at a uniform temperature and in good repair. It is a common but mistaken notion that sago and tapioca are very nutritious. On the contrary, they consist almost wholly of starch, with only about three per cent. of gluten, so that, unless cooked with milk or eggs, they form a very insufficient food. The same is the case with Indian-corn flour and arrowroot, which have scarcely a particle of nutritious matter in them, so that it is a great mistake to feed an invalid or a child on such materials. They are no doubt useful as easily digested heat-producers; but they must be cooked with milk or eggs before they are of much use for actual nutriment; and many a child has been starved to death through its parents' ignorance of this fact. It is true, medical men often recommend arrowroot for those in delicate health, as it is of great importance to keep up the natural heat of the body with the least exertion of the digestive organs; but it cannot be too widely known that arrowroot pure and simple is a mere heat-producer; and milk, beef-tea, soup, or other suitable flesh-forming food, must be given with it, if the child or invalid is to be kept alive. On the other hand, semolina, hominy, lentil-meal, pea-flour, etc., not being prepared by washing, contain a much greater amount of flesh-forming material than sago, arrowroot, etc. body. As soon as a piece of bread is put into | sorption into the juices which keep the body the mouth, an abundant flow of saliva takes place; and in fact it needs no actual tasting to induce this flow, for even the sight or smell of anything nice is quite sufficient to "make the mouth water," as we express it. The saliva is poured into the mouth by three pairs of glands to the extent of some twenty ounces a day. It consists in great part of water with a little salt and a peculiar substance called ptyaline, which possesses the property of changing starch into sugar, the change being accomplished most completely when the starch is dissolved or baked, at a temperature of about 98° Fahr., the normal temperature of the body. Although this ptyaline is present in the saliva to the extent of only one part in five hundred, yet, on its presence and action, the heat, and consequently the life of the body, is largely dependent; hence the importance of avoiding any unnecessary waste of it, such as frequently and unnecessarily accompanies smoking. Hence, likewise, we see the importance of chewing the food slowly and thoroughly, that it may be all brought under the influence of the ptyaline; and thus we can understand how indigestion or dyspepsia may be caused by hasty chewing or by excessive spitting, the starchy portion of the food in either case lying in the stomach as an undissolved mass. Bread making we have already stated is a form of cooking. The heat of the oven has converted the outside of the bread into sugar, and the starch in the inside has in fact been boiled in the steam of the water which the dough contained, so that it has become capable of being readily converted into sugar. The porous nature of the bread favors this conversion; for the saliva easily penetrates through the whole of the spongy mass; and the change is still further assisted by the water which the bread contains to the extent of some forty per cent. Biscuits, on the other hand, being as a rule dry and non-spongy, are less suitable for ordinary use, although containing in the same weight far more foodmaterial than bread. The starches are largely used in several important manufactures. Dextrin or British gum is prepared by heating starch to a temperature of about 400° Fahr., and is preferred to gum-arabic because it is not so liable to crack or curl up the stamps or other paper prepared with it. Immense quantities of starch are used, too, in the manufacture of glucose or grape-sugar, which has exactly the same composition as starch, and is prepared by acting on the starch with sulphuric acid (oil of vitrol), which has the same effect as the ptyaline of the saliva. Linen rags are largely used for the same purpose, too; and, indeed, it is wonderful how few things are altogether useless at the present day. Old boots and horns provide some of our most brilliant colors; while dye-colors innumerable are made from the refuse of our gas-works: and the wash-heaps of our factories are proving mines of wealth, instead of mounds of rubbish.-By an analyist, in Chamber's Journal. It may surprise some of our readers to be told that the starch of bread has not the slightest nutritive property. Its sole office is a heatproducer; and, just like the coal of the engine, the starch or sugar is burned up inside us to keep up the temperature of the machine. It is the gluten, the sticky, tenacious matter in the grain, which is the nutritive, flesh-formforming material; but in the present article In one of the schools of Brooklyn, a boy we have no space to follow the changes which thirteen years old, naturally very quick and it undergoes in the system, for we are simply bright, was found to be growing dull and treating of starch at present; and we trust | fitful. His face was pale, and he had nervous we have made it clear how it is changed into twitchings. He was obliged to quit school. sugar, and thus made soluble and fit for ab- | Inquiry showed that he had become a con CIGARETTES. group, mingling with people whose thought and work run in different channels. Let us read books not in our own line. Better than this, as a diversion, is it to have some department of natural history or art, to which you may turn-a case of shells or birds, or a season ticket to some picture gallery. If you do nothing but play on one string of the bass viol, you will wear it out and get no healthy tune. Let us go much into the presence of the natural world if we can get at it. Especially if we live in great thoroughfares, let us make occasional flight to the woods and the mountains. We cannot see the natural world through the books or the eyes of others." NATURAL HISTORY STUDIES. This firmed smoker of cigarettes. When asked why he did not give it up, he shed tears, and said that he had often tried, but could not. The growth of this habit is insidious, and its effects ruinous. The eyes, the brain, the nervous system, the memory, the power of application, are all impaired by it. "It's nothing but a cigarette," is really, “It is nothing but poison.' German and French physicians have recently protested against it; and a convention of Sunday and secular teachers was recently held in England to check it. It was presided over by an eminent surgeon of the Royal Eye Infirmary, who stated that many diseases of the eye were directly caused by it. Old cast-away cigar stumps are used in the manufacture of cigarettes. Boys are employed to gather them from hotels, barrooms, sidewalks-from wherever they are thrown. Collectors buy them of the boys, A Curious Fish.-John Ryder of this city, at and send them to the manufactories by the a recent meeting of the Academy of Natural barrel. No matter how disgusting the spot Sciences gave an interesting account of a rewhence they are picked, the foul refuse finds markable fish dredged from a depth of 500 its way into the mouth and nostrils of the to 3,000 fathoms off the coast of Massachucigarette smoker. Many a smoker throws setts by the United States Fish Commission. away the stump of his cigar because he does An allied form had been discovered by the not like the flavor of it. He does not know French deep sea dredging expedition, under why the flavor is unpleasant to him; but it Milne Edwards, off the coast of Morocco, is caused by nicotine, the active principle of and had been named, in allusion to the extratobacco, and a violent poison. This accumu- ordinary development of the mouth and lates in the base of the cigar with every draft throat, Eurypharynx pelecanoides. of the smoke; and the man, noticing the un- creature was about eighteen inches long, with pleasant flavor, throws the stump away. This a head placed at the opening of the jaws, reservoir of nicotine finds its way into the which extended back until the angle is at a cigarette; and the person who smokes it gets, distance from the end of the snout, of about in a condensed form, the poison which so three and a half times the length of the skull often works mischief on the brains of habit- proper. In the American form there is even a ual smokers. Again, these cigar stubs-or more grotesque disportion of parts, the jaws any tobacco, for that matter, that is made being about seven times the length of the into cigarettes-is wrapped with paper which head, which is half an inch long and of about contains a very large per cent. of arsenic or the same width. Not only does the enormous other deadly poisons, the powers of which length of the jaws permit of a wide opening exert a deleterious effect upon the tonsils-in of the mouth, but they are so jointed towards fact, the whole throat-of all who use them. their posterior portion as to permit of a lateIndeed, it has been found impossible to cure ral extension of two inches. The upper jaw catarrh in inveterate cigarette smokers. But is suspended from the anterior portion of the even this is not the worst of it. These cigar body by an extensible membrane, and from stumps have been in the mouths of all sorts the lower jaw hangs a capacious pouch, so of men-men whose touch, or even the pencil that the mouth and throat in the living fish they have held in their mouths, might com- | form a vast tunnel, of which the rest of the municate the foulest and most fearful disease animal seems an insignificant continuation. that comes to a human being.-Scientific Cali- In the receptacle thus formed the food is colfornian. lected, stored, and probably partly digested. The branchiæ are placed at a great distance behind the skull, the cleft being represented by mere pores, while the osseous opercular apparatus is entirely absent. Near the end of the long, slender, and flexible tail is a membranous fold without rays, as in the embryo of many fishes. The ova drop directly into the alimentary canal, and are extruded as in eels, to which the fish seems to be more THE WAY TO KEEP FRESH. If we would keep fresh, let us make occasional excursions into other circles than our own. Artists generally go with artists, farmers with farmers, mechanics with mechanics, clergymen with clergymen, Christian workers with Christian workers. But there is nothing that sooner freshens one up than to get in a new nearly allied than to any other fishes, although | $350,000 to $400,000 will be expended upon in some of its characters so distinctly specialized the species has many peculiarities which are clearly embryonic. The American form is separated so widely from the African by the greater disproportion of the jaws and head, and other characters, as to indicate a new genus and species, for which the speaker and Dr. Gill had proposed the name Gastrostemus bairdii. The inside of the mouth and throat, as well as the outer skin, is jet black. Its exact relationship to other fishes is a subject that requires further study. The eyes, he considers, are undoubtedly functional, notwithstanding the great depth at which the fish live. buildings and apparatus, and the rest will be Captain Frazier, who is in charge of the work, invested for the support of the observatory. has introduced several important devices in his plans, the most important of which concerns the revolving of the dome, for which by eminent architects. The observer sitting the drawings have been made and approved in his chair is to direct the movements of the dome (the chair revolving with it) by means of a lever connected with the pneumatic apparatus which furnishes the power.-Exchange Paper. THE reduction of letter postage in the United States has already dicected public attention in Canada to the advantage of a similar reduction there-a measure moreover, of which the present large surplus clearly invites the adoption. The experience of the dominion with respect to postal rates and revenues TO PITY distress is but human, to relieve it has hitherto been that of the rest of the world. is God-like.-Horace Mann. THE introduction of electricity as a substitute for lamps and candles on board ship is making rapid progress. There is one source of safety in this to the ship and the passengers. All lights are put out at 11 o'clock. A lesson may be taken from the system of sewerage in Pullman, Ill. The town lies on a flat prairie. Sewers are built to empty into a sunken tank, from which the sewage is pumped through a twenty-inch main to a farm three miles away. The system cost $80,000; the farm yields a profit of 8,500 a year. THE approaches to the St. Gothard Tunnel are really more wonderful than the great tunnel itself. To get up to the level of the tunnel the railway track makes many spirals, winding in some instances, three times around a single mountain on three terraces one above the other, through twisting tunnels. The curves are, however, so gradual as to be hardly noticeable unless one carries a compass. Then is seen the curious fact that the needle makes complete circuits, and is constantly shifting its position. DURING the past year the construction of the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara county, Cal., has advanced rapidly and it is now possible to gain an idea of the magnitude of the undertaking. Of the $700,000 bequeathed for the purpose, from The Toronto Globe declares that the example of the United States may now be followed "with all propriety and without fear of serious or permanent loss." cases. A decision has been rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in five Civil Rights Civil Rights act for not admitting certain They were prosecutions under the colored persons to equal accommodations and privileges in inns and hotels, in railroad cars and in theatres. The Court holds that Congress had no constitutional authority to pass the first and second sections of the Civil Rights act of March 1st, 1875, under either the Thirteenth or Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. The decision, however, is held to apply only to the validity of the law in the States, and not in the Territories or the District of Columbia, where the legislative power of Congress is unlimited. So far as the States are concerned, the two sections of the law above referred to are declared unconstitutional and void. Justice Harlan dissented, as the opinion defeated the intention of the people and what they supposed they had accomplished. NOTICES. A Temperance Meeting has been appointed by the Committee of Haddonfield Quarter, at Westfield Meeting-house, on First-day, Tenth month 28th, 1883, au 3 P. M., to which Friends and others are invited. FRIENDS' FREEDMEN'S SCHOOL, MOUNT PLEASANT, S. C. As the school season is just now opening, we again appeal to Friends for aid to meet the necessary expense. Our buildings are in good condition, and the schools large and flourishing. As funds are needed only for the support tively small amount required will be speedily of the teachers, we hope that the comparacontributed, so that a guarantee of payment for the whole school term can be given them, as it is too far and expensive to send them away on an uncertainty as to how long their services will be needed. HENRY M. LAING, Treas. No. 30 N. Third st., Philadelphia. FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER. “TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE. It is desirable that all subscriptions should commence at the Sundry Observations on America. beginning of the volume. REMITTANCES by mail should be in CHECKS, DRAFTs, or P. O. MONEY-ORDERS; the latter preferred. MONEY sent by mail will be at the risk of the person so sending. AGENTS:-Edwin Blackburn, Baltimore, Md. Benj. Strattan, Richmond, Ind. Entered at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Penna. as second-class matter INDIANA YEARLY MEETING. We are in receipt of the printed extracts of Indiana Yearly Meeting, from which we briefly select, This Yearly Meeting was held at Richmond, Ind., by adjournment from the 1st of Tenth month to the 4th of same, inclusive, 1883. The representatives from the constituent meetings were all present except two, for whom satisfactory reasons were offered. Poetry: The Autumn of Life.... Child Training..... Southern California.... To One Not College Bred....... Notices..... 593 595 597 598 600 600 601 601 601 604 605 606 607 607 608 608 tribute them among our Monthly and Quar- appointed Clerks. Epistles from all the Yearly Meetings in correspondence with us have been received and read. Their friendly greeting and timely counsel tended to strengthen the ties of Christian regard for our distant brethren. During the reading of the queries and their answers much good feeling was manifested and excellent counsel handed forth. Friends in attendance from other Yearly Meetings presented minutes of unity from their respective meetings, as follows: for At the two meetings for worship on Reuben Wilson, a minister from Fishing First-day, the importance and blessedness Creek Monthly Meeting, Pennsylvania; for of faithfully walking up to the full measure Joseph M. Spencer, a minister from West of duty, as manifested to each individual soul, Branch Monthly Meeting, Pennsylvania; were feelingly set forth, and all were encourfor Nathan Thorne, an Elder from Piles-aged therein. The opinion was expressed grove Monthly Meeting, New Jersey. They, together with a number of other Friends, who are in attendance without minutes, were very acceptably with us. To embody the exercises of the meeting during its continuance and produce them at its last sitting, and to assist the Clerks in revising and recording the minutes of this meeting, have 1,250 copies printed, including the queries and answers, together with the minutes of the women's meeting and such other matter as they may deem proper, dis that many have a longing for religious fellowship, who are treading the paths of righteousness alone--who have been led by a spirit of holiness into an upright walk and life. "He hath shown thee, O man! what is good, and what doth the Lord thy God require of thee but to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?" The nature of these duties was faithfully set forth—their depth, beauty and loveliness, to the encouragement and comfort of tried souls. Although a baptism of suffering was felt on account of some over-zeal, a sweet invitation to the vir- | be dishonored, nor ourselves tempted to forTM tue of patience, of which it was said we can- sake the path of rectitude, but that truth be not have too much, came as a soothing balm ever honored by just dealing. A young to many hearts, in the comfort of which the friend alluded to the subject of guarding meeting closed. against corrupt conversation and the low language too often prevalent among boys, even in our Society, and said that he very early adopted the rule (not always as well adhered to as he wished it might have been) never to say anything among his young companions which he could not say in the presence of his mother. That while boys are often ridiculed for being "tied to their mother's apron strings," he had but to regret that he had not been tied closer. The responsive feeling in the meeting was widespread. Upon the assembling of the business meeting, on Second-day, the young were feelingly invited to take an interest in the work and service of truth, and lend a helping hand in the affairs of the Society, which are soon to rest upon their shoulders; and the meeting was entreated not to overlook them in the appointments of committees on the various concerns of the church. Epistles were received from our brethren of other Yearly Meetings, the reading of which were felt to be of great excellence and acceptability, awakening and renewing the feeling of brotherhood in which Friends, far and near, are bound together in love, and deep gratitude for the precious unity which overspread the meeting was felt and expressed. At the opening of the meeting on Third day the beauty and importance of order in the performance of the business before us was dwelt upon to our profit. The young were entreated to draw near and to take an interest and portion in the work of the meeting. They were assured they would find satisfaction, profit and strength in doing so. While considering the state of society, earnest solicitude was felt that we should not forget our obligation to attend all our meetings, manifesting thereby our sense of dependence upon the Father of all goodness, and the necessity and blessedness of frequent communings with the spirit of holiness. Our fathers suffered and sacrificed much-time, property and liberty-for faithfulness to this, and when the parents were thrown into prison by their persecutors, the very children took up the testimony and maintained the meetings. Faithfulness to this duty affords strength to love one another, and to fulfill those great commandments on which "hung all the law and the prophets." We were commended to the plainness of speech inculcated in the command: "Let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay"-a straightforward, sincere, undisguised truthfulness, never to be misunderstood. Also plainness and simplicity of dress and manners were feelingly adverted to. Earnest testimonies were borne against the widespread disposition abroad in the land to amass unearned wealth by lotteries, gambling, etc., etc., all in the destructive spirit of one of the worst of vices. It was refreshing to feel that Friends are so clear in this matter, and we were admonished to keep so, as well as always within the bounds of our circumstances, that our obligations may never Earnest solicitude was felt for beginners in the ministry, that their weakness and frailties. may be borne with, that they may have kindly sympathy and help, loving counsel and encouragement, as well as tender admonition in regard to mistakes that are to be expected. Men do not come into the world full grown. No more are ministers to be expected to reach fullness at once. As Jesus himself observed that law which was to bring unto Christ, into that Divine Spirit, "power and light of men," which was "before Abraham," so we were invited to have due regard to the good rules of our discipline, as helps toward that glorious liberty to be known and enjoyed by all whom the truth makes free. The meeting on Fourth-day was refreshing. The faint-hearted were encouraged, the indolent stimulated, the procrastinators admonished to delay no longer. Go at once into the field, for though it be the ninth, or even the eleventh hour, thou shalt have thy penny of reward-the end crowns all. Avoid the broad way in which self is served, and keep to the path of self-denial, the way of the cross, which is too narrow to admit of wrong. "Yield not to temptation "watch and pray lest ye enter therein." Stand faithful to the calls of righteousness-the voice of God in the soul, and thou shalt be crowned with peace fruitful in good to the human race, furthering God's benevolent purposes among men. Such triumphs had George Fox and his followers in their day. The mission of Jesus was to "bear testimony to the truth," which he did in steadfast faithfulness to the Divine will. We have our measure of the same spirit and Holy Anointing, and yielding to the leading thereof, shall perform the same works-even works of righteousness-the will of our Father in heaven. "Behold I stand at the door and knock; if any man open the door I will come in.' come in." The door of the heart is truly |