4. No new county shall be entitled to separate representation, until its population equal the ratio of representation then existing; nor shall any county be reduced in population, by division, below the existing ratio.

5. Until the apportionment of representation by the General Assembly, as directed in the foregoing section, the several counties shall be entitled to the following Representatives, viz: Escambia, three; Walton, one; Washington, one; Jackson, three; Franklin, two; Calhoun, two; Gadsden, four; Leon, six; Jefferson, three; Madison, one; Hamilton, one; Columbia, two; Alachua, two; Duval, two; Nassua, one; St. John's, three; Mosquito, one; Dade, one; Monroe, one; Hillsborough, one; and, until the apportionment of Senators under the census as aforesaid, there shall be sixteen senatorial districts in this State, which shall be as follows:

The county of Escambia shall compose the first district.

The counties of Walton and Washington shall compose the second district.
The county of Jackson shall compose the third district.
The county of Calhoun shall compose the fourth district.
The county of Franklin shall compose the fifth district.
The county of Gadsden shall compose the sixth district.
The county of Leon shall compose the seventh district.
The county of Jefferson shall compose the eighth district.
The county of Madison shall compose the ninth distict.
The county of Hamilton shall compose the tenth district.
The county of Columbia shall compose the eleventh district.
The county of Alachua shall compose the twelfth district.
The county of Duval shall compose the thirteenth district.
The county of Nassau shall compose the fourteenth district.

The counties of St. John's and Mosquito shall compose the fifteenth district. The counties of Dade, Monroe, and Hillsborough, shall compose the sixteenth district.

And each senatorial district shall elect one Senator, and the seventh district shall be entitled to two.

ARTICLE 10.
Education.

§1. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted by the United States for the use of schools and a seminary or seminaries of learning, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all moneys derived from any other source applicable to the same object, shall be inviolably appropriated to the use of schools and seminaries of learning, respectively, and to no other purpose.

2. The General Assembly shall take such measures as may be necessary to preserve from waste or damage all land so granted and appropriated to the purposes of education.

ARTICLE 11.

Public Domain and Internal Improvements.

§ 1. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the prevention of waste and damage of the public lands now possessed, or that may hereafter be ceded to the Territory or State of Florida; and it may pass laws for the sale of any part or portion thereof, and, in such case, provide for the safety, security, and appropriation of the proceeds.

2. A liberal system of internal improvements, being essential to the development of the resources of the country, shall be encouraged by the Government of this State; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as practicable, to ascertain, by law, proper objects of improvement, in relation to roads, canals, and navigable streams, and to provide for a suitable application such funds as may be appropriated for such improvements.

ARTICLE 12.
Boundaries.

§ 1. The jurisdiction of the State of Florida shall extend over the Territories of East and West Florida, which by the treaty of amity, settlement, and limits, between the United States and His Catholic Majesty, on the 22d day of February, A. D. 1819, were ceded to the United States.

ARTICLE 13.

Banks and other Corporations.

§ 1. The General Assembly shall pass a general law for the incorporation of all

the alteration proposed by the General Assembly shall be agreed to, at their first Bession, by two-thirds of each House of the General Assembly, after the same shall have been read three times on three several days in each House, then, and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the constitution.

ARTICLE 15.

The Seat of Government.

§ 1. The seat of Government of the State of Florida shall be and remain permanent at the city of Tallahassee, for the term and time of five years from and after the end of the first session of the General Assembly to be holden under this consti tution; and, after the expiration of the said five years, the General Assembly shall have power to remove the seat of Government from Tallahassee, and fix the same at any other point: provided, that the General Assembly shall, immediately after the expiration of ten years from the end of the said first session thereof, fix permanently the seat of Government.

ARTICLE 16.
General Provisions.

31. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves.

2. They shall have no power to prevent emigrants to this State from bringing with them such persons as may be deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the United States: provided, they shall have power to enact laws to prevent the introduction of any slaves who may have committed crimes in other States.

3. The General Assembly shall have power to pass laws to prevent free negroes, mulattoes, and other persons of colour, from immigrating to this State, or from being discharged from on board any vessel, in any of the ports of Florida.

4. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his confession in open court.

5. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be allowed but by the judg⚫ ment of a court, as shall be prescribed by law.

6. The General Assembly shall declare, by law, what parts of the common law and what parts of the civil law, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall be

in force in this State.

7. The oaths of officers, directed to be taken under this constitution, may be administered by any judge or justice of the peace of the Territory or State of Florida, until otherwise prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 17.

Schedule and Ordinance.

In order that no inconvenience may arise from the organization and establishment of the State Government, it is declared:

§ 1. That all laws or parts of laws now in force, or which may be hereafter passed by the Governor and Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida, not repugnant to the provisions of this constitution, shall continue in force until, by operation of their provisions or limitations, the same shall cease to be in force, or until the General Assembly of this State shall alter or repeal the same; and all writs, actions, prosecutions, judgments, and contracts, shall be and continue unimpaired; and all process which has heretofore issued, or which may be issued prior to the last day of the first session of the General Assembly of this State, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State; and nothing in this constitution shall impair the obligation of contracts, or violate vested rights, either of individuals, or of associa tions claiming to exercise corporate privileges in this State.

2. All fines. penalties, forfeitures, obligations, and escheats, accruing to the Ter ritory of Florida, shall accrue to the use of the State of Florida.

3. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, and may be prosecuted in the name of the State; and all bonds executed to the Governor of the Territory of Florida or to any other officer in his officia. capacity, shall pass over to the Governor or other proper State authority, and to their successors in office, for the uses therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly; and all criminal prosecutions and penal actions which have arisen, or which may arise before the organization of the judi cial department under this constitution, and which shall then be depending, may be prosecuted to judgment and execution in the name of the State.

4. All officers, civil and military, now holding their offices and appointments in the Territory under the authority of the United States, or under the authority of the Territory, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices and appointments until superseded under this constitution; and all actions at law or suits in chancery, or any proceeding pending, or which may be pending, in any court of the Territory of Florida, may be commenced in or transferred to such court of the State as may have jurisdiction of the subject-matter thereof.

5. This constitution shall be submitted to the people, for ratification, at the election for delegate on the first Monday of May next. Each qualified voter shall express his assent or dissent to the constitution, by directing the managers of said election to write, opposite to his name, on the poll-book, either the word "constitu tion" or "ne constitution." And in case the time of election for delegate be changed to any other day than the first Monday of May next, then the judges or clerks of the county courts, respectively, shall appoint managers to hold an election on the said first Monday of May, for ratification of the constitution; and said managers shall conduct said election in the manner provided by the laws of the Territory respecting elections, and make return of the result of such vote forthwith, by depositing the original poll-book in the clerk's office of their counties, respectively, and by transmitting a certificate of the result to the president of the convention, who shall forthwith make proclamation of the same; and in case the constitution be ratified by the people, and immediately after official information shall have been received that Congress have approved the constitution, and provided for the admission of Florida, the president of this convention shall issue writs of election to the proper officers, in the different counties, enjoining them to cause an election to be held for Governor, Representative in Congress, and members of the General Assembly, in each of their respective counties. The election shall be held on the first Monday after the lapse of sixty days following the day of the date of the President's proclamation, and shall take place on the same day throughout the State. The said election shall be conducted according to the then existing election laws of the Territory of Florida; provided, however, that in case of the absence or disability of the president of the convention to cause the said election to be carried into effect, the secretary of this convention shall discharge the duties hereby imposed upon the president; and, in case of the absence or disability of the secretary, a committee consisting of five, to wit: Leigh Read, George T. Ward, James D. Westcott, jr., Thomas Brown, and Leslie A. Thompson, or a majority of them, shall discharge the duties herein imposed on the secretary of the convention; and the members of the General Assembly, so elected, shall assemble on the fourth Monday thereafter at the seat of Government. The Governor, Representative in Congress, and members of the General Assembly, shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices immediately after their election under the provisions of this constitution, and shall continue in office in the same manner, and during the same period, they would have done had they been elected on the first Monday in October.

6. The General Assembly shall have power, by the votes of two-thirds of both Houses, to accede to such propositions as may be made by the Congress of the United States upon the admission of the State of Florida into the national Confederacy and Union, if they shall be deemed reasonable and just, and to make declaration of such assent by law; and such declaration, when made, shall be binding upon the people and the State of Florida as a compact: and the Governor of the State of Florida shall notify the President of the United States of the acts of the General Assembly relating thereto; and in case of declining to accede to such propositions, or any part thereof, the General Assembly shall instruct the Senators and Representatives of the State of Florida in Congress to procure such modifica. tion or alteration thereof as may be deemed reasonable and just, and assent thereto, subject to the ratification of the General Assembly by law as aforesaid.

7. The courts of this State shall never entertain jurisdiction of any grants of land in the Floridas made by the King of Spain, or by his authority, subsequent to the twenty-fourth day of January, eighteen hundred and eighteen; nor shall the said courts receive as evidence, in any case, certain grants said to have been made by the said King of Spain in favour of the Duke of Alagon, the Count Punon Rostro, and Don Pedro de Vargas, or any title derived from either of said grants, unless with the express assent of the Congress of the United States.

Done in convention, held in pursuance of an act of the Governor and Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida, entitled "An act to call a convention for the purpose of organizing a State Government," passed 30th day of January, 1838, and approved 2d February, eighteen hundred and thirty-eight.

JOSHUA KNOWLES, Secretary.

ROBERT RAYMOND REID, President.

CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN.

ARTICLE I.-Boundaries.

THE state of Michigan consists of and has jurisdiction over the territory embraced within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a point on the eastern boundary line of the state of Indiana, where a direct line drawn from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape of the Maumee Bay shall intersect the same-said point being the north-west corner of the state of Ohio, as established by act of Congress, entitled "an act to establish the northern boundary line of the state of Ohio, and to provide for the admission of the state of Michigan into the Union upon the conditions therein expressed," approved June fifteenth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six; thence with the said boundary line of the state of Ohio till it intersects the boundary line between the United States and Canada in Lake Erie; thence with said boundary line between the United States and Canada through the Detroit river, Lake Huron and Lake Superior, to a point where the said line last touches Lake Superior; thence in a direct line through Lake Superior to the mouth of the Montreal river; thence through the middle of the main channel of the said river Montreal to the head waters thereof; thence in a direct line to the centre of the channel between Middle and South Islands in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the southern shore of Lake Brule; thence along said southern shore and down the river Brule to the main channel of the Menominie river; thence down the centre of the main channel of the same to the centre of the most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan; thence through the centre of the most usual ship channel of the said Bay to the middle of Lake Michigan; thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to the northern boundary of the state of Indiana, as that line was established by the act of Congress of the nineteenth of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen; thence due east with the north boundary line of the said state of Indiana to the north-east corner thereof; and thence south with the eastern boundary line of Indiana to the place of beginning.

ARTICLE II.—Seat of Government.

1. The seat of government shall be at Lansing, where it is now established.

ARTICLE III.-Division of the Powers of Government.

21. The powers of government are divided into three departments, the legislative, executive, and judicial.

2. No person belonging to one department shall exercise the powers properly belonging to another, except in the cases expressly provided in this constitution.

ARTICLE IV.—Legislative Department.

21. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives.

2. The senate shall consist of thirty-two members. Senators shall be elected for two years, and by single districts. Such districts shall be num