Picardy in 1513, and besieged Terouane, The French army disgracefully took to flight. B., with his accustomed intrepidity, made an ineffectual resistance to the enemy: overpowered by superior_numbers, his troop was on the point of laying down their arms, when B., perceiving an English officer at some distance from him, immediately galloped towards him, presented his sword to his breast, and cried, “ Yield, or die !" The Englishman : surrendered his sword: B. immediately gave him his own, saying, "I am Bayard, and your captive, as you are mine." The boldness and ingenuity of this action pleased the emperor and the king of England, who decided that B. needed no ransom, and that both captives were released from their parole. When Francis I ascended the throne, he sent B. into Dauphiné, to open for his army a passage over the Alps, and through Piedmont. Pros per Colonna lay in wait for him on his march, expecting to surprise him, but B. made him prisoner. This brilliant exploit was the prelude to the battle of Marignano, in which B., at the side of the king, performed wonders of bravery, and decided the victory. After this glorious day, Francis was knighted with the sword of B. When Charles V invaded Champagne, with a large army, and threatened to penetrate into the heart of France, B. defended the weakly-fortified town of Mezieres against every assault, until the dissensions of the hostile lenders compelled them to retreat. B. was saluted in Paris as the siv ior of his country: the king bestowed on him the order of St. Michael, and a company of 100 men, which he was to comtrand in his own name-an honor which, till then, had only been conferred on princes of the blood. Soon afterwards, "Genca revolted from France: B's presence reduced it to obedience. But, after the surrender of Lodi, fortune changed, and the French troops were expelled from their conquests. Bonnivet was obliged to retreat through the valley of Aosta; his rear was beaten, and himself severely wounded, when the safety of the army was committed to B. It was necessary to pass the Sesia in the presence of a superior enemy, and B., always the last in retreat, vigorously attacked the Spaniards, when a stone, from a blunderbuss, struck his right side, and shattered his back-bone. The hero fell, exclaiming, “Jesus, my God, I am a dead man!" They hastened towards him. "Place me under you tree,” he said,

Paul of Luxemburg, count de Ligny. The tournaments were his first field of glory. At the age of 18, he accompanied Charles VIII to Italy, and distinguished himself greatly in the battle at Verona, where he took a standard. At the beginning of the reign of Louis XII, in a battle near Milan, he pursued the fugitives with such eagerness, that he entered the city with them, and was taken prisoner. Ludovico Sforza returned him his arms and his horse, and dismissed him without ranSOTIL. Whilst the French were in Apulia, B. defeated a Spanish corps, and made their leader, don Alonzo de Sotomayor, prisoner. He treated him with generosity. Sotomayor, however, not only violated his parole by flight, but calumniated B., who, according to the custom of that time, challenged him, and killed him. Afterwards, like Horatius Cocles, he defended a bridge over the Garigliano singly against the Spaniards, and saved the French army by checking the advance of the victorious enemy. For this exploit, he received as a coat of arms a porcupine, with the motto l'ires agminis unus habet. He distinguished himself equally against the Genoese and the Venetians. When Julius II declared himself against France, B. went to the assistance of the duke of Ferrara. He did not succeed in his plan of taking the pope prisoner; but he refused, with indignation, an offer made to betray him. Being severely wounded at the assault of Brescia, he was carried into the house of a nobleman, who had fled, and left his wife and two daughters exposed to the insolence of the soldiers. B. protected the family, refused the reward of 2500 ducats, which they offered to him, and returned, as soon as he was cured, into the camp of Gaston de Foix, before Ravenna. In an engagement, which shortly after ensued, he took two standards from the Spaniards, and pursued the fugitives. Gaston, the hope of France, perished through his neglect of the advice of B. In the retreat from Pavia, B. was again wounded. He was carried to Grenoble; his he was in danger. I grieve not for death," he said, "but to die on my bed, like a woman." In the war commenced by Ferdinand the Catholic, he displayed beyond the Pyrenees the same talents, the same heroism, which had distinguished him beyond the Alps. The fatal reverses which imbittered the last years of Louis XII only added a brighter splendor to the personal glory of B. Henry VIII of England, in alliance with Ferdinand and Maximilian, threatened

that I may see the enemy." For want of a crucifix, he kissed the cross of his

sword, confessed to his squire, consoled his servants and his friends, bade farewell to his king and his country, and died, April 30, 1524, surrounded by friends and ensies, who all shed tears of admiration and grief. His body, which remained in the hands of his enemies, was embalmed by them, given to the French, and interred a church of the Minorites, near Grenoe. His monument consists of a simple st, with a Latin inscription. (See Hist. P.Terrail, dit le Chevalier Bayard sans Peur et sans Reproche, by Gayard de Berde, new edition, Paris, 1824).

BAYARD, James A., an eminent Amerilawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia, in 1767. His classical eduon was completed at Princeton colIn the year 1784, he engaged in the of the law, and, on his admission to the bar, settled in the state of Delaware, Where he soon acquired considerable prace and reputation. A few years after reached his majority, he was elected a presentative of Delaware in congress. The first occasion, on which he particuany distinguished himself, was the imchment of William Blount, a senator the U. States. Mr. B. was chairinan of the committee of eleven, who were seed, by the house of representatives, to get that impeachment. He took the and a very brilliant part in the dison of the constitutional questions With arose out of the successful plea of used to the jurisdiction of the senate. an early period of his political career, dent Adams offered him the post of to the French republic, which pruerial reasons induced him to decline. . B. was one of the leaders of the feda party in congress at the epoch of the ton of Mr. Jefferson to the office of dent. In the memorable contest in house of representatives, which was duced by the equality of votes for Mr. rson and colonel Burr, he finally railed upon his political coadjutors to the mode of proceeding which enathe friends of Mr. Jefferson to triph. Hostile as he was to that statesand much as he had reason to pect of personal advantage from a difnt issue, he sacrificed party feeling adambitious hope, when he perceived the peace of the country and the lity of the constitution might be endered by continuing the struggle. In debate of the house did Mr. B. display his genius more than in that which preeded the repeal, in March, 1802, of the piary bill. A volume of the speeches

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which were delivered in this famous controversy has been published. It was almost universally conceded that he was the ablest advocate of the system or organization which was destroyed. He continued in the house of representatives after the change of administration, always conspicuous for his sound principles, constant acuteness, extensive knowledge, and manly, copious eloquence. Elected to the senate of the U. States by the legislature of Delaware, he displayed, for several years, in that assembly, the same talents and patriotism. In 1812, he strenuously opposed the declaration of war with Great Britain. President Madison selected him as one of the commissioners to treat for peace under the proffered mediation of the emperor Alexander of Russia. He embarked on this important mission, which had not been sought nor expected by himself or his friends for him, from the port of Philadelphia, May 8, 1813, and arrived at St. Petersburg in July of that year. The absence of the emperor prevented the transaction of any business, and, when all hope of advancing the main object seemed idle, Mr. B. proceeded (January, 1814) by land to Holland. There he learned the willingness of the British court to treat directly with the American envoys. Previously to the arrival of his colleagues, who, in consequence of this annunciation, were despatched by the American government, he visited England. At the proper period, he repaired to Ghent, which was ultimately chosen as the scene of the negotiations which terminated in the treaty that bears the name of that place. His share in the oral discussions and the written correspondence with the British plenipotentiaries was such as might have been expected from his peculiar fitness for the task of negotiation. On the conclusion of this business, he made a journey to Paris, where he remained until he heard of the ratification of the treaty, and of his appointment as envoy to the court of St. Petersburg. This he promptly declined. It was his intention, however, to go to England, in order to co-operate in the formation of a commercial treaty with the British cabinet, as he was included in the commission sent for that purpose; but an alarming illness put an end to every plan, except that of reaching his home as early as possible. He embarked at Havre in May, 1815, in a state of the most painful debility, suffered unfortunate delays in the voyage, and arrived in the U. States only to die in the arms of his family.—

Mr. B. was a logician of the first order, possessed a rich and ready elocution, and commanded attention as well by his fine countenance and manly person as his cogent reasoning and comprehensive views. He acquired a reputation, both as a lawyer and political orator, scarcely inferior to that of any one of his American contemporaries.

BAYLE, Pierre, born at Carlat, in the county of Foix (Languedoc), in 1647, received his first instruction from his father, a Calvinistic preacher. He gave early proofs of an astonishing memory, and of a singular vivacity of mind. At the age of 19 years, he entered the college of Puy-Laurens, to finish his studies. The ardor with which he devoted himself to them weakened his constitution. All books were eagerly devoured by him; his taste for logic led him particularly to study religious controversies, but Amyot's Plutarch and Montaigne were his favorite works. The latter encouraged, without doubt, his inclination to scepticism; perhaps both contributed to give to his style that vivacity, that boldness of expression and antique coloring, so observable in it. In Toulouse, he studied philosophy with the Jesuits. The arguments of his professor, and, still more, his friendly discussions with a Catholic priest, who dwelt near him, confirmed his doubts of the orthodoxy of Protestantism, so that he resolved to change his religion. His conversion was a triumph to the Catholics. His family, however, tried all means to regain him, and, after 17 months, he returned to his old faith. In order to escape from the punishment of perpetual excommunication, which the Catholic church then pronounced against apostates, he went to Geneva, and thence to Copet, where count Dohna intrusted him with the education of his sons, and where he studied the philosophy of Des Cartes. But, after some years, he returned to France, and settled in Rouen, where he was employed in teaching. From thence he went to Paris, where the society of learned men indemnified him for the fatigues of an occupation to which he was obliged to submit for a third time. In 1675, he obtained the philosophical chair at Sedan, where he taught with distinction until the suppression of this academy in 1681. He was afterwards invited to discharge the same duties at Rotterdam. The appearance of a comet, in 1680, which occasioned an almost universal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his Pensées diverses sur la Comète, a work

full of learning, in which he discussed various subjects of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and politics. It was followed by his Critique générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme de Maimbourg. This work, received with equal approbation by the Catholics and Protestants, and esteemed by Maimbourg himself, excited the jealousy of his colleague, the theologian Jurieu, whose Refutation du P. Maimbourg had not succeeded, and involved B. in many disputes. He afterward undertook a periodical work, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, in 1684. A letter from Rome, published in this work, excited the displeasure of the queen Christina of Sweden, who caused two violent letters to be sent to him. B. apologized, and his excuses so perfectly satisfied the queen, that from that time she kept up a literary correspondence with him. The death of his father and of his two brothers, together with the religious persecutions in France, induced him to undertake his Commentaire philosophique sur ces Paroles de l'Evangile; Contrains-les d'entrer; which, in regard to style and tone, is not worthy of him. B. himself was unwilling to acknowledge it; but Jurieu, who probably recognised its author by the zeal with which toleration is defended in this work, attacked it with violence. His hatred only waited for a pretence to break out against B.; he found it in the Avis aux Refugiés, a work in which the Protestants are treated with little ceremony. Jurieu not only accused B. of being the author of this work (which certainly is not his), but also of being the soul of a party devoted to France, in opposition to the Protestants and allied powers. B. repelled these charges in two publications; but the calumny prevailed. In 1693, the magistrates of Rotterdam removed him from his office, and forbade him to give private instruction. He now devoted all his attention to the composition of his Dictionnaire historique et critique, which he first published in 1696, in 2 vols. fol. This was the first work which appeared under his name. Jurieu opposed him anew, and caused the consistory, in which he had the greatest influence, to make a severe attack upon him. B. promised to remove every thing which the consistory deemed offensive; but, finding the public had other views, and preferring rather the satisfaction of his readers than that of his judges, he left the work, with the exception of a few trifles, unaltered. He found two new enemies in Jacquelot and Le Clerc, who both at

tacked his religion: others persecuted him as the enemy of his sect and his new country. These contests increased his bodily infirmities. His lungs became inflamed; but he was unwilling to use any medical applications against a disorder which he considered as hereditary and incurable. He died, so to speak, with the pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of 59 years. "Bayle," says Voltaire, "is the first of logicians and sceptics. His greatest enemies must confess that there is not a line in his works which contains an open aspersion of Christianity; but his warmest apologists must acknowledge, that there is not a page in his controversial writings which does not lead the reader to doubt, and often to scepticism." He compares himself to Homer's cloudcompelling Jupiter. "My talent," he says, "consists in raising doubts; but they are only doubts." The confidence of most theologians induced him to undertake to prove that several points are not so certain and so evident as they imagined. But he gradually passed these limits: his penetration caused him to doubt even the most universally acknowledged facts. Yet he never attacked the great principles of morality. Though an admirable logician, he was so little acquainted with physics, that even the discoveries of Newton were unknown to him. His style is natural and clear, but often prolix, careless and incorrect. He himself calls his Dictionnaire" une compilation informe des passages cousus à la queue les uns des autres." Without assenting implicitly to this modest judgment, we must confess that the articles, in themselves, are of little value, and that they serve only as a pretext for the notes, in which the author displays, at the same time, his learning, and the power of his logic. The character of B. was gentle, amiable, disinterested, highly modest and peaceable: he devoted himself entirely to literature. The most esteemed edition of his Dictionnaire historique is that of 1740, in 4 vols. fol. (an edition was also printed at Bâle, the same year). At the Hague appeared the Euvres diverses de P. Bayle (also 4 vols. fol.) An edition of his Dict. histor., in 16 vols., printed with great typographical beauty, was published, in 1820, by Desoer, in Paris: it contains notes, and the life of the author. In the Disc, prelimin., the editor, Beuchot, reviews the 11 former editions. Gottsched has translated the Dict. into German (Leipsic, 1741-44, 4 vols. fol.) An English translation, with considerable additions, by Th. Birch,

Lockman and others, was published, 1734-41, 10 vols. fol.

BAYLEN, capitulation of general Dupont at; an event which, in July, 1808, raised the courage of Spain, and hastened a general insurrection. Joseph Bonaparte had entered Madrid as king; the provinces Leon, Valencia, Valladolid, Zamora and Salamanca had been subdued and disarmed. In the south alone, on the Guadalquivir, in the naturally fortified Andalusia, in Cordova, Grenada, Jaen, the spirit of insurrection still prevailed, and was excited as much as possible by the junta of Seville. Thither general Dupont directed his march, at the end of May, with three divisions. Cordova and Jaen were taken by assault, after the most terrible resistance. The monks promised the joys of heaven, without purgatory, to every one who should kill three Frenchmen. The corps of Castaños soon increased to 30,000 men. The able manoeuvres of this general, together with famine and sickness in the French army, augmented by the total want of hospitals, prepared the way for the overthrow of general Dupont. 3000 Spaniards had possession of the Sierra Morena, in the rear of his army. In order to reestablish his communication with the capital, he occupied the cities of B. and Carolina with detachments, while he himself took a position near Andujar, on the Guadalquivir. But, on the 14th of July, 18,000 men, with some pieces of heavy artillery, marched against the front of the French position near Andujar; while 3000 men came through the defiles of the Sierra Morena upon the rear, and 6000 men attacked Dupont's left wing. He defended himself, for three days, with skill and courage; but the 18th of July decided the contest. The Spanish generals Reding and Compigny attacked B. Peñas and Jones overawed the main body, under Dupont. He was compelled to evacuate Andujar, after B. had been taken by the Spaniards. The action continued nine hours, when Dupont requested a suspension of arms, but was told that he must surrender at discretion. Meanwhile the division of Vedel, not acquainted with the proceedings of Dupont, had attacked the Spaniards anew, and taken the regiment of Cordova prisoners, together with two pieces of artillery, but were finally overpowered by superior numbers. On the 23d of July, the whole French army, 17,000 men strong, being surrounded, was obliged to capitulate, having lost 3000 men on the field of battle. The di

visions of Dupont and Vedel were made prisoners of war: the latter was to be permitted to embark at Cadiz for Rochefort the same terms were afterwards promised to the division of Dupont, but not fulfilled. General Dupont returned, with his staff, to France, and was arrested at Toulon, and subjected to trial. But, before a decision, he was delivered by the capture of Paris, March 30, 1814. He was afterwards appointed, by Louis XVIII, minister of war; but was superseded by Soult, in December, 1814.

BAYLEY, Richard, M. D., was born at Fairfield, Connecticut, in the year 1745. Having completed his medical studies, he went to London, to attend the lectures and hospitals. After little more than a year's residence in that city, he returned to New York, and commenced practice there in 1772. At this period, his attention was first drawn to the then prevalent and fatal croup, which had been treated as the putrid sore throat. Observing how fatal was the use of stimulants and antiseptics, he examined the nature of the disease, and became convinced that it was of an inflammatory character. He accordingly treated it as such, with decided success, and, soon after the publication of his View of the Croup, his opinions and treatment of it were universally adopted. In the autumn of 1775, B. revisited London, where he spent a winter, and, in the following spring, returned to New York, in the capacity of surgeon in the English army under Howe. He resigned this post in 1777, and, during the rest of his life, continued the practice of his profession in the same city. In 1787, he lectured on surgery. In 1788, he lost his valuable collection in morbid anatomy, and some delicate preparations, by the violence of the famous "doctors' mob," who broke into his house, and carried off and burned his cabinet. In the spring of 1792, he was appointed professor of anatomy in Columbia college, and, in 1793, became professor of surgery, which was his favorite subject. His lectures were clear, precise and practical. As an optician, he acquired great celebrity, and also as an experienced and successful lithotomist. When the yellow fever desolated New York, soon after the revolution, doctor B. devoted himself to personal attention to the sick, and became practically familiar with the disease, and its most successful remedies. He likewise investigated its cause, and declared that it was the filth which polluted the docks and some of the streets, affirming, "that

when a more rigid police prevailed, to free the city from nuisances, no more would be heard of particular diseases." In 1797, he published his work On Yellow Fever, wherein he proved the malady to be of local origin. So strong was his belief on this point, and so clear his perception of the cause of the fever, that he predicted the very spot where it afterwards appeared, in the year 1799. In the year 1795 or 6, he was appointed health physician for the port of New York, and, in 1798, published Letters from the Health Office, submitted to the New York Common Council, being a series of letters in the years '96-7-8. One letter, dated Dec. 4, 1798, assigns the reasons why the fever in '98 was more extensively prevalent than in '95, 6 or 7, which he considers to be the rains flooding large portions of the city, its low levels, newmade ground, and a hot sun.-In 1798, a correspondence took place between the cities of New York and Philadelphia, in the course of which a proposition was made by the committee of the latter to that of the former, soliciting their co-operation in a memorial to the general government for a quarantine law. This gave doctor B., who was on the New York committee, an opportunity of impressing upon the general government the propriety of establishing a lazaretto, below and at a distance from the city or port of entry. He was the person to whom the state of New York is, in fact, chiefly indebted for its quarantine laws, although they have since been altered and amended. In August, 1801, doctor B., in the discharge of his duty as health physician, enjoined the passengers and crew of an Irish emigrant ship, afflicted with the ship fever, to go on shore to the rooms and tents appointed for them, leaving their luggage behind. The next morning, on going to the hospital, he found that both crew and passengers, well, sick and dying, were huddled together in one apartment, where they had passed the night. He inconsiderately entered into this room before it had been properly ventilated, but remained scarcely a moment, being obliged to retire by a most deadly sickness at the stomach, and violent pain in the head, with which he was suddenly seized. He returned home, and retired to his bed, from which he never rose. In the afternoon of the seventh day following, he expired.

BAYONET. This is the name of the iron blade, formed like a dagger, and placed upon the muzzle of the musket, which is thus transformed into a thrusting