pestle, while the mortar, if it may be so called, rests on the ground. The miller is always one of the women of the family. She sits on the ground with a leg on either side of the mill, and by swaying her body back and forth, holding her arms stiff and both hands on the pestle, crushes the grain to a comparatively fine flour. This she mixes with water to the proper consistency, and bakes the famous tortilla on a flat stone, though the Dutch oven is rapidly being introduced. The tortilla has the appearance of a large griddle cake, and is one of the principal articles of food of the natives. Another of these cisterns in the plaza was used as a reservoir for water, having the banks of its mouth slanting in so as to drain water into it. Many of these reservoirs are in use now in the modern Indian towns, some of them of large size. Their sides are plastered with clay, and water is carried from the creeks and springs to fill them. They hold water well; at least I never saw one that was not filled, or nearly so. The third hole may have been used as a storehouse for ore, etc. In it I found quantities of silver bearing ore. Outside of the houses, but inside the second wall, are two others of these holes, and between the two walls still another. Pecos, with its fortifications and its granaries and cisterns well filled, could withstand a siege of long duration, even if its inhabitants were compelled to re main within the town itself. Outside the outer wall, on the northeast of the town, still stands the ruins of a church built by the Jesuits about the year 1580. There was sufficient room and several good sites within the walls for the structure, but for some reason it was constructed outside with no connection whatever. Unlike the houses, it was built of large adobés (sun-dried brick, made with straw). This is the common building material of the country, used alike by whites and natives. Portions of the walls of the church are still standing twenty to twenty-five feet high, five feet thick, and will stand for many years to come. There are adobé houses in the territory which are known to have stood at least three hundred years, and are good for as many more, and look as substantial as those of modern construction. The church is built in the form of a cross 118 x 50 feet. The chancel forms the short end of the cross, and is 18 x 14 feet. It is ornamented with an arch of wood, which material forms the trimmings of various other portions of the building. This wood work is roughly carved with crosses and rings surrounded with sinuous lines, and is still in good preservation. There were windows in both sides of the building, but none in the chancel. Mica was used for glazing, and some fine specimens of it were found. The remains of a gallery exist on two sides, which may have been connected on the end opposite the chancel, but the walls of that end are entirely down. Under the chancel had been buried the remains of a man, probably a priest, whose bones, mingled with the fragments of his coffin, now lie on the ground near the hole from which some treasurehunter, searching for the gold that is currently believed to have been hidden by the priests in every old church in the country, has sacrilegiously dragged them. He was buried in a white silk robe, portions of which, still in good preservation, were found clinging to his bones. His skull has been captured by a saloon keeper, and ornaments a bar in a neighboring town. Between the outer and inner walls of the town were the workshops, where pottery, arrow-heads, etc. were manufactured; and from the flint chips and quantity of broken pottery they were no small establishments, large mounds of the fragments being found. The arrow-heads found were of small size, and made of various kinds of flint, jasper, and moss agate. 1 was fortunate enough to find a small lancet, about two inches in length, made of muscle shell, which is still sharp enough to bleed with; also a number of soapstone implements, the use of which I could not imagine. Many small beads of soapstone, shell, and bone were found. The pot tery was of various kinds, variously ornamented, and portions of large vessels showed the action of fire. The bones of several kinds of animals were found, all of which had been split to extract the marrow. At the foot of the hill to the east of the outer wall is a dry water-course, about fifty feet wide, that bears evidence of once having a deep and swift current. A smaller stream once ran on the west side of the town. South, about five hundred yards from the ruin, is a point of special veneration, held sacred by the native population. Here, with toes pointing to the northwest, are the impressions, in solid rock, of a pair of human feet of large size. It is pointed out as the spot where Montezuma stood when he gave his instructions to his people and promised to return to them again. From the Christian Register. Preluding on the strings, As David softly played, Whispers its thought to God, The hidden life with God, Dive deep to find that pearl : It lies beneath the tide And restless water's whirl. Shut like the scent and bloom There is a room of bliss, But none shall find the key, Save one who owns the house, And builds eternally. Yet from the hidden life Flows all that comes to sight: A secret in the breast May flood the world with light. For Friends' Intelligencer. The Walrus.—This huge creature belongs to the order of mammals known as pinnipeds or fin-footed. It embraces three families: the Otaridæ, or sea-lions and sea-bears; the Phocidæ, or typical seals; and the Rosmaridæ, or walrus. The walrus is the sea-horse of the Norwegians, and is also known as the morse. It is found only in high northern seas, and sometimes reaches twelve or thirteen feet in length, with a girth nearly as great; they are, therefore, very unwieldy and slow of movement on land, but easy and not ungainly when in the water. They swim entirely under water, rising only occasionally to breathe, when they blow somewhat like a whale. Their food is chiefly shell-fish supplemented by bulbous roots found in the lagoons and bays. They use their long tusks with great dexterity in digging out from their holes clams and mussels. Of the many uses to which this inhabitant of the frozen regions of the north is put, a late writer says: Were it not for the subsistence furnished so largely by the flesh and oil of the morse, it is exceedingly doubtful whether the Esquimaux of North America, from Behring Straits clear around to Labrador, could manage to live. It is not to be inferred that walrus meat is the sole diet of these simple people, for that is very wide of the truth; but there are several months of every year when the exigencies of the climate render it absolutely impossible for the hardiest native to go out and procure food, and then the value of the cache of walrus meat is appreciated, when for weeks and weeks it forms the beginning and the end of every meal. The walrus responds to as many demands of the Innuit as the camel of the Arab, or the cocoa-palm of the South Sea islanders. Its flesh feeds him; its oil illuminates and warms his dark hut; its sinews make his bird-nets; its tough skiu, skilfully stretched over the light wooden frame, constitutes his famous kayak, and the serviceable oomiak, or bidarrah; its intestines are converted into waterproof clothing, while the soles to its flippers are transferred to his feet; and finally, its ivory is a source of endless utility to him in domestic use and in trade and barter." L. J. R. A Fish Market in Southern Italy.-The market was close to the beach and consisted of a few large tubs or tanks filled with seawater, in which the live fish were kept, and heaps of small fish in baskets of the most brilliant colors-blue, green, and crimson. On the ground might be seen a sun-fish, over one hundred pounds in weight, shaped like a half-moon, of a dull grav, ox-eyed, with long pointed dorsal and abdominal fins projecting on either side, the boys testing its horny jaws with a stick, which it bit viciously, although out of the water some time. Close at hand were several triangular elongated mussel shells, with the fish about a yard in length. In one of the tubs were cuttle-fish, really beautiful in their transparency, floating gently on the surface. The other tubs were filled with octopus, lively and full-grown, their long arms feeling tenderly over the sides, some writhing horribly, and others quietly reposing, their arms coiled at their sides, exposing the dread suckers in every fold; the body in shape and color resembling a large, rough cocoanut, with evil, protruding, observant eyes looking straight to the front, at the same time vigorously discharging water from the pair of blowpipes like a steam pump during their short and quick respirations. When a purchaser arrives and makes a selection, the vendor adroitly seizes the fish by the back of the neck, the arms twisting and extending in all directions. It is dropped into the scales; and if approved of, the salesman gives it a twist, almost turning it inside out, killing or disabling it in a moment. The octopus is eaten with gusto in Southern Italy, but to see a mess of chopped, full-grown octopus served with tomato sauce is really trying. When very small, the octopus is used as a garnish for fish; and, when fried crisp, it might be mistaken for macaroni. The octopus has a strong beak, like a parrot, and is especially fond of crabs. It is often caught by tying crabs to a string, and dropping them on the clear gravel bottom, where they are quickly seized by the octopus, who holds on steadily. Meanwhile, he is quietly drawn. into the boat. They are also found entangled in nets.-Selected. ITEMS. THE Board of Aldermen of Boston has passed an order for the lighting of the whole of that city by the electric light. NORTH CAROLINA has 40,000 square miles of almost unbroken forest, comprising pine, oak, chestnut, maple, beech, and hickory. THE orange business is in danger of being overdone. Trees are being planted all along the Mississippi coast. THE Suez Canal is to be enlarged and improved at an expense of $4,000,000. The work will occupy several years. Parliament will be able to deal with some of the legislative wants of Ireland, for which provision has not yet been made. THE FLOODS.-The Ohio river at Cincinnati reached its highest stage on the 16th inst., when it stood at 66 feet 4 inches. At Louisville and other places on the river, the rise in the water has caused much suffering and damage. The river at Cincinnati has been 3 feet higher than the memorable mark of Second month, 1832. The cases of private distress are very great. All the available skiffs were busy moving goods and ferrying passengers. Those who remained in their houses were, for the most part, without either food or fuel. These were supplied to a limited extent by the benevolent organizations of the city, which have sent men through the inundated portion of the place in skiffs loaded with provisions. The gas works were submerged; lamps and candles were used "FOR the first time within the memory of in the hotels, newspaper, and telegraph offices, the oldest inhabitant" navigation on Lake and in private houses so far as they could be Michigan is reported to be entirely closed. In procured, and all the oil that the city had on many places the lake is covered with ice sev-hand was brought into requisition. eral feet thick for a distance of 25 miles from shore. THE question of freeing children wholly from the control of cruel or immoral parents has come before the Judiciary Committee of the Connecticut Legislature. WASP nests in baystacks and wooden buildings are dangerous neighbors, since it has been discovered that they sometimes take fire from spontaneous combustion, the ignition being caused by the chemical action of the wax upon the paper of which they are composed. IN one of the public schools in Boston a room has been fitted up for instruction in wood-work, and two classes have given two hours a week to manual study. The boys are delighted with the carpentry, and the experiment is said to be a great success. The marks of the scholars are all high, averaging as well as or better than before. SOME very fine specimens of asbestos are being found in Nevada. The fibre of the specimens shown is from four to six inches in length and is soft and silky. A strand of it can be tied into a knot the same as flax fibre. It is found in what, from the description given, appears to be serpentine rock, and not very far from the crater of an extinct volcano. PRINCIPAL William Stephens, of the Wyoming Male Grammar School in Philadelphia has sent a petition to the Board of Education of that city, calling its attention to the alarming prevalence of cigarette smoking and the general use of tobacco among the male scholars in the public schools. THE seventy-fifth anniversary of the first successful burning of anthracite coal, which first took place in Wilkesbarre at the old Fell House, on the 11th day of February, 1808, was very appropriately celebrated on the 11th inst., by the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society at their rooms on Franklin street. Addresses were made by ex-Governor Hoyt, Victor Piollet, and others. THE British Parliament re-assembled on the 15th inst. The Queen in her speech opening the session, referred to a proposal which will be submitted to more effectually secure to tenants in England and Scotland compensation for agricultural improvements. She trusts that NOTICES. The Committee on Education of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends, will hold their third conference with teachers, school committees, and others interested, on Seventhday, Third mo. 3d, 1883, at 10 o'clock, at Fifteenth and Race streets, Philadelphia. The subjects for consideration are: tees and Teachers in regard to the religious 1st. What are the duties of School Committees and Teachers in regard to the religious training of the pupils, and in inculcating the principles as held by Friends? 2d. What are the so-called Quincy Methods of Teaching? A general invitation is extended to those interested. WM. WADE GRISCOM, Clerk. Committee of Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting An appointed meeting under the care of the will be held at Friends Meeting-house, Seventeenth street and Girard avenue, on First-day, Second mo. 25th, at 71⁄2 P. M. TEMPERANCE CONFERENCE. A Conference will be held by Abington portion of the Yearly Meeting's Committee, at Upper Dublin Friends' Meeting-house, on First-day afternoon, Second mo. 25th, 1883, at 2 o'clock. All are invited. FAIR HILL MEETING. First-day, Second mo. 25th, 1883 at house of A. Ogden, 1117 Lehigh avenue, at 3 P. M. Philadelphia First-day School Union will meet at Râce street Meeting-house, on Sixthday evening, Third mo. 9th, 1883, at 8 o'clock. Reports are desired from the various Firstday Schools and Bible Classes, Sewing and Mission Schools within Philadelphia Quarter and the company of all feeling an interest is desired. Jos. M. TRUMAN, JR., EDWIN L. PEIRCE, Clerks. FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER. "TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE. VOL. XL. PHILADELPHIA, THIRD MONTH 3, 1883. No, 3. EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY AN ASSOCIATION OF FRIENDS. COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE ADDRESSED AND PAYMENTS MADE TO JOHN COMLY, AGENT, AT PUBLICATION OFFICE, No. 1020 ARCH STREET. TERMS:-TO BE PAID IN ADVANCE. The Paper is issued every week. The FORTIETH Volume commenced on the 17th of Second month, 1883, at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents to subscribers reoeiving it through mail, postage prepaid. SINGLE NUMBERS SIX CENTS. It is desirable that all subscriptions should commence at the beginning of the volume. REMITTANCES by mail should be in CHECKS, DRAFTS, or P. 0. MONEY-ORDERS; the latter preferred. MONEY sent by mail will be at the risk of the person so sending. AGENTS:-Edwin Blackburn, Baltimore, Md. Benj Strattan, Richmond, Ind. Entered at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Penna. as second-class matter GLEANINGS FROM QUAKER ANNALS. The following account of a trial of George Fox, at the Lancaster assizes, has been preserved. It affords, writes a sketcher of the period, a curious specimen of the calm, and somewhat amusing inflexibility, with which the poor oppressed Friends in their turn perplexed and troubled their persecutors. The judge and jury might well be confused and vexed at such exposures in technicalities of law as can scarcely be surpassed. When two days or thereabouts, had been fruitlessly occupied in tendering him the oath of allegiance, I was called again to hear the sentence. Whereupon, the judge asked me what I had to say, why he should not pass sentence upon me. I told him I was no lawyer, but I had much to say, if he would but have patience to hear. At that he laughed, and others laughed also, and said, Come, what have you to say? He can say nothing. Yes, said I; I have much to say; have but patience to hear me. I asked him whether the oath was to be tendered to the king's subjects, or to the subjects of foreign princes? He said, to the subjects of this realm. Then, said I, look into the indictment; ye may see that you have left out the word subject, so, not having named me in the indictment as a subject, ye cannot premunire me for not taking an oath. The error being discovered, was confessed as such by the judge. But I told him I had something else, to stop his judgment; and desired him to look what day the indictment said the oath was tendered to me at the sessions. They looked, and said it was the eleventh day of January. What day of the week was the sessions held on? said I. On a Tuesday, said they. Then, said I, look at your almanacs and see whether there was any sessions held at Lancaster on the eleventh day of January, so called. So they looked and found that the eleventh day was the day called Monday; and that the sessions was on the day called Tuesday; which was the twelfth day of that month. Look now, said I, ye have indicted me for refusing the oath in the quarter sessions held at Lancaster, on the eleventh day of January last, and the justices have sworn that they tendered me the oath in open sessions here that day, and the jury, upon their oaths, have found me guilty thereupon; and yet see, there was no session held at Lancaster that day. A great ferment among the justices, succeeded this stroke; some of them stamping on the ground, and declaring that the mistake must have been made on purpose. But this is not all; I have more yet to offer, why sentence should not be given against me. I then asked, in what year of the king was the last assize here holden, which was in the month called March last? In the sixteenth year of the king; said the judge. But, the indictment says, it was in the fifteenth year. This error was also discovered and compelled to be acknowledged. Then they were all in a fret again, and could not tell what to say; for the judge had sworn the officers of the court, that the oath was tendered me at the assize mentioned in the indictment. I told the judge, I had yet more to offer, to stop the sentence; and I asked, whether all the oath ought to be put in the indictment, or no. Yes, said he, it ought to be all put in. Then, said I, compare the indictment with the oath, and thou mayest see these words, viz., [or by any authority derived or pretended to be derived, from him or his see,] left out of the indictment, which is a principal part of an oath. And in another place, the words heirs and successors, are left out. The judge acknowledged these, also, to be great errors. But, said I, I have something further to allege. Nay, said the judge, I have enough; you need say no more. me! How chance ye do not imprison the book for saying so? How comes it that the book is at liberty amongst you, which bids me not to swear, and yet ye imprison me for doing as the book bids me? Nay, said the judge, but we will imprison George Fox; a promise which he failed not to perform. G. F. lay in prison all that long cold winter, till the next assize; in which time, says he, "I was so starved, with cold and rain, that my body was greatly swelled, and my limbs much benumbed. But the Lord's power, he adds, was over all."-From The Friend. THE BIBLE AND THE CHILDREN. From a long article with this title, by Brooke Herford, in the Christian Register, we have taken the liberty of making some extracts.-Ens. I suppose there are very few people who do not feel that it is a good thing to grow up acquainted with the Bible and understanding it and loving it. For, though our ideas about it have changed, though we no longer feel it to be all of equal value, yet, take it all in all, it still holds such a place, and deserves to hold it, as no other book in the world. Here is, as a simple fact, the food which through many centuries has nourished the strongest, noblest If, said I, thou hast enough, I desire noth-life of mankind. ing but law and justice at thy hands; for I do not look for mercy. You must have justice, said he, and you shall have law. Then I asked, am I at liberty, and free from all that ever hath been done against me in this matter? Yes, said he, you are free from all that hath been done against you. But then, he continued, starting up in a rage, I can put the oath to any man here, and I will tender it to you again. I told him, he had examples enough yesterday, of swearing and false swearing, both in the justices and the jury. Give him the book, said the judge; and give him the book! re-echoed the sheriffs and the justices. If it be a Bible, said I, give it me. Then said I, ye have given me a book here, to kiss and to swear on; and this book which ye have given me to kiss, says "Kiss the Son!" | and the Son says in this book, "Swear not at all;" and so says also the apostle James. I say as the book says, and yet ye imprison Formerly, when men thought of the Bible as, throughout, the very words of God, all that was necessary was to read it anywhere; but the Bible wants not merely reading, but studying. Only, at the same time, life has also been growing busier-more cares, more pleasures, many more things to read; and so, as a fact, Bible reading has a good deal slipped out of its old place in life. People do not read it to themselves as they used to do. And so, though there still remains a good deal of the old reverence for the Bible, it probably never, since the Reformation, was so little used. Now this is a loss to life. It is a loss at the root of life. The Bible is the embodiment of the best religion of the silent, far-off past; and life always suffers when its present is cut off from living connection with its roots in the past. Life always suffers when it tries to live itself out in the strength merely of its own immediate surroundings and impulses. It is like a plant trying to live on what it can get through its leaves instead of through both leaves and root. We want the roots of our faith and piety deep down, where they grew from, in the ancient foundations of the world.. And so the religious faith that has its roots down in those old Bible strata, the thought |