of which form the defence of the grand arsenal, La Caraca, in which are 3 basins and 12 docks. This bay is the great rendezvous of the Spanish navy. C. was the centre of Spanish American trade, and the commerce of the port was very extensive, before the separation of the colonies. An important branch of industry in the vicinity is the preparation of salt: the pits belong to the government, and supply many of the fishermen of different countries of Europe. The city was taken by the earl of Essex in 1596, and from its bay Villeneuve sailed, previous to the battle of Trafalgar, in 1808. In 1809, it became the seat of the central junta, and afterwards of the cortes. It sustained a long blockade from the French (Feb. 6, 1810, to Aug. 25, 1812), which was not raised till after the battle of Salamanca. In 1823, the French entered it (Oct. 3), after a short siege. In 1829, it

was declared a free port. On the island of Leon, the village of Las Cabezas is also situated, where Riego began the military revolution, Jan. 1, 1820. (See Spain.)

CADIZ, STRAITS OF; that part of the Atlantic which has the coasts of Algarve and Andalusia on the north, those of Fez and Morocco on the south, and the straits of Gibraltar on the east.

CADMUS; the name of several persons in mythology and history. The most famous is the son of Agenor and grandson of Neptune. With his brothers, he was sent, by his father, to seek for his sister Europa, who had been carried away by Jupiter, and he was not to return without her. After several adventures, C. inquired of the oracle at Delphi, which commanded him to desist from further search, to intrust himself to the guidance of a heifer, and where she should stop to build a city. He accordingly went to Boeotia, where he wished to sacrifice the cow to Minerva. But his companions, in attempting to fetch water from the fountain of Mars, for the purpose of the sacrifice, were slain by the dragon that guarded it. C. killed the dragon, and, at the command of Minerva, sowed its teeth in the earth; armed men immediately sprang up, whom he called Sparti (the sowed), but who perished in a contest with each other, excepting only five. With the remainder, he built the city of Cadmea or Thebes (see Thebes). Jupiter then married him to Harmonia, and all the gods were present at his nuptials. He became, by this marriage, the father of Antinoe, Ino, Semele, Agave and Polydorus. After ruling, for a time, the city which he had built, and the state which he had founded, he proceeded, at the command of Bacchus, with Harmonia, to the Enchelæ, conquered their enemies, the Illyrians, became their king, and begat another son, Illyrius. Jupiter finally changed hini and Harmonia into serpents, or, as some say, into lions, and transported them to Elysium. Tradition states, that C. came to Boeotia from Phoenicia, 1550 B. C., conquered the inhabitants who opposed him, and, in conjunction with them, founded the above-mentioned city. To promote the improvement of his new subjects, he taught them the Phoenician alphabet, the employment of music at the festivals of the gods, besides the use of copper, &c.-Another C. of Miletus, a son of Pandion, was regarded, among the Greeks, as the first who wrote in prose. He lived about 600 years before Christ,

CADSAND; an island near the coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheldt; lon. 3° 18′ E.; lat. 51° 23′ N. This island is preserved by lofty dikes, constructed at a vast expense, from the inundations of the sea; and yet is scarcely free from danger when the N. W. wind blows with violence. The land is fertile, and the corn is equal to any produced in the United Provinces; the meadows are luxuriant, and the farmers make a large quantity of excellent cheese.

CADUCEUS, a wand of laurel or olive, with two little wings on the upper end, about which two serpents are twisted, with their heads turned towards each other, and their crests not bristled, served for a symbol of peace. It was borne by the heralds, whose persons were then sacred and inviolable. The fable tells us, that Apollo gave this staff to Mercury, in consideration of his resigning to him the honor of inventing the lyre. As Mercury entered Arcadia with this wand in his hand, he saw two serpents fighting together; he threw the staff between them, and they immediately wound themselves around it in friendly union. The serpents which adorn this staff were, according to Böttiger, originally, emblems of the knots with which the oldest merchants of the Mediterranean sea secured their chests and goods. The C. is Mercury's peculiar mark of distinction, With this he conducted the shades to the lower world, and from it received the name Caducifer; yet we find it, on ancient coins, in the hands of Bacchus, Hercules, Ceres, Venus and Anubis. Among the moderns, it serves principally as an emblem of commerce.

CADWALADER, John, was born in Philadelphia, and, at the commencement of the revolution, commanded a volunteer corps, of which almost all the members received commissions in the line of the army. He was afterwards appointed colonel of one of the city battalions, from which rank he rose to that of brigadiergeneral, and was intrusted with the command of the Pennsylvania troops in the winter campaign of '76-77. He acted in this command, and as a volunteer, in the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and on other occasions, and received the thanks of general Washington, whose confidence and esteem he always possessed. C. was appointed to command one of the divisions into which the army was separated when Washington determined to attack the enemy at Trenton; but, in conse

quence of the ice in the river, neither he nor general Irvine, the commander of another division, could cross the river in time. But, the day after Washington's return, he effected the passage, supposing him still on the Jersey side, and pursued the vanquished enemy to Burlington. In 1778, he was appointed by congress general of cavalry-an appointment which he declined on the score of being more useful in the station which he occupied. He died Feb. 10, 1786, in the 44th year of his age.

CELIUS MONS, one of the hills of the city of Rome, received its name from Caelius Vibenna, an Etruscan, to whom it was assigned. The palace of Tullus Hostilius was on this mount. In the time of Tiberius, it received the name Augustus. It is at present covered with ruins, which serve to excite the curiosity and baffle the ingenuity of antiquaries.

CAEN; a large and well-built town of France, the ancient capital of Lower Normandy, and the chief place in the department of Calvados. According to Dupin (Forces productives commerciales de la France, 1828), it is one of the most important cities of the west of France, with a population of 37,890 inhabitants, the centre of an important domestic trade, the market of a rich agricultural district, a seaport and a manufacturing city. Its institutions, literary, charitable and scientific, are numerous, and very well organized. The antiquarian society, the Linnæan society, the agricultural society, and the academy of science, arts and literature, are distinguished. C. also contains one of the 26 academies of the university (académie universitaire), a royal college, a large and valuable public library, an academy of drawing, architecture and sculpture, a gallery of paintings, and many other useful and liberal institutions. The hospital of the abbaye-aux-dames is one of the best regulated in France. The noble hospital of the bon-sauveur is divided into the asylum for the insane, the dispensary for the sick and wounded, the school for the deaf and dumb, the lyingin-hospital, a boarding school for young ladies, and a free school for 120 destitute girls. The whole is administered by 125 charitable females (soeurs hospitaliers). The streets are less narrow and crooked than is usual in France, and the houses are mostly of white stone. It has 12 parish churches, of which the principal are the abbaye-aux-hommes, built by William the Conqueror, who lies buried in it, and notre-dame. The city was formerly forti

fied, but the fortifications are now in rains. Henry VI of England founded a university here in 1431, C. having been in the possession of the English, of whom it is now a favorite retreat, from 1417 to 1448. Admiral de Coligni captured it for the Protestants in 1562, and, in 1815, it was occupied by the Prussians. Linen, serges, particularly rich lace, with stockings, caps, paper-hangings and oil, are the principal articles of manufacture. A sugar refinery has lately been established. in which a steam-engine is employed. A large fair is held here annually, and an exhibition of the manufactures of the department biennially. Malherbe, De Laplace, Vauquelin, were born in this city or in its vicinity. It is 132 miles N. W. of Paris. Lon. 21′ 38′′ W.; lat. 49° 11′ 12′′ N.

CAERLEON; a small town in England, 26 miles from Bristol, on the Usk, in which the tide rises 30 feet. (See Bristol Channel.) It was the site of the Isca Silurum, the chief Roman station in the country of the Silures. The ruins of baths, temples and a theatre were to be seen here in the 12th century; and Roman coins, statues and sepulchral monuments are yet found. There are also the vestiges of an amphitheatre, which the inhabitants call king Arthur's round table, from a tradition that he instituted the round table in this place. Population, in 1821, 1062.

CAERMARTHEN; chief town of Caermarthenshire, South Wales. It is situated on the Towy, the picturesque beauties of the vale of which are seen to great advantage from the celebrated Grongar hill and the ruins of Dynevor castle. The streets are many of them steep and irregular. The river is navigable for vessels of 300 tons burden. In the history of romance, C. is famed as the birthplace of Merlin, and three miles from the town is a spot called Merlin's grove, in which tradition relates that the Lady of the Lake intombed the unhappy magician (Faerie Queen, iii. 3). Merlin's chair, from which he uttered his prophecies, is also shown. Roman roads, coins and sepulchral antiquities are found in the neighborhood. About eight miles from the town there is an immense cairn, 18 feet high and 150 in circuit, covered with turf. The top is hollow, with a stone chest in it, covered with an oval stone nine feet long. Between the Towy and the Cowen there is a barrow with a stone chest in it. C. s 212 miles west from London. Popula tion, in 1821, 8906.

CAERNARVON, the principal town of North Wales, stands on the Menai strait, with a good harbor, but difficult of access. It is built in the form of a square, enclosed on three sides with walls. Edward I built it in 1282, and his son, Edward II, first prince of Wales, was born here. C. stands near the site of the ancient Segontium of Antoninus, the Caer Seiont of the Britons. Being formerly a strong hold, it was frequently attacked in the wars between the Welsh and English, and in the civil wars. Population, 5788. Distant 253 miles N. W. from London.

CAERPHILLY, or CAERPHILI; a small market-town in the county of Glamorgan, distinguished for the ruins of one of the most magnificent castles in Great Britain. The date of its foundation is unknown; but, till the time of Henry III, it was called the castle of Senghenydd. The great hall, 70 feet by 30, and the hanging tower, nearly 80 feet high, and inelining about 11 feet from the perpendicular, are remarkable objects. The position of the latter was produced by the steam of a quantity of water which was thrown upon a furnace of melted iron beneath the tower. Distant 158 miles west from London.

CAERWENT; a village of England, supposed to have been the Venta Silurum of Antoninus. The vestiges of a large Roman camp are visible. A mosaic pavement of blue, white, yellow and red was discovered here some years ago. Distant 17 miles N. W. of Bristol.

CAERWYS, a small town of North Wales, is noted for the celebration of the Eisteddfod, or competition of the bards (q. v.). They recited their odes, or performed on the harp, in presence of judges appointed by the native princes. The prize was a small silver harp. Distant 212 miles N. W. from London.

CESAR was the family name of the five first Roman emperors. With Nero the imperial family became extinct (A.D.68), and Cæsar became merely a title of dignity. The emperor, who bore the title of Augustus, appointed his successor, with the title of Cæsar. On medals and monuments we find the title Cæsar preceding the name of the emperor, as, Imp. Cæsar Nerva Trajanus Augustus, and following that of the designated successor, as, Marc. Aurel. Antonin. Cæsar. In the lower Greek empire, a new dignity of Sebastocrator was conferred, and that of Cæsar became the third rank in the state.

CESAR, Caius Julius, a great general, statesman and historian, was born July 10th (Quinctilis), B. C. 100. He was the

He

son of the pretor Caius Julius Cæsar, and of Aurelia, à daughter of Aurelius Cotta. From his earliest boyhood, he discovered extraordinary talents, had a penetrating intellect, a remarkably strong memory, and a lively imagination; was indefatigable in business, and able, as we are told by Pliny, to read, write, hear and dictate, at the same time, from four to seven different letters. When the party of Marius gained the ascendency in Rome, Cinna gave his daughter Cornelia in marriage to C., with the view thereby to establish his own power more firmly. Sylla, when he came to Rome, tried to prevail on him to repudiate her. His refusal provoked the anger of the usurper, who was prevented only by the earnest entreaties of his friends from putting him under proscription. The saying of Sylla, that "he saw in this stripling many a Marius," hastened the departure of C. from Rome. He travelled into the Sabine territory, was seized by the soldiers of Sylla, and was obliged to procure his release by a bribe of two talents. He then proceeded to the court of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Thence he went to M. Minucius Thermus, the pretor in Asia, who intrusted him with the command of the fleet which was to blockade Mitylene. In the execution of this trust, C. distinguished himself highly, although but 22 years old. He next visited Rhodes, and placed himself under the instruction of Apollonius, to fit himself for speaking at the bar. On the way, he was taken by pirates, and compelled to pay 50 talents for his release. To revenge himself, he fitted out some vessels at Miletus, overtook the pirates, made the greatest part of them prisoners, and had them crucified before Pergamus. He now returned to Rome, and became military tribune, questor and edile. At the same time, he had the address to win the favor of the people by affability, by splendid entertainments and public shows; and, trusting to his popularity, he ventured to erect again the statues and trophies of Marius, who was hated by the senate and the patricians. By means of one of his relations, L. Julius Cæsar, whom he had aided in obtaining the consulship, he caused many of Sylla's followers to be banished or put to death. In the conspiracy of Catiline he certainly had a secret part. He defended the conspirators, who were arrested, and succeeded in raising a tumult against Cato, who strongly opposed him, so that he was obliged to quit the rostrum, and even his life was endanger